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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 955 records · Page 53
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Construction of an in vitro primary lung co-culture platform derived from New Zealand white rabbits

We report the construction of an in vitro three dimensional (3D) co-culture platform consisting of differentiated lung epithelial cells and monocytes from New Zealand white rabbits. Rabbit lung epithelial cells were successfully grown at air-liquid interface, produced mucus, and expressed both sialic acid alpha-2,3 and alpha-2,6. Blood-derived CD14+ monocytes were deposited above the epithelial layer resulting in the differentiation of a subset of monocytes into CD11c+ cells within the co-culture. These proof-of-concept findings provide a convenient means to comparatively study in vitro versus in vivo rabbit lung responses as they relate to inhalation or lung-challenge studies.

lung↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analysis Facilities for the HL-LHC White Paper

This white paper presents the current status of the R&D for Analysis Facilities (AFs) and attempts to summarize the views on the future direction of these facilities. These views have been collected through the High Energy Physics (HEP) Software Foundation’s (HSF) Analysis Facilities forum (HSF Analysis Facilities Forum), established in March 2022, the Analysis Ecosystems II workshop (Analysis Ecosystems Workshop II), that took place in May 2022, and the WLCG/HSF pre-CHEP workshop (WLCG–HSF pre-CHEP Workshop), that took place in May 2023. The paper attempts to cover all the aspects of an analysis facility.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2012

White light interferometry for quantitative surface characterization in ion sputtering experiments.

White light interferometry (WLI) can be used to obtain surface morphology information on dimensional scale of millimeters with lateral resolution as good as {approx}1 {micro}m and depth resolution down to 1 nm. By performing true three-dimensional imaging of sample surfaces, the WLI technique enables accurate quantitative characterization of the geometry of surface features and compares favorably to scanning electron and atomic force microscopies by avoiding some of their drawbacks. In this paper, results of using the WLI imaging technique to characterize the products of ion sputtering experiments are reported. With a few figures, several example applications of the WLI method are illustrated when used for (i) sputtering yield measurements and time-to-depth conversion, (ii) optimizing ion beam current density profiles, the shapes of sputtered craters, and multiple ion beam superposition and (iii) quantitative characterization of surfaces processed with ions. In particular, for sputter depth profiling experiments of {sup 25}Mg, {sup 44}Ca and {sup 53}Cr ion implants in Si (implantation energy of 1 keV per nucleon), the depth calibration of the measured depth profile curves determined by the WLI method appeared to be self-consistent with TRIM simulations for such projectile-matrix systems. In addition, high depth resolution of the WLI method is demonstrated for a case of a Genesis solar wind Si collector surface processed by gas cluster ion beam: a 12.5 nm layer was removed from the processed surface, while the transition length between the processed and untreated areas was 150 {micro}m.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Strigolactone GR24 and pinosylvin attenuate adipogenesis and inflammation of white adipocytes

Highlights: • Strigolactone GR24 upregulates SIRT1 and NAD{sup +} production in adipocytes. • GR24 and pinosylvin decrease adipogenesis via inhibiting PPARγ and C/EBPα. • GR24 and pinosylvin inhibit adipocyte inflammation. Obesity is characterized by excess fat accumulation in white adipose tissue, which triggers chronic low-grade inflammation through secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by the enlarged adipocytes and infiltrated macrophages. This affects glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, inducing type 2 diabetes. NAD{sup +}-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is known to inhibit adipogenesis through the regulation of the key adipogenic transcription factors, PPARγ and C/EBPα. SIRT1 activators such as resveratrol inhibit adipogenesis and exert anti-inflammatory responses in the adipose tissue. We aimed to investigate the role of two SIRT1 activating plant-derived compounds, strigolactone analog GR24 and pinosylvin, in adipogenesis and inflammation of murine adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes and were treated with GR24 and pinosylvin. Resveratrol was used as a reference treatment. The effects of these compounds on adipogenesis and inflammation were explored by different methods such as cytotoxicity assays, lipid staining, western blotting and ELISA. GR24 upregulated SIRT1 and enhanced the production of NAD{sup +}, an essential SIRT1 substrate. GR24, pinosylvin and resveratrol attenuated adipogenesis via inhibiting the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα and protected against inflammation by inhibiting TNF-α-stimulated IL-6 secretion. GR24 also inhibited NF-κB activation. Our results demonstrate for the first time the beneficial effects of strigolactone GR24 and pinosylvin on adipogenesis and inflammation in adipocytes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Biochemical and structural characterization of enzymes in the 4-hydroxybenzoate catabolic pathway of lignin-degrading white-rot fungi

