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At least 955 records · Page 53

Interpretation of Voyager UVS observations of occultations by the atmosphere of Neptune

We propose to continue our investigation of the upper atmosphere of Neptune based primarily on the solar occultation measurements made by the Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS). The ultimate goal of this research is to understand the structure and composition of Neptune's upper atmosphere as encoded in the data base obtained by the UVS during the Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune. The UVS occultations provide information essential to studies of atmospheric composition and structure, energy balance, photochemistry, global transport, ionospheric structure, and airglow production mechanisms. In conjunction with other research in progress at the University of Arizona and by our colleagues at other institutions, we not only analyze and interpret individual measurements or observations by the UVS, but also construct models of the upper atmosphere which are consistent with all available data obtained by the UVS. We derive constraints from measurements of the atmospheric emissions and we combine these with constraints derived from the occultation measurements. Principal sources for the atmospheric emissions include dayglow, resonance scattering and, at long wavelengths, the reflected solar spectrum. On the dark side of the planet, a weak H Ly alpha emission is due to resonance scattering of the sky background and perhaps another source. Thus a wide range of physical processes are at work, and each provides its own constraints on the atmosphere.

Sandel, Bill R.↗

Magnetospheric space plasma investigations

The topics addressed are: (1) generalized semikinetic models; (2) collision-collisionless transition model; (3) observation of O+ outflows; (4) equatorial transitions; (5) inner plasmasphere-ionosphere coupling; (6) plasma wave physical processes; (7) ULF wave ray-tracing; and (8) nighttime anomalous electron heating events.

Comfort, Richard H.↗

On the structure of gaseous confined laminar diffusion flames: Numerical investigation

The structure and characteristics of gaseous confined laminar diffusion flames are investigated by numerically solving the time-dependent two-dimensional axisymmetric conservation equations. The numerical model accounts for the important chemical and physical processes involved, including axial diffusion, viscous effects, radial convection, and finite-rate chemistry. The numerical results clearly show that the flame has a finite thickness and leakage of fuel vapor into the flame zone is possible. The effect of heat release is found to induce some radial flow. Predicted flame shape and dimensions are compared to the classical Burke-Schumann flame. The numerically calculated flame is observed to be about 15 percent taller and 5 percent narrower than that of the Burke-Schumann solution under the same conditions.

Mawid, M. A.↗

Chemical abundances in low surface brightness galaxies: Implications for their evolution

Low Surface Brightness (LSB) galaxies are an important but often neglected part of the galaxy content of the universe. Their importance stems both from the selection effects which cause them to be under-represented in galaxy catalogs, and from what they can tell us about the physical processes of galaxy evolution that has resulted in something other than the traditional Hubble sequence of spirals. An important constraint for any evolutionary model is the present day chemical abundances of LSB disks. Towards this end, spectra for a sample of 75 H 2 regions distributed in 20 LSB disks galaxies were obtained. Structurally, this sample is defined as having B(0) fainter than 23.0 mag arcsec(sup -2) and scale lengths that cluster either around 3 kpc or 10 kpc. In fact, structurally, these galaxies are very similar to the high surface brightness spirals which define the Hubble sequence. Thus, our sample galaxies are not dwarf galaxies but instead have masses comparable to or in excess of the Milky Way. The basic results from these observations are summarized.

Mcgaugh, S. S.↗

Velocity resolved spectroscopy of molecular hydrogen emission in NGC6240

NGC6240 is a member of the class of luminous galaxies which emit a significant fraction of their total light in the infrared. Based on its highly disturbed morphology, Fosbury and Wall (1979) suggested that the system may be a merger of two gas rich galaxies. It has two nuclei separated by 2 arcsec which are visible in the near infrared and at radio wavelengths and CO observations show that the galaxy contains a large mass of molecular gas. Unusually strong H2 emission lines dominate the near infrared spectrum of this galaxy. The galaxy emits approximately 4x10(exp 7) solar luminosity in the 2.12 micron v = 1 to 0 S(1) line alone, an order of magnitude more than other merging or starburst galaxies. To provide a better understanding of the physical processes responsible for the H2 emission from NGC6240 we have begun a program to obtain high spectral resolution observations using the echelle in CGS4 on the UKIRT. Preliminary data which were obtained in February 1991 are presented here. It is intended to obtain further observations with twice the spatial and spectral resolution in June of this year.

Wright, G. S.↗

Engine management during NTRE start up

The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: total engine system management critical to successful nuclear thermal rocket engine (NTRE) start up; NERVA type engine start windows; reactor power control; heterogeneous reactor cooling; propellant feed system dynamics; integrated NTRE start sequence; moderator cooling loop and efficient NTRE starting; analytical simulation and low risk engine development; accurate simulation through dynamic coupling of physical processes; and integrated NTRE and mission performance.

