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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 973 records · Page 54
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1938

The Aerodynamic Drag of Five Models of Side Floats N.A.C.A. Models 51-E, 51-F, 51-G, 51-H, 51-J

The drag of five models of side floats was measured in the N.A.C.A. 7- by 10-foot wind tunnel. The most promising method of reducing the drag of floats indicated by these tests is lowering the angle at which the floats are rigged. The addition of a step to a float does not always increase the drag in the flying range, floats with steps sometimes having lower drag than similar floats without steps. Making the bow chine no higher than necessary might result in a reduction in air drag because of the lower angle of pitch of the chines. Since side floats are used formally to obtain lateral stability when the seaplane is operating on the water at slow speeds or at rest, greater consideration can be given to factors affecting aerodynamic drag than is possible for other types of floats and hulls.

House, R O↗
NASA NTRS1924

The Vertical, Longitudinal, and Lateral Accelerations Experienced by an S. E. 5a Airplane While Maneuvering

This investigation was carried out by the Langley Field Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics for the purpose of measuring the accelerations along the three principal axes of an airplane while it was maneuvering. The airplane selected for this purpose was the fairly maneuverable SE-5A and the instruments used were the NACA three component accelerometer and the NACA recording airspeed meter. The results showed that the normal accelerations did not exceed 4.000 G. While the lateral and longitudinal accelerations did not exceed 0.60 G.

Norton, F H↗
NASA NTRS1924

Analysis of W. F. Durand's and E. P. Lesley's propeller tests

This report is a critical study of the results of propeller model tests with the view of obtaining a clear insight into the mechanism of the propeller action and of examining the soundness of the physical explanation generally given. The nominal slip-stream velocity is plotted against the propeller tip velocity, both measured by the velocity of flight as a unit. Within the range corresponding to conditions of flight, the curve thus obtained is a straight line. Its inclination depends chiefly on the effective blade width, its position on the effective pitch. These two quantities can therefore be determined from the result of each propeller test. Both can easily be estimated therefrom for new propellers of similar type. Thus, a simple method for the computation of propellers suggests itself.

Munk, Max M↗
NASA NTRS1994

Lidar observation of ozone over Tsukuba (36 deg N, 140 deg E)

An ozone lidar system was installed at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) in Tsukuba, Japan in March 1988 and has been measuring vertical profiles of ozone (15 - 45 km) since September 1988. The lidar system consists of a XeCl (308 nm) excimer laser, its deuterium Raman shifter (339 nm), a XeF excimer laser (351 nm), a 2 m telescope, a receiving system and a data processing system. The precision of the derived ozone concentration is about 10 percent of an altitude of 40 km for a 4 hr observation. Temperature profiles (30 - 80 km) are also obtained from the Rayleigh scattering signals at 351 nm. Approximate 50 ozone measurements are carried out in a year and variations of vertical profiles of ozone such as seasonal variations and shorter-term variations are observed. Systematic errors due to aerosols had been negligible until the arrival of the stratospheric aerosols injected by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. Effects of the volcanic aerosols on ozone measurements depend on the differences between wavelengths used as the on- and off-resonance.

Nakane, H.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Comment on 'A dramatic decrease in the growth rate of atmospheric methane in the Northern Hemisphere during 1992' by E. J. Dlugokencky et al.

The carefully measured decrease in the growth rate of atmospheric methane (CH4) in 1992 reported by Dlugokencky et al. (1994) is an impressive accomplishment, and testimony for the importance of maintaining high-quality, long-term monitoring of atmospheric composition. The changing growth rate of atmospheric CH4 has important implications for assessing and understanding the potential magnitude and rates of a future greenhouse gas-induced climate change. Furthermore, the CH4 data from the current Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) globally-distributed network of cooperative air sampling sites are clearly the best record of global CH4 trends and distribution currently available. However, we argue briefly here that the speculation by Dlugokencky et al. (1994) on possible mechanisms for the decreased growth rate in 1992 is only one scenario of many that could possibly fit with the constraints imposed by the reported data. Our comments are to (1) illustrate the difficulties of deducing small changes in complex, poorly understood, geographically diverse natural and anthropogenic sources of CH4 from measurements at the remotely-located CMDL sampling sites and (2) emphasize that detailed bottoms-up analyses are necessary to really advance the understanding of changes in source strengths; we are not promoting alternative mechanisms to explain the 1992 decrease in atmospheric CH4.

