A stagnation pressure probe for droplet-laden air flow
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Murthy, S. N. B.↗
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Performance comparison of two interferometric droplet sizing techniques
In this paper, two interferometric techniques (Visibility/Itensity Validation and Phase Doppler) are critically examined in characterizing the spray of an air-assist nozzle with Sauter mean diameter of less than 35 microns. The two techniques are compared to each other and are evaluated against a Malvern diffraction unit. With the use of a rotating grating for Visibility/Intensity Validation, the interference techniques compare well to each other and to the diffraction method. The Phase Doppler technique is more easily applied to the spray, due largely to its broadened size and velocity ranges. The consistency of the interferometric results raises questions with regard to the use of the Malvern's most frequently applied distribution model.
Jackson, T. A.↗
Radiative cooling of a solidifying droplet layer including absorption and scattering
A simple solution for the transient cooling of a solidifying layer filled with drops that can emit and scatter radiation is discussed, with application to a liquid drop radiator proposed for the Space Station (Mattick and Hertzberg, 1981). The layer remains at uniform temperature during solidification, and the outer portions rapidly lose heat, producing a variation along the length of the layer in the distribution of liquid concentration across the layer. The analysis is used to obtain both the amount of energy dissipated by the two-phase system at uniform temperature and the velocity distribution necessary to maintain a uniform liquid fraction across the entire layer at all locations along the layer length.
Siegel, Robert↗
Measurements of droplet drag coefficients in a polydispersed turbulent flow field
Measurements of drag coefficient versus Reynolds number were obtained in a polydispersed turbulent flow field for three turbulence velocities and for freestream turbulence intensities between 3 and 12 percent. Results are presented for a single nozzle with low number density and a twin nozzle with higher number density. The results for drops smaller than 30 microns showed strong differences from existing low turbulence results. The drag relation was found to be weakly affected by the freestream velocity and to be strongly affected by the velocity fluctuation levels of individual size classes. A drag effect with the drop-drop interaction may also be possible.
Rudoff, R. C.↗
Oxygen plasma effects on several liquid droplet radiator fluids
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Gulino, Daniel A.↗
Mass accommodation coefficient measurements for HNO3, HCl and N2O5 on water, ice and aqueous sulfuric acid droplet surfaces
Preliminary results are reported of the direct measurement of accommodation coefficients for HNO3, N2O5 and HCl on water drops, aqueous sulfuric acid drops and ice particles. The heterogeneous chemistry of these species together with ClONO2 has been implicated in the ozone depletion observed in the Antarctic stratosphere during the spring in the last eight years. The most plausible chemical mechanism involves the removal of nitrogen oxide species via condensation on ice particles in polar stratospheric clouds resulting in a increase in the active chlorine species responsible for the ozone depletion. The observation of low NO2 and high ClO densities in the Antarctic stratosphere last summer appear to be consistent with such a mechanism.
Worsnop, Douglas↗
Numerical study of the interactions between droplets at intermediate Reynolds numbers
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Shuen, Jian-Shun↗
Transition limits for water-droplet crystallization with the NASA Lewis icing nozzle
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Marek, C. John↗
Droplet sizing instrumentation used for icing research: Operation, calibration, and accuracy
The accuracy of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) is determined using laboratory tests, wind tunnel comparisons, and computer simulations. Operation in an icing environment is discussed and a new calibration device for the FSSP (the rotating pinhole) is demonstrated to be a valuable tool. Operation of the Optical Array Probe is also presented along with a calibration device (the rotating reticle) which is suitable for performing detailed analysis of that instrument.
Hovenac, Edward A.↗
Development of comprehensive numerical schemes for predicting evaporating gas-droplets flow processes of a liquid-fueled combustor
An existing Computational Fluid Dynamics code for simulating complex turbulent flows inside a liquid rocket combustion chamber was validated and further developed. The Advanced Rocket Injector/Combustor Code (ARICC) is simplified and validated against benchmark flow situations for laminar and turbulent flows. The numerical method used in ARICC Code is re-examined for incompressible flow calculations. For turbulent flows, both the subgrid and the two equation k-epsilon turbulence models are studied. Cases tested include idealized Burger's equation in complex geometries and boundaries, a laminar pipe flow, a high Reynolds number turbulent flow, and a confined coaxial jet with recirculations. The accuracy of the algorithm is examined by comparing the numerical results with the analytical solutions as well as experimented data with different grid sizes.
Chen, C. P.↗
Development of a phase Doppler based probe for icing cloud droplet characterization
The development and evaluation of a compact optical fiber probe (OFP) for airborne and wind tunnel icing cloud characterizations is described. This probe was based upon the proven phase Doppler technique for measuring the size and velocity of spherical drops. Direct comparisons of the size distributions from the standard PDPA with the OFP were used to confirm the reliability of the probe. After some improvements in the fiber coupling efficiency, the number density and liquid water content data agreed to within 15 percent.
