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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 973 records · Page 54
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2003

Extension of Liouville Formalism to Postinstability Dynamics

A mathematical formalism has been developed for predicting the postinstability motions of a dynamic system governed by a system of nonlinear equations and subject to initial conditions. Previously, there was no general method for prediction and mathematical modeling of postinstability behaviors (e.g., chaos and turbulence) in such a system. The formalism of nonlinear dynamics does not afford means to discriminate between stable and unstable motions: an additional stability analysis is necessary for such discrimination. However, an additional stability analysis does not suggest any modifications of a mathematical model that would enable the model to describe postinstability motions efficiently. The most important type of instability that necessitates a postinstability description is associated with positive Lyapunov exponents. Such an instability leads to exponential growth of small errors in initial conditions or, equivalently, exponential divergence of neighboring trajectories. The development of the present formalism was undertaken in an effort to remove positive Lyapunov exponents. The means chosen to accomplish this is coupling of the governing dynamical equations with the corresponding Liouville equation that describes the evolution of the flow of error probability. The underlying idea is to suppress the divergences of different trajectories that correspond to different initial conditions, without affecting a target trajectory, which is one that starts with prescribed initial conditions.

Zak, Michail↗
NASA NTRS2021

On the Loading Rate Dependence of Environment-assisted Cracking in Sensitized AA5456-H116 Exposed to Marine Environments

The influence of the applied loading rate (dK/dt) on the environment-assisted cracking (EAC) behavior of sensitized AA5456-H116 in 0.6 M NaCl at applied potentials ranging from −800 to −900 mV_SCE is assessed via a rising-K testing framework. The applied potential strongly affects the dK/dt-dependence of EAC with results suggesting a minimal influence for potentials more positive than −830 mVSCE and a stronger dK/dt-dependence for potentials more negative than −830 mV_SCE. Crack growth rates measured using rising versus static K testing are compared, which demonstrates that rising K methods consistently yield conservative EAC metrics with increased efficiency.

Al-Mg↗
NASA NTRS1978

Continuous Czochralski growth: Silicon sheet growth development of the large area silicon sheet task of the Low Cost Silicon Solar Array project

The primary objective of this contract is to develop equipment and methods for the economic production of single crystal ingot material by the continuous Czochralski (CZ) process. Continuous CZ is defined for the purpose of this work as the growth of at least 100 kilograms of ingot from only one melt container. During the reporting period (October, 1977 - September, 1978), a modified grower was made fully functional and several recharge runs were performed. The largest run lasted 44 hours and over 42 kg of ingot was produced. Little, if any, degradation in efficiency was observed as a result of pulling multiple crystals from one crucible. Solar efficiencies observed were between 9.3 and 10.4% AMO (13.0 and 14.6% AMI) compared to 10.5% (14.7% AMI) for optimum CZ material control samples. Using the SAMICS/IPEG format, economic analysis of continuous CZ suggests that 1986 DoE cost goals can only be met by the growth of large diameter, large mass crystals.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1989

Elevated temperature crack growth

Alloy 718 crack growth experiments were conducted to assess the ability of the selected path-independent (P-I) integrals to describe the elevated temperature crack growth behavior. These tests were performed on single edge notch (SEN) specimens under displacement control with multiple extensometers to monitor the specimen and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). The displacements in these tests were sufficiently high to induce bulk cyclic inelastic deformation of the specimen. Under these conditions, the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) parameter K does not correlate the crack growth data. The experimentally measured displacement gradients at the end of specimen gage length were used as the boundary conditions in elastic-plastic finite element method (FEM) analyses. These analyses were performed with a node release approach using CYANIDE, a GEAE FEM code, which included a gap element which is capable of efficiently simulating crack closure. Excellent correlation was obtained between the experimentally measured and predicted variation of stress and CMOD with crack length and the stress-CMOD loops for Alloy 718 tests conducted at 538 C. This confirmed the accuracy of the FEM crack growth simulation approach. The experimentally measured crack growth rate data correlated well the selected P-I integrals. These investigations have produced significant progress in developing P-I integrals as non-linear fracture mechanics parameters. The results suggest that this methodology has the potential of accurately describing elevated temperature crack growth behavior under the combined influence of thermal cycling and bulk elastic-inelastic deformation states.