Hogan, Kathleen B.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Gamma Ray Astronomy; E2 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission E, COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 30th, Hamburg, Germany, July 11-21, 1994

This issue on gamma ray astronomy presents many results from observations made with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) and other spaceborne experiments and includes studies of Seyfert galaxies, X-ray binaries, neutron stars, diffuse cosmic background radiation, pulsars, blazars, gamma ray bursts, the galactic center, and the distribution of Aluminum-26 in the galaxy. The issue begins with a survey of Compton Telescope (COMPTEL) results and concludes with future prospects for the field.

Gehrels, N.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Atmospheric response in aurora experiment: Observations of E and F region neutral winds in a region of postmidnight diffuse aurora

The goal of the Atmospheric Response in Aurora (ARIA) experiment carried out at Poker Flat, Alaska, on March 3, 1992, was to determine the response of the neutral atmosphere to the long-lived, large-scale forcing that is characteristic of the diffuse aurora in the post midnight sector. A combination of chemical release rocket wind measurements, instrumented rocket composition measurements, and ground-based optical measurements were used to characterize the response of the neutral atmosphere. The rocket measurements were made at the end of a 90-min period of strong Joule heating. We focus on the neutral wind measurements made with the rocket. The forcing was determined by running the assimilated mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) analysis procedure developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The winds expected at the latitude and longitude of the experiment were calculated using the spectral thermospheric general circulation model developed at the Danish Meteorological Institute. Comparisons of the observations and the model suggest that the neutral winds responded strongly in two height ranges. An eastward wind perturbation of approximately 100 m/s developed between 140 and 200 km altitude with a peak near 160 km. A southwestward wind with peak magnitude of approximately 150 m/s developed near 115 km altitude. The large amplitude winds at the lower altitude are particularly surprising. They appear to be associated with the upward propagating semidiurnal tide. However, the amplitude is much larger than predicted by any of the tidal models, and the shear found just below the peak in the winds was nominally unstable with a Richardson number of approximately 0.08.

Larsen, M. F.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Detection of Gamma Rays with E greater than 300 GeV From Markarian 501

The detection of gamma rays of energy greater than 300 GeV from the BL Lacertae object Mrk 501 demonstrates that extragalactic TeV emission is not unique to Mrk 421. During 66 hr of observations between 1995 March and July we measured an average flux of 8.1 +/- 1.4 x 10(exp -12) cm(exp -2)/s above 300 GeV, a flux that is only 20 percent of the average Mrk 421 flux. The new gamma-ray source has not been reported by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory as an emitter of gamma rays at lower energies. There is evidence for variability on timescales of days.

Quinn, J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

The Analysis of Emission Lines; A Meeting in Honour of the 70th Birthdays of D. E. Osterbrock and M. J. Seaton

A review of the field of astronomical spectroscopy with emphasis on emission lines in astrophysical plasmas is presented. A brief history of UV spectroscopy instruments is given, following by a discussion and tabulation of major atlases of UV emission-line objects to date (mid-1994). A discussion of the major diagnostic UV emission lines in the approx. 912-3200 A spectral region that are useful for determining electron densities, temperatures, abundances, and extinction in low- to moderate density plasmas is given, with examples of applications to selected objects. The review concludes by presenting some recent results from HST, HUT, and IUE on UV emission-line spectroscopy of nebulae and active galaxies.

Williams, Robert↗
NASA NTRS1991

Partial Loss of Anabolic Effect of Prostaglandin E(sub 2) on Bone After Its Withdrawal in Rats

The object of this study was to determine the fate of PGE(sub 2)-induced new bone mass after withdrawal of PGE(sub 2) administration. Seven-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given subcutaneous injections of 1, 3, and 6 mg PGE(sub 2),/kg/d for 60 days and then withdrawn for 60 and 120 days. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on double fluorescent labeled undecalcified proximal tibial bone specimens. After 60 days of PGE(sub 2) treatment, a new steady state of increased trabecular bone area (+67% and +81% with 3 and 6 mg PGE(sub 2)/kg/d) from woven bone and stimulated lamellar bone formation, elevated bone turnover, and shortened remodeling periods were achieved compared to age-matched controls. In contrast, after 60 and 120 days withdrawal of PGE(sub 2), a new steady state characterized by less trabecular bone area (+40% to +60% of controls with 3 and 6 mg/kg/d doses), normal lamellar bone formation, no woven bone formation from controls, and eroded surface greater than those seen in controls and previously in 60-day PGE(sub 2) treated rats. The decrease in new bone mass after withdrawal of PGE(sub 2), was due to a further elevation of bone resorption above that induced by the PGE(sub 2) treatment and a reduction in PGE(sub 2), stimulated bone formation activities. Although there is more trabecular bone than in controls after 120 days withdrawal of PGE(sub 2), we postulate that the skeletal adaptation to mechanical usage will eventually reduce the bone mass to control levels. Thus, it is conservative to conclude that the anabolic effect of PGE(sub 2) was dependent upon continuous daily administration of PGE(sub 2) in these older rats.

