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This report was developed by Fuel Cells 2000 with support from the Fuel Cell Technologies program. The report profiles nationally recognizable companies and corporations that are deploying or demonstrating fuel cells for powering forklifts and providing combined heat and power to their stores and headquarters.
The China Energy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) was established in 1988. Over the years the Group has gained recognition as an authoritative source of China energy statistics through the publication of its China Energy Databook (CED). In 2008 the Group published the Seventh Edition of the CED (http://china.lbl.gov/research/chinaenergy-databook). This handbook summarizes key statistics from the CED and is expressly modeled on the International Energy Agency’s “Key World Energy Statistics” series of publications. The handbook contains timely, clearly-presented data on the supply, transformation, and consumption of all major energy sources.
This White Paper focuses on the areas and products involved in the above tasks, based on the White Paper - Energy Efficiency Status of Energy-Using Products in China (2010), here referred to as “White Paper 2010”, which analyzed the energy efficiency status of 21 typical energy-using products in five sectors: household appliances, office equipment, commercial equipment, industrial equipment, and lighting equipment. Table 1 illustrates the detailed product coverage for this year’s paper, noting the addition of three household appliance items (automatic electric rice cooker, AC electric fan, and household induction cooktop) and one industrial sector item (three-phase distribution transformer).
This report provides estimates of stay rates for foreign students who received doctorates in science or engineering (S/E) from U.S. universities. For this paper, the stay rate represents the proportion of foreign doctorate recipients from U.S. universities who stayed in the United States after graduation for any reason and is always specific to a particular year. Each line in the tables that follow describes a different group of these degree recipients.
An annual summary of the adequacy of the Hanford Immobilized Low-Activity Waste (ILAW) Performance Assessment (PA) is required each year (DOE O 435.1 Chg 1,1 DOE M 435.1-1 Chg 1,2 DOE/ORP-2000-013). The most recently approved PA is DOE/ORP-2000-24.4 The ILAW PA evaluated the adequacy of the ILAW disposal facility, now referred to as the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF), for the safe disposal of vitrified Hanford Site tank waste. More recently, a preliminary evaluation for the disposal of offsite low-level waste and mixed low-level waste was considered in RPP-1583.
Tetra Tech EC, Inc. (Tetra Tech) conducted an avian monitoring and bird and bat mortality surveys at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) for NREL in 2010-2011. The purpose of the study was to quantify local avian use in the NWTC and vicinity and to estimate potential impacts to avian and bat species associated with the wind turbines and associated meteorological (met) towers at NWTC. Several different types of wind turbines are present on the NWTC with different capacities for energy production (1 kilowatt-3 megawatts [MW]; varying hub heights and turbine blade lengths) and met towers (guyed and unguyed) that vary in height (9.1-135 meters [m]). In a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) review of three large turbine installations, DOE requested monitoring of avian and bat mortality be conducted, so that mitigation measures could be developed if needed.
The push toward exascale computing (1) and beyond is torn between contradictory and possibly incompatible goals. On the one hand, one wants a system that will be available within a short span of time, on a relatively small development budget, and with the least changes possible to the current software stack. On the other hand, one wants a system that is orders of magnitude more efficient in its energy consumption. An exascale system could be as different from current systems as scalable parallel systems were from vector machines at the time of the last major transition in the field, but the amount of application software developed at DOE in the last decades makes it undesirable to take a “clean sheet of paper” approach, if at all possible. Furthermore, one wishes to explore and develop distinct exascale architectures to reduce risk while maintaining some unity so that application codes easily port among them. Finally, the design of an exascale system may involve a large number of vendors, some of which have limited experience in the field of High-Performance Computing (HPC). A proper integration of these multiple contributions requires a proper definition of many new interfaces, as well as consistent design principles for the handling of cross-cutting issues such as resilience, performance, and power management.