Bulman, Mel↗

Spacecraft Glow and the Eisg/skirt Experiment

The objective of this experiment is to develop an understanding of the physical processes leading to spacecraft glow phenomena. The emphasis is to be on surface temperature and altitude effects. A complete understanding of the phenomena could be used to accomplish the following: (1) characterize optical instrument backgrounds; (2) provide guidelines for thermal insulations; (3) characterize material selection for flight optics and associated spacecraft; and (4) affect flight-operation altitude selection for relevant missions.

Swenson, Gary R.↗

The spatial and kinematic structure of QSO metal-line absorption systems

Recent attempts to infer the spatial and kinematic distributions of the material responsible for absorption lines observed in the spectra of background QSOs are presented. Current models of the absorbing regions are compared, and initial observational results are described. This research is expected to lead eventually to a detailed picture of the extended gaseous halo regions of galaxies at early evolutionary stages and to an understanding of the physical processes at work in these halos.

Lanzetta, Kenneth M.↗

ARC - A source of multisensor satellite data for polar science

The NSF's Antarctic Research Center (ARC) has been established to furnish real-time polar-orbiting satellite data in support of Antarctic field studies, as well as to maintain a multisensor satellite data (MSD) archive for retrospective data analysis. An account is presently given of the ways in which the complementary nature of an MSD set can deepen understanding of Antarctic physical processes. An active microwave SAR with 30-m resolution and a radar altimeter will be added to the ARC resources later in this decade, as will the Earth Observing System.

Van Woert, Michael L.↗

Computation of unsteady shock-induced combustion using logarithmic species conservation equations

Numerical simulations are used to investigate periodic combustion instabilities observed in ballistic-range experiments of blunt bodies flying at supersonic speeds through hydrogen-air mixtures. The computations are validated by comparing experimental shadowgraphs with shadowgraphs created from the computed flowfields and by comparing the experimentally measured instability frequencies with computed frequencies. The numerical simulations use a logarithmic transformation of the species conservation equations as a way to reduce the grid requirements for computing shock-induced combustion. The transformation is applied to the Euler equations coupled to a detailed hydrogen-air chemical reaction mechanism with 13 species and 33 reactions. The resulting differential equations are solved using a finite volume formulation and a two-step predictor-corrector scheme to advance the solution in time. Results are presented and compared for both a flux-vector splitting scheme and an upwind TVD scheme. The computations add insight to the physical processes observed in the experiments and the numerical methods needed to simulate them. The usefulness of the ballistic-range experiments for the validation of numerical techniques and chemical kinetic models is also demonstrated.

Wilson, Gregory J.↗

Numerical simulations of the formation and evolution of water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere

A model of the formation, evolution, and description of Martian water ice clouds is developed which well reproduces the physical processes governing the microphysics of water ice cloud formation on Mars. The model is used to show that the cloud properties are most sensitive to the temperature profile, the number of days for which condensation previously occurred, the contact angle, and the presence of incoming meteoritic debris at the top of the atmosphere. The AM-PM differences in optical depths measured at the Viking Lander site were successfully simulated with the model, obtaining total column optical depths of ice of a few tenths in agreement with observations.

Michelangeli, Diane V.↗

Understanding land surface evapotranspiration with satellite multispectral measurements

Quantitative use of remote multispectral measurements to study and map land surface evapotranspiration has been a challenging issue for the past 20 years. Past work is reviewed against process physics. A simple two-layer combination-type model is used which is applicable to both vegetation and bare soil. The theoretic analysis is done to show which land surface properties are implicitly defined by such evaporation models and to assess whether they are measurable as a matter of principle. Conceptual implications of the spatial correlation of land surface properties, as observed by means of remote multispectral measurements, are illustrated with results of work done in arid zones. A normalization of spatial variability of land surface evaporation is proposed by defining a location-dependent potential evaporation and surface temperature range. Examples of the application of remote based estimates of evaporation to hydrological modeling studies in Egypt and Argentina are presented.

Menenti, M.↗

Thermospheric heating away from the auroral oval during geomagnetic storms

The data on the morphology of the changes in the heating of thermosphere in the middle and high latitudes during geomagnetic storms, collected by the DE-2 satellite between July 1981 and February 1983 are compared with the NCAR-Thermosphere-Ionosphere General Circulation Model simulation of the November 24, 1982 storm on a one-on-one basis for an individual orbit in the middle of this storm. Good agreement was found for the winter hemisphere. A thermodynamic diagnostic processor was then used to investigate the mechanism by which geomagnetic storms cause temperature increases at lower latitudes. It was found that the pattern of heating during geomagnetic storms is complex, indicative of the complex nature of the physical processes that alter the thermal structure of the thermosphere at these times. Model predictions indicated that the greatest temperature increase at 40 deg N occurs in the morning, in agreement with results of Proelss (1984).