Ke, H. Z.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Comment on Mars as the Parent Body of the CI Carbonaceous Chondrites by J. E. Brandenburg

Geological and chemical data refute a martian origin for the CI carbonaceous chondrites. Here, I will first consider Brandenburg's [1996] proposal that the CI's formed as water-deposited sediments on Mars, and that these sediments had limited chemical interactions with their martian environment. Finally, I will address oxygen isotope ratios, the strongest link between the CIs and the martian meteorites.

Treiman, Allan H.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Rocket/Radar Investigation of Lower Ionospheric Electrodynamics Associated with Intense Midlatitude Sporadic-E Layers

Sporadic layers, which appear in the region from 100 km to 120 km are thought to be formed by convergent Pedersen drifts induced by altitude gradients in the zonal neutral wind. In this altitude region NO+ and 02+ are the major ions produced by photoionization and charge exchange of atmospheric and ionospheric species. The relative composition of atmospheric ions and meteoric ions in sporadic layers is important in determining their persistence, the time scales for formation, and the electrical conductivity of the layers. This rocket investigation will include a diagnosis of the neutral wind field and the electric field distribution. Coupled with ion composition measurements we will be able to expose the relevant formation mechanisms and the electrodynamic consequences of their existence. A rocket trajectory has been chosen to provide substantial horizontal sampling of the layer properties and knowledge of the horizontal gradients in composition and density are essential to determine the polarization electric fields that may be associated with ionospheric layers. The University of Texas at Dallas (UTD) is responsible for designing, building, and operating the ion mass spectrometers included on these rockets. The following provides a summary of the UTD accomplishments in the second year of the project as well as a description of the plans for the third year's activities. The UTD mass spectrometer acronym has been coined as PRIMS for Puerto Rico Ion Mass Spectrometer.

Heelis, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1998

A Simulation of Biological Prosesses in the Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool at 165 deg E

A nine-year simulation (1984-1992) of biological processes in the equatorial Pacific Warm Pool is presented. A modified version of the 4-component (phytoplankton, zooplankton, nitrate and ammonium) ecosystem model by McClain et al. (1996) is used. Modifications include use of a spectral model for computation of PAR and inclusion of fecal pellet remineralization and ammonium nitrification. The physical parameters (horizontal and vertical velocities and temperature) required by the ecosystem model were derived from an improved version of the Gent and Cane (1990) ocean general circulation model (Murtugudde and Busalacchi, 1997). Surface downwelling spectral irradiance was estimated using the clear-sky models of Frouin et al. (1989) and Gregg and Carder (1990) and cloud cover information from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). The simulations indicate considerable variability on interannual time scales in all four ecosystem components. In particular, surface chlorophyll concentrations varied by an order of magnitude with maximum values exceeding 0.30 mg/cu m in 1988, 1989, and 1990, and pronounced minimums during 1987 and 1992. The deep chlorophyll maximum ranged between 75 and 125 meters with values occasionally exceeding 0.40 mg/cu m. With the exception of the last half of 1988, surface nitrate was always near depletion. Ammonium exhibited a subsurface maximum just below the DCM with concentrations as high as 0.5 mg-atN/cu m . Total integrated annual primary production varied between 40 and 250 gC/sq m/yr with an annual average of 140 gC/sq m/yr. Finally, the model is used to estimate the mean irradiance at the base of the mixed layer, i.e., the penetration irradiance, which was 18 Watts/sq m over the nine year period. The average mixed layer depth was 42 m.

McClain, Charles R.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Design and Performance of the Astro-E/XRS Microcalorimeter Array and Anti-Coincidence Detector

The XRS instrument has an array of 32 micro-calorimeters at the focal plane. These calorimeters consist of ion-implanted silicon thermistors and HgTe thermalizing x-ray absorbers. These devices have demonstrated a resolution of 9 eV at 3 keV and 11 eV at 6 keV. We will discuss the basic physical parameters of this array, including the array layout, thermal conductance of the link to the heat sink, operating temperature, thermistor size, absorber choice, and means of attaching the absorber to the thermistor bearing element. We will present representative performance data, though a more detailed presentation of the results of the instrument calibration is presented elsewhere in these proceedings. A silicon ionization detector is located behind the calorimeter array and serves to reject events due to cosmic rays. We will briefly describe this anti-coincidence detector and its performance in conjunction with the array.

Stahle, C. K.↗