White-rot fungi (WRF) are the most efficient lignin-degrading organisms in nature. However, their capacity to use lignin-related aromatic compounds, such as 4-hydroxybenzoate, as carbon sources has only been described recently. Previously, the hydroxyquinol pathway was proposed for the bioconversion of these compounds in fungi, but gene- and structure-function relationships of the full enzymatic pathway remain uncharacterized in any single fungal species. Here, we characterize seven enzymes from two WRF, Trametes versicolor and Gelatoporia subvermispora, which constitute a four-enzyme cascade from 4-hydroxybenzoate to β-ketoadipate via the hydroxyquinol pathway. Furthermore, we solve the crystal structure of four of these enzymes and identify mechanistic differences with the closest bacterial and fungal structural homologs. Overall, this research expands our understanding of aromatic catabolism by WRF and establishes an alternative strategy for the conversion of lignin-related compounds to the valuable molecule β-ketoadipate, contributing to the development of biological processes for lignin valorization.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Micro- and nano-structural evolutions in white Portland cement/pulverized fuel ash cement pastes due to deionized-water leaching

Thin slices of white Portland cement-low calcium pulverized fuel ash (pfa) blended cement pastes containing 30 or 50% pfa were leached progressively in de-ionized water. The paste with 50% pfa was aged 13 years prior to leaching and those with 30% pfa were aged 1 and 13 years. Pastes were leached for up to 75 days and were characterized using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Leaching affected the pastes in the following sequence: (i) crystals of Ca(OH){sub 2} large enough to be resolved by backscattered electron imaging were removed completely prior to any effect on C-A-S-H; (ii) the Ca/Si ratio of C-A-S-H reduced from ≈ 1.4 to ≈ 1.0 whilst the aluminosilicate structure was unaffected; (iii) further reduction in the Ca/Si ratio of C-A-S-H was accompanied by lengthening of the aluminosilicate chains; (iv) the Ca/Si ratio of C-A-S-H reduced ultimately to ≈ 0.6.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Pore-size resolved water vapor adsorption kinetics of white cement mortars as viewed from proton NMR relaxation

The dynamic pore structure of partially saturated cement-based material is rather essential to quantify its mass transport and many other properties. To clarify the influence of water removal and re-entry, the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technique is employed to characterize the pore structure of two white cement mortars during isopropanol exchange and water vapor adsorption kinetics. It is found that, after isopropanol replacement the pore structures of mortars become remarkably coarsen due to the significant collapse of C-S-H interlayer pores, which are only partly reversible at water re-saturation. Consistently, water vapor adsorption is not a simple progressively filling process from finer to coarser pores, but accompanied by continuous expansion of C-S-H gel adsorbing water in priority. Furthermore, the irrecoverable contraction of C-S-H gel is the physical root of irreversible shrinkage. The smaller BET surface area using nitrogen than water is also attributed to the collapse of interlayer pores after drying.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Snowmass white paper: Light dark matter direct detection at the interface with condensed matter physics

Direct detection experiments for light (sub-GeV) dark matter are making enormous leaps in reaching previously unexplored theory space. The need for accurate characterizations of target responses has led to a growing interplay between particle and condensed matter physics. This white paper summarizes recent progress on direct detection calculations that utilize state-of-the-art numerical tools in condensed matter physics and effective field theory techniques. These new results provide the theoretical framework for interpreting ongoing and planned experiments using electronic and collective excitations, and for optimizing future searches.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier White Paper: Primordial black hole dark matter