Growing energy demand cannot be met by nonrenewable fossil fuels. Consequently, alternative energy sources are being intensively pursued. Cellulose, a very stable carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls, is a potential source of renewable fuels. Transforming cellulose into liquid fuels, however, requires substantial chemical and biological processing, first to extract the sugars that comprise the cellulose and then to convert those sugars into fuels. These requirements pose major hurdles to sustainable biofuels production, but overcoming them may be possible by engineering new plants that facilitate the extraction and conversion of their cell walls into liquid fuels. Similarly, newly designed microbes capable of metabolizing plant cell wall components can simplify biomass processing for fuel conversion. Other microorganisms such as microalgae and cyanobacteria can be redesigned to incorporate new functionalities. For example, these photosynthetic organisms, which capture light and convert it into chemical energy, can be re-engineered to produce biofuels, including biodiesel, directly from sunlight. Technological advances enabling the design of new biological systems are already moving biofuels closer to becoming viable, alternative renewable energy resources. Further advances are necessary for developing useful bioenergy crops that not only allow facile conversion of biomass into biofuels, but also do not compete with food crops for arable land. In other words, crops must be rationally redesigned to produce high biomass yields on marginal agricultural lands and under changing weather conditions.
Tropical deep convection in the Amazon is primarily in its natural state during the wet season, with significant aerosol input from open biomass burning in the dry season. The underlying processes that drive convection and cloud formation in this region are poorly understood and modeled. This limited understanding, along with a lack of observational datasets, is insufficient for model constraint. Given the current state of the science, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research’s (BER) Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (CESD) will conduct an integrated experiment to study the coupled atmosphere-cloud-terrestrial tropical systems that drive tropical deep convection in the Amazon. The overarching goal is to advance the understanding of how land-atmosphere processes affect tropical hydrology and climate. This experiment, Green Ocean Amazon 2014 (GOAmazon2014), will extend through the wet and dry seasons for 1 year, from January 1 to December 31, 2014. BER’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), and Terrestrial Ecosystem Science (TES) programs will provide observational resources for deployment in the Amazon Basin downwind of the Brazilian megacity of Manaus. The Regional and Global Climate Modeling (RGCM), Earth System Modeling (ESM), Atmospheric System Research (ASR), and TES programs will support research using these and other data to evaluate and improve the representation of these coupled processes in climate models.
A key element of successful world-class technical organizations is the ability to learn from problems, large and small. Mature technical organizations have procedures that support this learning process, but it is not the procedures alone that cause the organization to succeed. Organizational success is the result of managers understanding the objectives of learning from problems and the discipline managers bring to bear to follow through on corrective actions. Following through includes checking if the actions fixed the problem and to implement alternate actions if the original actions did not achieve the objectives.
This document has been updated in August 2020. This document was developed for the U.S. Department of Energy Uniform Methods Project (UMP). The UMP provides model protocols for determining energy and demand savings that result from specific energy-efficiency measures implemented through state and utility programs. In most cases, the measure protocols are based on a particular option identified by the International Performance Verification and Measurement Protocol; however, this work provides a more detailed approach to implementing that option. Each chapter is written by technical experts in collaboration with their peers, reviewed by industry experts, and subject to public review and comment. The protocols are updated on an as-needed basis. The UMP protocols can be used by utilities, program administrators, public utility commissions,evaluators, and other stakeholders for both program planning and evaluation. To learn more about the UMP, visit the website, https://energy.gov/eere/about-us/ump-home, or download the UMP introduction document at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68557.pdf.
Compressed-air systems are used widely throughout industry for many operations, including pneumatic tools, packaging and automation equipment, conveyors, and other industrial process operations. Compressed-air systems are defined as a group of subsystems composed of air compressors, air treatment equipment, controls, piping, pneumatic tools, pneumatically powered machinery, and process applications using compressed air. A compressed-air system has three primary functional subsystems: supply, distribution, and demand. Air compressors are the primary energy consumers in a compressed-air system and are the primary focus of this protocol. The two compressed-air energy efficiency measures specifically addressed in this protocol are: high-efficiency/variable speed drive (VSD) compressor replacing modulating, load/unload, or constant-speed compressor; compressed-air leak survey and repairs. This protocol provides direction on how to reliably verify savings from these two measures using a consistent approach for each.