Kim, K. S.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dynamic Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles (CRADA Final Report)

Road transportation accounts for 23% of our nation's total energy consumption, 59% of our petroleum consumption and 22% of our total emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) have much higher well-to-wheel efficiency compared to gasoline vehicles and can reduce our dependence on oil, minimize emissions, improve local air quality and provide a platform for technological innovation and economic growth. While major progress has been made in the development of electric vehicles, their penetration remains under 1 The main hurdles in their widespread adoption are high cost, limited range and long charging times, due to limitations in battery technology. An approach to overcome these hurdles is to substantially reduce the on-board energy storage and instead deliver power wirelessly to the vehicle while it is in motion dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT). For EV charging applications, researchers have traditionally focused on inductive WPT. An issue with inductive WPT systems is that for magnetic flux guidance and shielding, they require ferrite cores, making them expensive, bulky and difficult to embed in the roadway. Under an ARPA-E IDEAS grant, the CU Boulder team has recently developed an alternative approach to WPT based on capacitive coupling that is much smaller, lighter, less expensive, and easier to embed in the roadway than inductive WPT; and have demonstrated a 1.2-kW 6.78-MHz version of this capacitive WPT system on a stationary platform. Under this seed grant program, preliminary work will be carried out on a dynamic capacitive WPT system to prepare a strong proposal for the ARPA-E OPEN 2018 FOA.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2022

State-Level Employment Projections for Four Clean Energy Technologies in 2025 and 2030

As states and local governments weigh how to spur economic growth, stimulate job creation, and simultaneously adapt to meet climate goals, modern energy codes, and energy demand, this report provides a simple and transparent method to estimate the size of the workforce needed to support modeled deployments for energy efficiency in buildings, stationary battery energy storage (BES), solar photovoltaics (PV), and land-based wind in 2025 and 2030. In addition to a straightforward estimation method, this report includes state-level job estimates for two different deployment scenarios: a business-as-usual scenario and a more accelerated deployment scenario. The scope of the technologies included in this report is limited to four key energy technologies within the power sector that have strong job growth prospects and widespread geographic deployment potential. Although the included technologies are not all-encompassing, they have generated specific interest from state energy offices across the nation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Effects of B 2 O 3 on the Growth, Structural, and Magneto-Optical Properties of Yttrium Iron Garnet Single-Crystal Fibers

This study explores the fabrication of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) single crystal fibers using the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method with the experimental addition of B 2 O 3 . The incorporation of B 2 O 3 facilitates the fiber fabrication process by lowering the required growth temperatures and likely modifying melt viscosity behavior, consistent with the established fluxing behavior of B2O3 and the comparative viscosity trend observed in the TMA−VFT analysis, thereby improving process efficiency while maintaining fiber quality. Structural characterization using EBSD and SC-XRD reveals a transition from polycrystalline to single-crystal behavior, with improved alignment along the [111] direction without altering the garnet structure. Magnetic measurements show increases in saturation magnetization in B 2 O 3 -assisted fibers. Three-dimensional anisotropy energy modeling, based on EBSD-derived Euler angles, indicates that the enhanced crystallinity and orientation contribute to reorientation of MCA energy distribution due to improved crystallographic alignment. Faraday rotation measurements show that the B 2 O 3 -assisted sample exhibits a rotation angle closer to reported values for high-quality YIG, suggesting improved phase purity and crystallographic quality. These findings demonstrate that B 2 O 3 -assisted LHPG growth is a scalable and nontoxic approach to producing high-performance YIG fibers for integrated photonic and magnetic field sensing applications.