Rudoff, R. C.↗
Transition regime droplet growth and evaporation - An integrodifferential variational approach
A variational principle based on the integrodifferential form of the Boltzmann equation, which allows very general forms of the collision integral and of the boundary operator, has been used to compute the mass flux to a spherical particle. For simplicity the problem has been restricted to the one-speed, constant cross-section approximation, the black sphere problem of neutron transport theory. Using the Hilbert expansion of the solution far from the sphere as a trial function leads to a rational expression in the inverse Knudsen number for the extrapolation distance, which is simply related to the number flux to the sphere. A five-term expansion gives results that are no more than 6 percent in error when compared to an accurate numerical solution. The technique can be applied to other forms of the collision model and other boundary conditions.
Cipolla, J. W., Jr.↗
Isolation of crystallizing droplets by electrostatic levitation
The principles of electrostatic levitation where the positioning and stabilization of a sample are accomplished by applying appropriate electrostatic forces to a charged sample are outlined, and attention is focused on a feedback control algorithm, drop-launching method, and four-drop levitator. Drop levitation in 1-g is discussed, and crystal-growth experiments are presented. An experiment in which the protein concentration of a levitated drop is controlled by a feedback system is described. During levitation, the drop evaporation rate is controlled in a programmed way in order to acquire proper protein concentration levels for both nucleation and growth. The containerless approach of protein crystal growth when applied in the space environment is assessed.
Rhim, Won-Kyu↗
Condensational growth and trace species scavenging in stratospheric sulfuric acid/water aerosol droplets
Stratospheric aerosols play a significant role in the environment. The composition of aerosols is believed to be a liquid solution of sulfuric acid and water with numerous trace species. Of these trace species, ozone in particular was recognized as being very important in its role of shielding the environment from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Also among the trace species are HCl and ClONO2, the so called chlorine reservoir species and various oxides of nitrogen. The quantity of stratospheric aerosol and its particle size distribution determines, to a large degree, the chemistry present in the stratosphere. Aerosols experience 3 types of growth: nucleation, condensation, and coagulation. The application of condensation investigations to the specific problem of stratospheric aerosols is discussed.
Tompson, Robert V., Jr.↗
Comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional droplet trajectory calculations in the vicinity of finite wings
Computational predictions of ice accretion on flying aircraft most commonly rely on modeling in two dimensions (2D). These 2D methods treat an aircraft geometry either as wing-like with infinite span, or as an axisymmetric body. Recently, fully three dimensional (3D) methods have been introduced that model an aircrafts true 3D shape. Because 3D methods are more computationally expensive than 2D methods, 2D methods continue to be widely used. However, a 3D method allows us to investigate whether it is valid to continue applying 2D methods to a finite wing. The extent of disagreement between LEWICE, a 2D method, and LEWICE3D, a 3D method, in calculating local collection efficiencies at the leading edge of finite wings is investigated in this paper.
Mohler, Stanley R., Jr.↗
Comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional droplet trajectory calculations in the vicinity of finite wings
Computational predictions of ice accretion on flying aircraft most commonly rely on modeling in 2D. These 2D methods treat an aircraft geometry either as wing-like with infinite span, or as an axisymmetric body. Recently, fully 3D methods have been introduced that model an aircraft's true 3D shape. Because 3D methods are more computationally expensive than 2D methods, 2D methods continue to be widely used. However, a 3D method allows investigation of whether it is valid to continue applying 2D methods to a finite wing. The extent of disagreement between LEWICE, a 2D method, and LEWICE3D, a 3D method, in calculating local collection efficiencies at the leading edge of finite wings is investigated.
Mohler, Stanley R., Jr.↗
Kinetics of diffusional droplet growth in a liquid/liquid two-phase system
In the case of the diaphragm cell transport equation where the interdiffusion coefficient is a function of concentration, we have derived an integral of the form, t = B(sub 0) + B(sub L)ln(delta(c)) + B(sub 1)(delta(c)) + B(sub 2)(delta(c))(exp 2) +... where t is the time and (delta(c)) is the concentration difference across the frit. The coefficient, B(sub 0), is a constant of integration, while the coefficient, B(sub L), B(sub 1), B(sub 2), ..., depend in general upon the cell constant, the compartment volumes, the interdiffusion coefficient, and various of its concentration derivatives evaluated at the mean concentration for the cell. Explicit formulae for B(sub L), B(sub 1), B(sub 2), ... are given.
Baird, James K.↗
Kinetics of diffusional droplet growth in a liquid/liquid two-phase system
This report contains experimental results for the interdiffusion coefficient of the system, succinonitrile plus water, at a number of compositions and temperatures in the single phase region of the phase diagram. The concentration and temperature dependence of the measured diffusion coefficient has been analyzed in terms of Landau - Ginzburg theory, which assumes that the Gibb free energy is an analytic function of its variables, and can be expanded in a Taylor series about any point in the phase diagram. At most points in the single phase region this is adequate. Near the consolute point (critical point of solution), however, the free energy is non-analytic, and the Landau - Ginzburg theory fails. The solution to this problem dictates that the Landau - Ginzburg form of the free energy be replaced by Widom scaling functions with irrational values for the scaling exponents. As our measurements of the diffusion coefficient near the critical point reflect this non-analytic character, we are preparing for publication in a refereed journal a separate analysis of some of the data contained herein as well as some additional measurements we have just completed. When published, reprints of this article will be furnished to NASA.
Baird, James K.↗