Burns, A. G.↗

In situ evidence of rapid, vertical, irreversible transport of lower tropospheric air into the lower tropical stratosphere by convective cloud turrets and by larger-scale upwelling in tropical cyclones

The STEP tropical objectives were successfully met during the flight experiments conducted from Darwin, Australia, January 16 to February 16, 1987. Necessary and sufficient measurements were made in, above, and downwind from very cold cirrus clouds, produced by three convective cloud types, to demonstrate irreversible mass transports into and dehydration in the lower tropical stratosphere. The three types are defined and described in terms of the physical processes that produce them and illustrated by examples derived from in situ and remote measurements. Intense solar heating is shown to produce, in addition to the usual vertical, sea breeze circulations normal to the coastline, an unusual pair of continental spanning, horizontal circulations. An upper tropospheric-lower stratospheric anticyclonic circulation, inclined upward toward the tropics, contributes to the dehydration of dissipating cirrus anvils and intensifies the upper level, tropical easterlies. The lower tropospheric cyclonic circulation with tropical westerlies and extratropical easterlies is in direct conflict with the normal tropical easterlies and extratropical westerlies. Impulsive switches between these two opposing lower-level wind systems create conditions favorable for each of these cloud types and explain the summer season's aperiodic variability.

Danielsen, Edwin F.↗

Tests characterizing bioprocessor hardware for analytical modeling

The tests outlined in this paper were used to characterize the hardware components of the Salad Machine, a small NASA-developed bioprocessor. The data from these tests are presented, and the methods by which this data can be integrated into system mathematical models are briefly discussed. The subsystems and physical processes discussed include the lighting system, the air loop (condensing heat exchanger and the blower), heat transfer to the surroundings, and leakage. Through this effort it was learned that in the development of a test protocol, care should be taken to order the tests such that environmental parameters, particularly humidity, require as few large adjustments as possible. Sensor calibration and installation take a substantial amount of time, which should be built into the test schedule. Two properties were particularly hard to quantify: the air flow rate and the energy from the lighting system entering into the growth volume. Flow rate can be measured using the appropriate device for the system configuration and airflow. Lighting system radiation level was measured using three methods. The results of these methods varied substantially, putting off conclusive quantification of this value.

Gustavino, S.↗

Wave interactions with continuous fractal layers

Many natural structures possess self-similar multiscales which can be characterized by power law spectra. Under appropriate conditions, knowledge of the strength of these scale sizes provides information on the physical processes which formed these objects. In this paper, we investigate wave interactions with continuous fractal layers which model geological and variegated structures. Since fractal characteristics of the layers are embedded in the scattered field, they can be retrieved under appropriate conditions. This inversion can be performed in either the frequency or the time domain as desired.

Kim, Y.↗

Chemistry and evolution of gaseous circumstellar disks

An investigation of the chemical and physical processes which determine the composition and evolution of gas-rich circumstellar disks is reported. Strong mixing in a thermoclinic environment like an accretion disk leads to thermochemical disequilibration due to 'kinetic inhibition' induced by chemical time constants becoming longer than outward mixing time constants. In this case, species thermodynamically stable at high temperatures but not at low temperatures dominate at all temperatures in the disk. Nonaxisymmetric accretion of material at hypersonic speeds is a major forcing mechanism for mixing in the disk and can produce eddy speeds of 1 percent of the sound speed. The implications kinetic inhibition in the carbon, nitrogen, and anhydrous/hydrous silicate families has for the compositions of the terrestrial planets, giant planets, ice-rich satellites, Pluto, comets, meteorites, and asteroids are discussed.

Prinn, Ronald G.↗

Ionized absorbers, ionized emitters, and the X-ray spectrum of active galactic nuclei

Broad absorption features are common in the X-ray spectrum of low-luminosity AGNs. The features have been modeled by leaky neutral absorbers or by highly ionized gas that completely occult the continuum source. Such models are incomplete since they do not take into account all the physical processes in the gas. In particular, no previous model included the X-ray emission by the ionized absorbing gas and the reflection of the continuum source radiation. The present work discusses the emission, absorption, and reflection properties of photoionized gases with emphasis on conditions thought to prevail in AGNs. It shows that such gas is likely to produce intense X-ray line and continuum radiation and to reflect a sizable fraction of the nonstellar continuum at all energies. If such gas is indeed responsible for the observed X-ray absorption, then absorption edges are much weaker than commonly assumed, and some residual X-ray continuum is likely to be observed even if the line of sight is completely blocked. Moreover, X-ray emission features may show up in sources not showing X-ray absorption. This has immense consequences for medium-resolution X-ray missions, such as BBXRT and Astro-D, and for the planned high-resolution experiments on board XMM and AXAF.

Netzer, Hagai↗