Crystal structure↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a self-lubricating high-efficiency hybrid seal composed of carbon nanotube-coated metal meshes for CSP turbomachinery (SETO CPS #36333 Final Report)

In turbomachinery, internal leakage flow accounts for up to 3% of the total thermodynamic cycle energy loss. Tradeoff must be made between the sealing efficiency (smaller clearance) and the friction and wear issues for interfering with the shaft (larger clearance). This ORNL-Danfoss joint effort developed a novel hybrid seal composed of carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated metal meshes. The CNT growth process was based on a self-catalyzing chemical vapor deposition and these multiwall CNTs were well aligned with high crystallinity. This hybrid material structure takes advantage of the CNT’s low-friction nature and uses the metal mesh as an extendable backbone. Full-scale experimental seals were designed, fabricated, and optimized for sealing performance and durability. The CNT-coated metal mesh seal demonstrated superior gas sealing efficiency to the baseline labyrinth seal and significantly improved shaft surface protection compared with the state-of-the-art superalloy brush seal on the static rig and full-scale compressor dynamometer tests. The CNT-metal mesh seal is low-cost and scalable and can potentially benefit wide applications, including CSP and other power generation, marine, automotive, and HVAC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2017

The Effect of Firn-Aquifer Drainage on the Greenland Subglacial System or Subglacial Efficiency and Storage Modified by the Temporal Pattern of High-Elevation Meltwater Input

Ice flow in marginal region of the Greenland Ice Sheet dynamically responds to summer melting as surface meltwater is routed through the supraglacial hydrologic system to the bed of the ice sheet via crevasses and moulins. Given the expected increases in surface melt production and extent, and the potential for high elevation surface-to-bed connections, it is imperative to understand how meltwater delivered to the bed from different high-elevation supraglacial storage features affects the evolution of the subglacial hydrologic system and associated ice dynamics. Here, we use the two-dimensional subglacial hydrologic model, GLaDS, which includes distributed and channelized water flow, to test how the subglacial system of an idealized outlet glacier responds to cases of high-elevation firn-aquifer-type and supraglacial-lake-type englacial drainage over the course of 5 years. Model outputs driven by these high elevation drainage types are compared to steady-state model results, where the subglacial system only receives the 1980- 2016 mean MERRA-2 runoff via low-elevation moulins. Across all experiments, the subglacial hydrologic system displays inter-annual memory, resulting in multiyear declines in subglacial pressure during the onset of seasonal melting and growth of subglacial channels. The gradual addition of water in firn-aquifer-type drainage scenarios resulted in small increases in subglacial water storage but limited changes in subglacial efficiency and channelization. Rapid, supraglacial- lake-type drainage resulted in short-term local increases in subglacial water pressure and storage, which gave way to spatially extensive decreases in subglacial pressure and downstream channelization. These preliminary results suggest that the character of high-elevation englacial drainage can have a strong, and possibly outsized, control on subglacial efficiency throughout the ablation zone. Therefore, understanding both how high elevation meltwater is stored supraglacially and the probability of crevassing at high elevations will play an important role in how the subglacial system, proglacial discharge and ice motion will respond to future increases in surface melt production and runoff.

Andrews, Lauren C.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Two-step route to size and shape controlled gibbsite nanoplates and the crystal growth mechanism

Mastery of gibbsite (α-Al(OH) 3 ) nucleation and crystal growth is significant in fundamental aluminum chemistry and also beneficial for industrial applications and the remediation of nuclear waste. Herein, we developed an additive-free two-step route to size and morphology controlled synthesis of gibbsite nanoplates. Independent temperature manipulation of nucleation and crystal growth regimes was used to control the efficacy and yield of the process, producing gibbsite nanoplates with tunable morphologies and sizes. We achieve morphologies ranging from hexagon, pseudo hexagon, truncated triangle to rhombic, and average basal plane diameters from 120 to 850 nm, with thicknesses between 8 and 45 nm. Analysis of gibbsite structure, size and morphology with techniques including powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), 27 Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided key details on the nucleation and crystal growth mechanisms. The results indicate the temperature of the nucleation aging step is the most important factor controlling the final particle size. Particularly small nanoplates were obtained with a low nucleation aging temperature followed by high crystal growth temperature, suggesting that gibbsite growth can be approximated via a LaMer-type burst nucleation and crystal growth mechanism. Scalability was demonstrated by triplicate of 2 L experiments which prepared gibbsite nanoplates of ~200 nm size and with an average yield of ~55% after 84 h. Compared to existing techniques, this improved two-step route is cheaper, more efficient and environmentally friendly.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2004