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) are a viable candidate to comprise some or all of the dark matter and provide a unique window into the high-energy physics of the early universe. This white paper discusses the scientific motivation, current status, and future reach of observational searches for PBHs. Future observational facilities supported by DOE, NSF, and NASA will provide unprecedented sensitivity to PBHs. However, devoted analysis pipelines and theoretical modeling are required to fully leverage these novel data. The search for PBHs constitutes a low-cost, high-reward science case with significant impact on the high energy physics community.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Association Between White Blood Cell Count Following Radiation Therapy With Radiation Pneumonitis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is an inflammatory response to radiation therapy (RT). We assessed the association between RP and white blood cell (WBC) count, an established metric of systemic inflammation, after RT for non-small cell lung cancer. Methods and Materials: We retrospectively analyzed 366 patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received ≥60 Gy as definitive therapy. The primary endpoint was whether WBC count after RT (defined as 2 weeks through 3 months after RT completion) was associated with grade ≥3 or grade ≥2 RP. Median lung volume receiving ≥20 Gy (V{sub 20}) was 31%, and post-RT WBC counts ranged from 1.7 to 21.2 × 10{sup 3} WBCs/μL. Odds ratios (ORs) associating clinical variables and post-RT WBC counts with RP were calculated via logistic regression. A recursive-partitioning algorithm was used to define optimal post-RT WBC count cut points. Results: Post-RT WBC counts were significantly higher in patients with grade ≥3 RP than without (P<.05). Optimal cut points for post-RT WBC count were found to be 7.4 and 8.0 × 10{sup 3}/μL for grade ≥3 and ≥2 RP, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between post-RT WBC count and grade ≥3 (n=46, OR=2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4‒4.9, P=.003) and grade ≥2 RP (n=164, OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.2‒3.4, P=.01). This association held in a stepwise multivariate regression. Of note, V{sub 20} was found to be significantly associated with grade ≥2 RP (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.2‒3.4, P=.01) and trended toward significance for grade ≥3 RP (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.5, P=.06). Conclusions: Post-RT WBC counts were significantly and independently associated with RP and have potential utility as a diagnostic or predictive marker for this toxicity.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2015

White and Gray Matter Abnormalities After Cranial Radiation in Children and Mice

Purpose: Pediatric patients treated with cranial radiation are at high risk of developing lasting cognitive impairments. We sought to identify anatomical changes in both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in radiation-treated patients and in mice, in which the effect of radiation can be isolated from other factors, the time course of anatomical change can be established, and the effect of treatment age can be more fully characterized. Anatomical results were compared between species. Methods and Materials: Patients were imaged with T{sub 1}-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after radiation treatment. Nineteen radiation-treated patients were divided into groups of 7 years of age and younger (7−) and 8 years and older (8+) and were compared to 41 controls. C57BL6 mice were treated with radiation (n=52) or sham treated (n=52) between postnatal days 16 and 36 and then assessed with in vivo and/or ex vivo MRI. In both cases, measurements of WM and GM volume, cortical thickness, area and volume, and hippocampal volume were compared between groups. Results: WM volume was significantly decreased following treatment in 7− and 8+ treatment groups. GM volume was unchanged overall, but cortical thickness was slightly increased in the 7− group. Results in mice mostly mirrored these changes and provided a time course of change, showing early volume loss and normal growth. Hippocampal volume showed a decreasing trend with age in patients, an effect not observed in the mouse hippocampus but present in the olfactory bulb. Conclusions: Changes in mice treated with cranial radiation are similar to those in humans, including significant WM and GM alterations. Because mice did not receive any other treatment, the similarity across species supports the expectation that radiation is causative and suggests mice provide a representative model for studying impaired brain development after cranial radiation and testing novel treatments.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of the Maximum Dose on White Matter Fiber Bundles Using Longitudinal Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Purpose: Previous efforts to decrease neurocognitive effects of radiation focused on sparing isolated cortical structures. We hypothesize that understanding temporal, spatial, and dosimetric patterns of radiation damage to whole-brain white matter (WM) after partial-brain irradiation might also be important. Therefore, we carried out a study to develop the methodology to assess radiation therapy (RT)–induced damage to whole-brain WM bundles. Methods and Materials: An atlas-based, automated WM tractography analysis was implemented to quantify longitudinal changes in indices of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of 22 major WM fibers in 33 patients with predominantly low-grade or benign brain tumors treated by RT. Six DTI scans per patient were performed from before RT to 18 months after RT. The DTI indices and planned doses (maximum and mean doses) were mapped onto profiles of each of 22 WM bundles. A multivariate linear regression was performed to determine the main dose effect as well as the influence of other clinical factors on longitudinal percentage changes in axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) from before RT. Results: Among 22 fiber bundles, AD or RD changes in 12 bundles were affected significantly by doses (P<.05), as the effect was progressive over time. In 9 elongated tracts, decreased AD or RD was significantly related to maximum doses received, consistent with a serial structure. In individual bundles, AD changes were up to 11.5% at the maximum dose locations 18 months after RT. The dose effect on WM was greater in older female patients than younger male patients. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates for the first time that the maximum dose to the elongated WM bundles causes post-RT damage in WM. Validation and correlative studies are necessary to determine the ability and impact of sparing these bundles on preserving neurocognitive function after RT.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Microstructural Injury to Corpus Callosum and Intrahemispheric White Matter Tracts Correlate With Attention and Processing Speed Decline After Brain Radiation

