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At least 973 records · Page 54

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DOE OSTI2021

Search for long-lived particles decaying to jets with displaced vertices in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV

A search is presented for long-lived particles produced in pairs in proton-proton collisions at the LHC operating at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV . The data were collected with the CMS detector during the period from 2015 through 2018, and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 140 fb –1 . This search targets pairs of long-lived particles with mean proper decay lengths between 0.1 and 100 mm , each of which decays into at least two quarks that hadronize to jets, resulting in a final state with two displaced vertices. No significant excess of events with two displaced vertices is observed. In the context of R-parity violating supersymmetry models, the pair production of long-lived neutralinos, gluinos, and top squarks is excluded at 95% confidence level for cross sections larger than 0.08 fb, masses between 800 and 3000 GeV, and mean proper decay lengths between 1 and 25 mm.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Lattice determination of 𝐼=0 and 2 𝜋⁢𝜋 scattering phase shifts with a physical pion mass

Phase shifts for 𝑠-wave 𝜋⁢𝜋 scattering in both the 𝐼 =0 and 𝐼 =2 channels are determined from a lattice QCD calculation performed on 741 gauge configurations obeying G-parity boundary conditions with a physical pion mass and lattice size of 32 3 ×64. These results support our recent 2021 study of direct 𝐶⁢𝑃 violation in 𝐾 → 𝜋⁢𝜋 decay, improving our earlier 2015 calculation. The phase shifts are determined for both stationary and moving 𝜋⁢𝜋 systems, at three (𝐼 = 0) and four (𝐼 = 2) different total momenta. We implement several 𝜋⁢𝜋 interpolating operators including a scalar bilinear “𝜎” operator and paired single-pion bilinear operators with the constituent pions carrying various relative momenta. Several techniques, including correlated fitting and a bootstrap determination of p-values have been used to refine the results and a comparison with the generalized eigenvalue problem method is given. A detailed systematic error analysis is performed which allows phase shift results to be presented at a fixed energy.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Newton, entanglement, and the graviton

Many experiments have recently been proposed to test whether nonrelativistic gravitational interactions can generate entanglement. In this paper, I consider the extent to which these experiments can test if the graviton exists. Assuming unitarity and Lorentz invariance of the S-matrix, I demonstrate that this "Newtonian entanglement" requires the existence of massless bosons, universally coupled to mass, in the Hilbert space of low-energy scattering states. These bosons could be the usual spin-2 gravitons, but in principle there are other possibilities like spin-0 scalar gravitons. I suggest a concept for a more refined experiment to rule these out. The special role of d=3+1 spacetime dimensions and the possibility that unitarity is violated by gravity are highlighted.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Three-point shear correlations and mass aperture moments

We present high signal-to-noise measurements of three-point shear correlations and the third moment of the mass aperture statistic using the first 3 years of data from the Dark Energy Survey. We additionally obtain the first measurements of the configuration and scale dependence of the four three-point shear correlations which carry cosmological information. With the third-order mass aperture statistic, we present tomographic measurements over angular scales of 4 to 60 arcminutes with a combined statistical significance of 15.0 σ . Using the tomographic information and measuring also the second-order mass aperture, we additionally obtain a skewness parameter and its redshift evolution. We find that the amplitudes and scale-dependence of these shear 3pt functions are in qualitative agreement with measurements in a mock galaxy catalog based on N-body simulations, indicating promise for including them in future cosmological analyses. We validate our measurements by showing that B-modes, parity-violating contributions and PSF modeling uncertainties are negligible, and determine that the measured signals are likely to be of astrophysical and gravitational origin.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Anomalous spin polarization from turbulent color fields

Here we study the important, yet widely overlooked, role of gluons for spin transport with a connection to local parity violation in quark gluon plasmas. We employ the formalism of quantum kinetic theory to quarks in weakly coupled quantum chromodynamics to derive the source terms for quark spin polarization. These source terms involve parity-odd correlators of dynamically generated color fields in near-equilibrium quark gluon plasmas and give rise to locally fluctuating axial charge currents. Our results provide a possible explanation for the spin alignment of vector mesons measured in high-energy nuclear collisions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Primordial gravitational waves from black hole evaporation in standard and nonstandard cosmologies