Penalty-Based Interface Technology for Prediction of Delamination Growth in Laminated Structures

An effective interface element technology has been developed for connecting and simulating crack growth between independently modeled finite element subdomains (e.g., composite plies). This method has been developed using penalty constraints and allows coupling of finite element models whose nodes do not necessarily coincide along their common interface. Additionally, the present formulation leads to a computational approach that is very efficient and completely compatible with existing commercial software. The present interface element has been implemented in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS as a User Element Subroutine (UEL), making it easy to test the approach for a wide range of problems. The interface element technology has been formulated to simulate delamination growth in composite laminates. Thanks to its special features, the interface element approach makes it possible to release portions of the interface surface whose length is smaller than that of the finite elements. In addition, the penalty parameter can vary within the interface element, allowing the damage model to be applied to a desired fraction of the interface between the two meshes. Results for double cantilever beam DCB, end-loaded split (ELS) and fixed-ratio mixed mode (FRMM) specimens are presented. These results are compared to measured data to assess the ability of the present damage model to simulate crack growth.

Averill, Ronald C.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Identification and Mitigation of Inhibitory Substances Contained in High-Salinity Crude Glycerol Generated from Biodiesel Production for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthesis by Haloferax mediterranei

High-salinity crude glycerol generated from biodiesel production poses significant challenges to microbial valorization due to inhibitory ingredients that severely limit microbial growth. This study identified and mitigated inhibitory substances contained in high-salinity glycerol sludge to enable its conversion to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by the extreme halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. The long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were consistently identified as the primary inhibitors by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy. Acid precipitation at pH 2 efficiently removed these LCFAs, substantially reducing the required feedstock dilution from 23 to 3 times, improving PHA titer by 40%. Furthermore, this dilution reduction also increased the feedstock salinity utilization, achieving a 46% reduction in external salt supplementation for H. mediterranei growth. In contrast, overliming and arrested anaerobic digestion were confirmed to be ineffective in inhibitor removal. This study provides deep insights into inhibitor chemistry and presents acid precipitation as an effective pretreatment strategy for waste valorization of highsalinity crude glycerol.

LC-MS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of high scandium doping in barium zirconate on nickel diffusion and performance of proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyzer cells

Proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyzer cells (p-SOECs) are emerging but promising technologies for hydrogen production. However, due to the lack of a robust electrolyte, p-SOECs struggle simultaneously to display high performance, Faradaic efficiency, and durability. Motivated by its high proton concentrations and stability as a barium zirconate, we have investigated BaZr 0.6 Sc 0.4 O 3-δ (BZSc40) as a potential next-generation p-SOEC electrolyte. Here, we found elevated levels of NiO diffusion through BZSc40 electrolytes during high-temperature sintering, attributed to the large oxygen vacancy concentrations present in BZSc40, as revealed by first-principle computational results. Controlling NiO diffusion is critical, as it can facilitate densification and grain size growth, but it may also detrimentally impact performance by causing electronic leakage. By optimizing sintering temperature when fabricating BZSc40 cells, we successfully controlled NiO diffusion, achieving sufficient electrolyte densification along with high performance and Faradaic efficiency. BZSc40 cells reached −0.99 A/cm 2 at 1.3 V and 600 °C and exhibited enhanced durability with a 3.37 mV/kh degradation rate at −0.8 A/cm 2 over a 200-h testing period. BZSc40 electrolytes demonstrated superior performance over BaZr 0.8 Y 0.2 O 3-δ (BZY20). In addition to elevated current densities and grain sizes, BZSc40 cells achieved Faradaic efficiencies of 76 % compared to 54 % for BZY20 at −0.2 A/cm 2 and 600 °C. This work lays the foundation for BZSc40 as a potential electrolyte due to its advantages over BZY20 while demonstrating the significance of controlling NiO diffusion when fabricating p-SOECs.