The corpus callosum (CC) and intrahemispheric white matter tracts (IHWM) subserve critical aspects of attention and processing speed. We analyzed imaging biomarkers of microstructural injury within these regions and association with attention and processing speed performance before and after radiation therapy in primary brain tumor patients.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Stochastic symplectic and multi-symplectic methods for nonlinear Schrödinger equation with white noise dispersion

We indicate that the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with white noise dispersion possesses stochastic symplectic and multi-symplectic structures. Based on these structures, we propose the stochastic symplectic and multi-symplectic methods, which preserve the continuous and discrete charge conservation laws, respectively. Moreover, we show that the proposed methods are convergent with temporal order one in probability. Numerical experiments are presented to verify our theoretical results.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-energy and ultra-high-energy neutrinos: A Snowmass white paper

Astrophysical neutrinos are excellent probes of astroparticle physics and high-energy physics. With energies far beyond solar, supernovae, atmospheric, and accelerator neutrinos, high-energy and ultra-high-energy neutrinos probe fundamental physics from the TeV scale to the EeV scale and beyond. They are sensitive to physics both within and beyond the Standard Model through their production mechanisms and in their propagation over cosmological distances. They carry unique information about their extreme non-thermal sources by giving insight into regions that are opaque to electromagnetic radiation. Here in this white paper describes the opportunities astrophysical neutrino observations offer for astrophysics and high-energy physics, today and in coming years.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mining Unexplored Chemistries for Phosphors for High-Color-Quality White-Light-Emitting Diodes

There is a critical need for new earth-abundant phosphors to enable next-generation, highly efficient solid-state lighting. Here we report the discovery of Sr 2 LiAlO 4 , the first known Sr-Li-Al-O quaternary crystal, via a carefully targeted data-driven structure prediction and screening effort using density functional theory calculations. Sr 2 LiAlO 4 is predicted and experimentally confirmed to be a thermodynamically and thermally stable phosphor host that can be excited with near-UV/blue sources. The Eu 2+ - and Ce 3+ -activated Sr 2 LiAlO 4 phosphors exhibit broad emissions at λ max ~ 512 nm (green-yellow) and λ max ~ 434 nm (blue), respectively, with excellent thermal quenching resistance of >88% intensity at 150°C. A prototype phosphor-converted white LED utilizing Sr 2 LiAlO 4 -based phosphors yields an excellent color-rendering index exceeding 90. Sr 2 LiAlO 4 therefore exhibits great potential for industrial applications in low-cost, high-color-quality WLEDs.

Wang, Zhenbin↗
DOE OSTI2017

A new bismuth-based coordination polymer as an efficient visible light responding photocatalyst under white LED irradiation

A new bismuth-based polymer, [Hbpe][Bi(Hpydc){sub 2}(pydc)]·H{sub 2}O (H{sub 2}pydc=pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, bpe=trans-bis(4-pyridyl) ethylene) has been hydrothermally synthesized. Transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that the synthesized polymer with efficient charge separation and transportation can be used as a potential photocatalyst. So we use it for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye wastewater under visible light. The comparative study on commercial Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} shows [Hbpe][Bi(Hpydc){sub 2}(pydc)]·H{sub 2}O has the higher photocatalytic performance, with the degradation rate of 97% and 2% within 100 min for [Hbpe][Bi(Hpydc){sub 2}(pydc)]·H{sub 2}O and commercial Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} respectively. Additionally, the five cycle reproducibility results of [Hbpe][Bi(Hpydc){sub 2}(pydc)]·H{sub 2}O implies that it can be used as a stable photocatalyst. - Graphical abstract: We report a new 1D coordination polymer [Hbpe][Bi(Hpydc){sub 2}(pydc)]·H{sub 2}O by a facile hydrothermal method. The Bi-CP shows good photoelectric property and photocatalytic activity for RhB degradation under visible white LED lamp irradiation. And the stability of the visible-light-responsive bismuth-based coordination polymer has also been examined. - Highlights: • A new Bi(III) coordination polymer is hydrothermally synthesized. • The Bi-CP shows good photoelectric and photocatalytic properties. • Bi-CP shows higher activity than the commercial Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} for RhB degradation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