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Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), also commonly referred to as king salmon, are the largest of the Pacific salmon (NMFS 1998, Netboy 1958). The Columbia River supports three major runs (spring, summer, and fall) of Chinook salmon generally based upon the season during which the adults re-enter the estuary to begin their upstream migration to spawn. Chinook salmon that spawn in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River are fall-run fish. Fall-run Chinook salmon enter freshwater at an advanced stage of maturity, move rapidly to their spawning areas on the main stem or lower tributaries of the rivers, and spawn within a few days or weeks of freshwater entry (NMFS 1998, USFWS 1968, Healey 1991). Adult fall Chinook salmon destined for the Hanford Reach are upriver brights (URB), which enter the Columbia River in late summer and spawn in the fall. Spawning in the Hanford Reach typically begins in mid-October and lasts through November. From 1948 through 1988, the first-observation of spawning ranged from September 28 to October 26 with a median date of October 16 (PNL-7289). Females fan out nests or 'redds' in suitable gravel substrate and deposit eggs in an egg pocket while males simultaneously extrude milt to fertilize the eggs. Redds are readily identifiable at this time and appear as clean swept gravel patches amidst darker undisturbed substrate that is covered by algae (periphyton). 'Redd life' is a term applied to mean the period of time during which periphyton growth has not rendered the redd substrate indiscernible from the surroundings. Redd life is typically about six weeks on the Hanford Reach (PNL-7289).
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Publications containing historical energy statistics make it possible to estimate fossil fuel CO2 emissions back to 1751. Etemad et al. (1991) published a summary compilation that tabulates coal, brown coal, peat, and crude oil production by nation and year. Footnotes in the Etemad et al.(1991) publication extend the energy statistics time series back to 1751. Summary compilations of fossil fuel trade were published by Mitchell (1983, 1992, 1993, 1995). Mitchell's work tabulates solid and liquid fuel imports and exports by nation and year. These pre-1950 production and trade data were digitized and CO2 emission calculations were made following the procedures discussed in Marland and Rotty (1984) and Boden et al. (1995). Further details on the contents and processing of the historical energy statistics are provided in Andres et al. (1999). The 1950 to present CO2 emission estimates are derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations (2010), using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The energy statistics were compiled primarily from annual questionnaires distributed by the U.N. Statistical Office and supplemented by official national statistical publications. As stated in the introduction of the Statistical Yearbook, "in a few cases, official sources are supplemented by other sources and estimates, where these have been subjected to professional scrutiny and debate and are consistent with other independent sources." Data from the U.S. Department of Interior's Geological Survey (USGS 2010) were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Values for emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (1994), Rotty (1974), and data provided by G. Marland. Greater details about these methods are provided in Marland and Rotty (1984), Boden et al. (1995), and Andres et al. (1999).
Publications containing historical energy statistics make it possible to estimate fossil fuel CO2 emissions back to 1751. Etemad et al. (1991) published a summary compilation that tabulates coal, brown coal, peat, and crude oil production by nation and year. Footnotes in the Etemad et al.(1991) publication extend the energy statistics time series back to 1751. Summary compilations of fossil fuel trade were published by Mitchell (1983, 1992, 1993, 1995). Mitchell's work tabulates solid and liquid fuel imports and exports by nation and year. These pre-1950 production and trade data were digitized and CO2 emission calculations were made following the procedures discussed in Marland and Rotty (1984) and Boden et al. (1995). Further details on the contents and processing of the historical energy statistics are provided in Andres et al. (1999). The 1950 to present CO2 emission estimates are derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations (2014), using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The energy statistics were compiled primarily from annual questionnaires distributed by the U.N. Statistical Office and supplemented by official national statistical publications. As stated in the introduction of the Statistical Yearbook, "in a few cases, official sources are supplemented by other sources and estimates, where these have been subjected to professional scrutiny and debate and are consistent with other independent sources." Data from the U.S. Department of Interior's Geological Survey (USGS 2014) were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Values for emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (1994), Rotty (1974), and data provided by G. Marland. Greater details about these methods are provided in Marland and Rotty (1984), Boden et al. (1995), and Andres et al. (1999).