Electrolyzer↗
DOE OSTI2025

EV Charging Infrastructure Energization An Overview of Approaches for Simplifying and Accelerating Timelines to Processing EV Charging Load Service Requests

The United States has seen significant growth in electric vehicle (EV) adoption, leading to increased demand for EV charging infrastructure. Over the past decade, EV charging infrastructure site developers, site hosts, and electric distribution utilities have navigated the process to integrate chargers onto the electric grid. Site developers and site hosts have raised the alarm that the integration process for high-powered EV charging projects does not meet the needs of the EV market for timeliness or cost. High-powered charging stations typically require a load service request or an agreement with the local utility to connect to the grid. The process of energizing a new high-powered charging site can be complex and time-consuming, often taking up to 2 years. This timeline is the result of current utility energization processes having been designed for construction projects that take longer to build (i.e., buildings). The specific challenges stem from various factors, including compartmentalization in application processes, the integration of EV charging process approvals with other distributed energy resources (DERs), and the need to ensure grid reliability. The energization process needs to evolve to meet the growing demand for high-powered EV charging. This white paper compiles information gathered through various conversations with key stakeholders, including utilities, utility regulators, EV charging operators, site developers, and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) as well as through an extensive literature review. This document identifies the challenges and provides potential solutions to streamline the process of connecting EV charging infrastructure to the power grid in the United States, serving as a starting point for future conversations around these solutions. The solutions noted in this white paper require collaborative efforts among utilities, regulators, and EV charging infrastructure developers to streamline the grid connection process for EV charging infrastructure. They are broadly organized into four areas: 1. Increase data access and transparency: Develop automated load service request tools, integrate hosting capacity and load service request analyses, incorporate EV adoption forecasts, and provide transparency on the processing queue. 2. Improve energization processes and timing: Create fast-track options based on prescreening criteria, provide flexibility or phased approvals in the load service request/interconnection process, build internal knowledge within utilities about EV charging technologies, and provide standardized workforce training. 3. Promote economic efficiency: Right size distribution components to accurately reflect the load requirements of EV charging infrastructure, make proactive investments in grid infrastructure based on EV adoption forecasts and growth projections, and consider energy equity and environmental justice factors such as equitable access to EV charging when planning infrastructure. 4. Improve grid reliability and resilience: Use load management/power control systems (PCS) at EV charging stations, adopt and implement harmonized standards for communication protocols and information models between the EV charging and grid control infrastructure, and address cybersecurity considerations by implementing robust security measures and standards for EV charging infrastructure—with particular emphasis on clarifying the security requirements for the interface to the grid. The objective of the solutions proposed in this white paper is to accelerate the timeline and decrease costs associated with connecting EV charging infrastructure to the grid. Electric utilities, utility regulators, EV charging infrastructure developers, and site hosts will first need to understand which solutions are available in their service territory, and if warranted, which combination of solutions would support their specific needs. Through the successful implementations of solutions at scale detailed here, industry will demonstrate a new and innovative ecosystem where timely deployment and energization of EV charging infrastructure with greater grid resiliency and reliability is a reality.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CFD Modeling & Validation of Single Bubble Growth During Cavitation in Zero Gravity

Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) in zero gravity represents a vital area of research as NASA pursues future long-duration space missions. Success of these missions relies heavily on the ability to store and transfer the cryogenic liquid fuels efficiently and safely. In the Zero Boil-Off Tank (ZBOT-1) Experiment in 2018, unexpected and intense phase change occurred at the screened Liquid Acquisition Device (LAD) during tank pressure control that was later attributed to cavitation. The cavitation ultimately resulted in pump failure. Since cryogen cavitation during storage and transfer of propellants in microgravity has been a source of serious concern for the aerospace community, a series of drop tower experiments with liquid methane were also performed at the University of Bremen to carefully study cavitation from a single bubble nucleus in an engineered micron-sized wall cavity. As the test cell is depressurized during the 10-second drop, cavitation causes bubble growth from the nucleus. Here, in a collaboration between the Case Western Reserve University and University of Bremen, we present a two-phase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of bubble growth from a single wall cavity during depressurization in microgravity. Both 2D axisymmetric and 3D parametric simulation case studies are performed to show the evolution of the bubble growth. The model uses a Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach with and without adaptive mesh refinement and adaptive time stepping to capture the growth dynamics using an explicit formulation with algebraic reconstruction of the interface. CFD results show good agreement with corresponding experiment. Based on the velocity, temperature, and volume fraction fields generated by the validation case studies, detailed discussion and analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer during bubble growth process are presented to delineate the intricacies of the cavitation process. Strengths and shortcomings of the present numerical approach in capturing this phenomenon are also highlighted.

Two Phase Flow↗
DOE OSTI2024

Helical dynamo growth and saturation at modest versus extreme magnetic Reynolds numbers

Understanding magnetic field growth in astrophysical objects is a persistent challenge. In stars and galaxies, turbulent flows with net kinetic helicity are believed to be responsible for driving large-scale magnetic fields. However, numerical simulations have demonstrated that such helical dynamos in closed volumes saturate at lower magnetic field strengths when increasing the magnetic Reynolds number Rm . This would imply that helical large-scale dynamos cannot be efficient in astrophysical bodies without the help of helicity outflows such as stellar winds. But do these implications actually apply for very large Rm ? Here we tackle the long-standing question of how much helical large-scale dynamo growth occurs independent of Rm in a closed volume. We analyze data from numerical simulations with a new method that tracks resistive versus nonresistive drivers of helical field growth. We identify a presaturation regime when the large-scale field grows at a rate independent of Rm , but to an Rm -dependent magnitude. The latter Rm dependence is due to a dominant resistive contribution, but whose fractional contribution to the large-scale magnetic energy decreases with increasing Rm . We argue that the resistive contribution would become negligible at large Rm and an Rm -independent dynamical contribution would dominate if the current helicity spectrum in the inertial range is steeper than k 0 . As such helicity spectra are plausible, this renews optimism for the relevance of closed dynamos. Our work pinpoints how modest Rm simulations can cause misapprehension of the Rm → ∞ behavior. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Exploring the Landscape of Distributed Graph Clustering on Leadership Supercomputers

The rapid growth of large-scale datasets in fields like biology and social networks has driven the need for advanced graph analytics techniques. Community detection, a fundamental task in graph analytics, identifies closely connected groups of nodes within a network, providing valuable insights across various disciplines. This study focuses on two classic community detection methods, the Louvain algorithm and Markov Clustering (MCL), and evaluates the performance of two prominent distributed community detection algorithms: HiPDPL-GPU, our prior implementation, and HipMCL. We conduct experiments on GPU-accelerated heterogeneous HPC systems, Summit and Frontier, to assess their performance under varying conditions. Our objective is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these algorithms in terms of scalability, and quality of solutions. We evaluate these algorithms on a diverse set of 70+ networks spanning 13 domains, with sizes ranging up to 4.2 billion edges. Our results demonstrate that HiPDPL-GPU consistently outperforms HipMCL, especially for large-scale networks. HiPDPL-GPU achieves significantly faster runtimes (47x to 1439x), higher modularity scores, and improved scalability. These findings highlight HiPDPL-GPU as a promising solution for efficient and effective large-scale graph analytics in diverse application domains, and provide insights into the feasibility of using MCL-based approaches for certain application domains.

Community detection, graph algorithms↗