Gravitons radiated from light, evaporating black holes contribute to the stochastic background of gravitational waves. The spectrum of such emission depends on both the mass and the spin of the black holes, as well as on the redshifting that occurs between the black hole formation and today. This, in turn, depends on the expansion history of the Universe, which is largely unknown and unconstrained at times prior to the synthesis of light elements. Here, we explore the features of the stochastic background of gravitational waves from black hole evaporation under a broad range of possible early cosmological histories. The resulting gravitational wave signals typically peak at very high frequencies, and offer opportunities for proposed ultrahigh-frequency gravitational wave detectors. Lower-frequency peaks are also possible, albeit with a suppressed intensity that is likely well below the threshold of detectability. We find that the largest intensity peaks correspond to cosmologies dominated by fluids with equations of state that have large pressure-to-density ratios. Such scenarios can be constrained on the basis of violation of Δ⁢N eff bounds.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Novel method for the identification of the production flavor of neutral charmed mesons

We propose a new algorithm for the identification of the production flavor of neutral D mesons in the Belle II experiment. The algorithm exploits the correlation between the flavor of a reconstructed neutral D meson (signal D meson) and the electric charges of particles reconstructed in the rest of the e + e – →$c\bar{c}$ event. These include those originating from the decay of the other charm hadron produced in the event, as well as those possibly produced in association with the signal D meson. We develop the algorithm using simulation and calibrate it in data using decay modes that identify the flavor of the decaying neutral D meson. We use a data sample of e + e – collisions, corresponding to 362 fb –1 of integrated luminosity, collected by Belle II at center-of-mass energies near the Υ(4S) mass. The effective tagging efficiency in data is (47.91±0.07 (stat) ±0.51 (syst)) %, independent of the neutral-D-meson decay mode. This charm flavor tagger will approximately double the effective sample size of many CP-violation and charm-mixing measurements that so far have exclusively relied on neutral D mesons originating from D* ± decays. While developed for Belle II, the basic principles underlying the charm flavor tagger can be used in other experiments, including those at hadron colliders.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Observation of sizeable ω contribution to χ c 1 ( 3872 ) → π + π - J / ψ decays

Resonant structures in the dipion mass spectrum from $χ$ c1 (3872) → π + π - J/ψ decays, produced via B + → K + $χ$ c1 (3872) decays, are analyzed using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb -1 . A sizeable contribution from the isospin conserving $χ$ c1 (3872) → ωJ/ψ decay is established for the first time, (21.4 ± 2.3 ± 2.0)%, with a significance of more than 7.1σ. The amplitude of isospin violating decay, $χ$ c1 (3872) → ρ 0 J/ψ, relative to isospin conserving decay, $χ$ c1 (3872) → ωJ/ψ, is properly determined, and it is a factor of 6 larger than expected for a pure charmonium state.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Electron-positron, parton-parton, and photon-photon production of τ -lepton pairs: Anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments spin effects

Anomalous contributions to the electric and magnetic dipole moments of the τ lepton from new physics scenarios have brought renewed interest in the development of new charge-parity violating signatures in τ -pair production at Belle II energies, and also at higher energies of the Large Hadron Collider and the Future Circular Collider. In this paper, we discuss the effects of spin correlations, including transverse degrees of freedom, in the τ -pair production and decay. These studies include calculating analytical formulas, obtaining numerical results, and building semirealistic observables sensitive to the transverse spin correlations induced by the dipole moments of the τ lepton. The effects of such anomalous contributions to the dipole moments are introduced on top of precision simulations of e − e + → τ − τ + , q q ¯ → τ − τ + and γ γ → τ − τ + processes, involving multibody final states. The τ decays are simulated along with radiative corrections, in particular electroweak box contributions of W W and Z Z exchanges are taken into account. Respective extensions of the Standard Model amplitudes and the reweighting algorithms are implemented into the Monte Carlo, which is used to simulate τ -pair production in e − e + collisions, and the aupinner program, which is used to reweight events with τ pair produced in p p collisions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Measuring axion gradients with photon interferometry

We propose a novel search technique for axions with a C P -violating monopole coupling g ˜ Q to bulk Standard Model charges Q ∈ { B , L , B − L } . Gradients in the static axion field configurations sourced by matter induce achromatic circular photon birefringence via the axion-photon coupling g ϕ γ . Circularly polarized light fed into an optical or (open) radio-frequency (RF) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity develops a phase shift that accumulates up to the cavity finesse: the fixed axion spatial gradient prevents a cancellation known to occur for an axion dark-matter search. The relative phase shift between two FP cavities fed with opposite circular polarizations can be detected interferometrically. This time-independent signal can be modulated up to nonzero frequency by altering the cavity orientations with respect to the field gradient. Multiwavelength co-metrology techniques can be used to address chromatic measurement systematics and noise sources. With Earth as the axion source, we project reach beyond current constraints on the product of couplings g ˜ Q g ϕ γ for axion masses m ϕ ≲ 10 − 5 eV . If shot-noise-limited sensitivity can be achieved, an experiment using high-finesse RF FP cavities could reach a factor of ∼ 10 5 into new parameter space for g ˜ Q g ϕ γ for masses m ϕ ≲ 4 × 10 − 11 eV . Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Standard model and the lattice

The S U ( 3 ) ⊗ S U ( 2 ) ⊗ U ( 1 ) standard model maps smoothly onto a conventional lattice gauge formulation, including the parity violation of the weak interactions. The formulation makes use of the pseudoreality of the weak group and requires the inclusion a full generation of both leptons and quarks. As in continuum discussions, chiral eigenstates of the Dirac operator generate known anomalies, although with rough gauge configurations these are no longer exact zero modes of the Dirac operator. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Top Yukawa coupling determination at high energy muon collider

The Top Yukawa coupling profoundly influences several core mysteries linked to the electroweak scale and the Higgs boson. We study the feasibility of measuring the Top Yukawa coupling at high energy muon colliders by examining the high energy dynamics of the weak boson fusion to top quark pair processes. A deviation of the Top Yukawa coupling from the Standard Model would lead to a modified VV → t⁢t¯ process, violating unitarity at high energy. Our analysis reveals that utilizing a muon collider with a center-of-mass energy of 10 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 10 ab –1 allows us to investigate the Top Yukawa coupling with a precision surpassing 1.5%, more than one order of magnitude better than the precision from t⁢t¯⁢ℎ channel at muon colliders. This precision represents a notable enhancement compared to the anticipated sensitivities of the High-Luminosity LHC (3.4%) and those at muon colliders derived from the t⁢t¯H process.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Searching for new physics at μ → e facilities with μ + and π + decays at rest

We investigate the ability of μ → e facilities, Mu2e and COMET, to probe, or discover, new physics with their detector validation datasets. The validation of the detector response may be performed using a dedicated run with μ + , collecting data below the Michel edge, E e ≲ 52 MeV ; an alternative strategy using π + → e + ν e may also be considered. We focus primarily on a search for a monoenergetic e + produced via two-body decays μ + → e + X or π + → e + X , with X a light new physics particle. Mu2e can potentially explore new parameter space beyond present astrophysical and laboratory constraints for a set of well motivated models including axionlike particles with flavor violating couplings ( μ + → e + a ), massive Z ′ bosons ( μ + → Z ′ e + ), and heavy neutral leptons ( π + → e + N ). The projected sensitivities presented herein can be achieved in a matter of days. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Observation of J / ψ decays to e + e − e + e − and e + e − μ + μ −

Using a data sample of 4.481 × 10 8 ψ ( 3686 ) events collected with the BESIII detector, we report the first observation of the four-lepton-decays J / ψ → e + e − e + e − and J / ψ → e + e − μ + μ − utilizing the process ψ ( 3686 ) → π + π − J / ψ . The branching fractions are determined to be [ 5.48 ± 0.31 ( stat ) ± 0.45 ( syst ) ] × 10 − 5 and [ 3.53 ± 0.22 ( stat ) ± 0.13 ( syst ) ] × 10 − 5 , respectively. The results are consistent with theoretical predictions. No significant signal is observed for J / ψ → μ + μ − μ + μ − , and an upper limit on the branching fraction is set at 1.6 × 10 − 6 at the 90% confidence level. A C P asymmetry observable is constructed for the first two channels, which is measured to be ( − 0.012 ± 0.054 ± 0.010 ) and ( 0.062 ± 0.059 ± 0.006 ) , respectively. No evidence for C P violation is observed in this process. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

DOE OSTI2024

Long-distance contribution to ε K from lattice QCD

A lattice QCD approach to the calculation of the long-distance contributions to ε K is presented. This parameter describes indirect C P violation in K → π π decay. While the short-distance contribution to ε K can be accurately calculated in terms of standard model parameters and a single hadronic matrix element, B K , there is a long-distance part which is estimated to be approximately 5% of the total and is more difficult to determine. A method for determining this small but phenomenologically important contribution to ε K using lattice QCD is proposed and a complete exploratory calculation of the contribution is presented. This exploratory calculation uses an unphysical light quark mass corresponding to a 339 MeV pion mass and an unphysical charm quark mass of 968 MeV, expressed in the MS ¯ scheme at 2 GeV. This calculation demonstrates that future work should be able to determine this long-distance contribution from first principles with a controlled error of 10% or less. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Axionlike-particle contributions to the μ → e conversion

We study the μ → e conversion process in nuclear targets arising in models of axionlike particles (ALPs) with hadronic and charged lepton flavor violating (CLFV) interactions. Contributions to this process generally fall into two categories: spin-independent (SI) and spin-dependent (SD). While the SI contribution can be generated by a dipole operator through purely leptonic ALP interactions, the SD contribution can also be present through ALP-quark interactions at tree-level. It is naively anticipated that the SI contribution would be dominant due to its coherent enhancement. In this paper, we show that is not generically the case; in particular, for naturally sized ALP couplings to quarks of order ∼ m q / f a , the SD interaction induced by ALP- π 0 mixing turns out to be the leading contribution to μ → e conversion. Intuitively, this stems from the suppressed dipole contribution by the QED one-loop factor which counters the effect of SI coherent enhancement. Our study highlights the importance of μ → e conversion searches in exploring the parameter space of generic ALP models, and demonstrates the competitiveness of these searches in probing the CLFV ALP parameter space in the heavy mass range of m a ≳ m μ . Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Global fit of electron and neutrino elastic scattering data to determine the strange quark contribution to the vector and axial form factors of the nucleon

We present a global fit of neutral-current elastic (NCE) neutrino-scattering data and parity-violating electron-scattering (PVES) data with the goal of determining the strange quark contribution to the vector and axial form factors of the proton. Previous fits of this form included data from a variety of PVES experiments (PVA4, HAPPEx, G0, SAMPLE) and the NCE neutrino and anti-neutrino data from BNL E734. These fits did not constrain the strangeness contribution to the axial form factor G A s ( Q 2 ) at low Q 2 very well because there was no NCE data for Q 2 < 0.45 GeV 2 . Our new fit includes for the first time MiniBooNE NCE data from both neutrino and antineutrino scattering; this experiment used a hydrocarbon target and so a model of the neutrino interaction with the carbon nucleus was required. Three different nuclear models have been employed: a relativistic Fermi gas model, the superscaling approximation model, and a spectral function model. We find a tremendous improvement in the constraint of G A s ( Q 2 ) at low Q 2 compared to previous work, although more data is needed from NCE measurements that focus on exclusive single-proton final states, for example from MicroBooNE. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Custodial symmetry breaking and Higgs boson signatures at the LHC

We discuss the simplest model that predicts a tree-level modification of the ρ parameter from a shift in the W -mass without changing the prediction for the Z mass. This model predicts a new neutral Higgs and two charged Higgses, with very similar masses and suppressed couplings to the Standard Model fermions. We discuss the decay properties of these new scalar bosons, and the main signatures at the Large Hadron Collider. Comparing these signatures for the first time to the latest measurements, we show that while masses around 200 GeV are excluded for some scenarios, over a wide range of model parameter space the new bosons can have a mass close to the electroweak scale without violating existing limits from experimental searches or destroying the agreement with measurements. We investigate the scenario where the new neutral Higgs is fermiophobic and has a large branching ratio into W gauge bosons and/or photons, and show that this could lead to a signal in the diphoton mass spectrum at low Higgs masses. We discuss the different signatures that can motivate new measurements and searches at the Large Hadron Collider. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