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2016 Vehicle Technologies Market Report

This is the seventh edition of this report, which details the major trends in U.S. light-duty vehicle and medium/heavy truck markets. This report is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO), and, in accord with its mission, pays special attention to the progress of high-efficiency and alternative-fuel technologies. After opening with a discussion of energy and economics, this report features a section each on the light-duty vehicle and heavy/medium truck markets, and concluding with a section each on technology and policy. The first section on Energy and Economics discusses the role of transportation energy and vehicle markets on a national (and even international) scale. For example, Figures 12 through 14 discuss the connections between global oil prices and U.S. GDP, and Figures 21 and 22 show U.S. employment in the automotive sector. The following section examines Light-Duty Vehicle use, markets, manufacture, and supply chains. Figures 27 through 69 offer snapshots of major light-duty vehicle brands in the United States and Figures 73 through 85 examine the performance and efficiency characteristics of vehicles sold. The discussion of Medium and Heavy Trucks offers information on truck sales (Figures 94 through 98) and fuel use (Figures 101 through 104). The Technology section offers information on alternative fuel vehicles and infrastructure (Figures 109 through 123), and the Policy section concludes with information on recent, current, and near-future Federal policies like the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standard (Figures 135 through 142). In total, the information contained in this report is intended to communicate a fairly complete understanding of U.S. highway transportation energy through a series of easily digestible nuggets. Suggestions for future expansion, additional information, or other improvements are most welcome.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Report detailing comparative analysis of results from high flux isotope reactor and national institute of standards technology small-angle neutron scattering experiments

The major issues regarding irradiation effects are discussed in [1-3] and have also been discussed in previous progress and milestone reports. As noted previously, of the many significant issues discussed, the issue considered to have the most impact on the current regulatory process is that associated with effects of neutron irradiation on RPV steels at high fluence, for long irradiation times, and as affected by neutron flux. It is clear that embrittlement of RPV steels is a critical issue that may limit LWR plant life extension. The primary objective of the LWRSP RPV task is to develop robust predictions of transition temperature shifts (TTS) at high fluence ( t) to at least 1020 n/cm 2 (>1 MeV) pertinent to plant operation of some pressurized water reactors (PWR) for 80 full power years. Correlations between the high flux test reactor results and low flux surveillance specimens must be established for proper RPV embrittlement predictions of the current nuclear power fleet. Additionally, a complete understanding of defect evolution for high nickel RPV steels is needed to characterize the embrittlement potential of Mn-Ni-enriched precipitates (MNPs), particularly for the high fluence regime. While understanding of copper-enriched precipitates (CRPs) have been fully developed, the recent discovery and experimental verification [4] of late blooming MNPs with little to no copper for nucleation has stimulated research efforts to understand the evolution of these phases. New and existing databases will be combined to support developing physically based models of TTS for high fluence-low flux ( < 10 11n/cm 2 -s) conditions, beyond the existing surveillance database, to neutron fluences of at least 1 1020 n/cm2 (>1 MeV). Moreover, large number of various RPV materials have been irradiated in ATR-2 experiment and will be jointly studied by University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) and ORNL to address majority of microstructural characteristics discussed above, see Ref. [5] and [6] for details. UCSB has performed a large number of SANS experiments in the past at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). These data are taken from RPV steels irradiated in a wide range of flux-fluence space and will be very useful in comparing to the upcoming UCSB ATR-2 irradiation characterization since most of the SANS experiments with ATR-2 materials will be performed at ORNL High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). However in the previous report [7], some discrepancies were observed between HFIR and NCNR generated data. One of the hypotheses was that there was some kind of extra scattering occurring off the sample holders that results in the HFIR curves falling above the NCNR curves. To test this hypothesis, UCSB provided thermally aged samples that have been previously run at NCNR to ORNL for testing at HFIR while ORNL performed some improvements to experimental set up at HFIR. This report provides the status for the Level 3 Milestone (M3LW-15OR0402013), Complete report detailing comparative analysis of results from High Flux Isotope Reactor and National Institute of Standards and Technology small-angle neutron scattering experiments. This milestone is associated with small-angle neutron scattering characterization at the High Flux Isotope Reactor of various model alloys that had been previously characterized at NCNR by UCSB.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

2016 Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report

The 2016 Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and is intended to provide offshore wind policymakers, regulators, developers, researchers, engineers, financiers, and supply chain participants, with quantitative information about the offshore wind market, technology, and cost trends in the United States and worldwide. In particular, this report is intended to provide detailed information on the domestic offshore wind industry to provide context to help navigate technical and market barriers and opportunities. The scope of the report covers the status of the 111 operating offshore wind projects in the global fleet through December 31, 2016, and provides the status and analysis on a broader pipeline of 593 projects at some stage of development. In addition, this report provides a wider assessment of domestic developments and events through the second quarter of 2017 to provide a more up-to-date discussion of this dynamically evolving industry.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report 2016

This Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report (NNSSER) was prepared to satisfy DOE Order DOE O 231.1B, “Environment, Safety and Health Reporting.” Its purpose is to (1) report compliance status with environmental standards and requirements, (2) present results of environmental monitoring of radiological and nonradiological effluents, (3) report estimated radiological doses to the public from releases of radioactive material, (4) summarize environmental incidents of noncompliance and actions taken in response to them, (5) describe the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) Environmental Management System and characterize its performance, and (6) highlight significant environmental programs and efforts. This NNSSER summarizes data and compliance status for calendar year 2016 at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) and its two Nevada-based support facilities, the North Las Vegas Facility (NLVF) and the Remote Sensing Laboratory–Nellis (RSL-Nellis). It also addresses environmental restoration (ER) projects conducted at the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) and the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR). NNSA/NFO directs the management and operation of the NNSS and six sites across the nation. In addition to the NNSA itself, the six sites include two in Nevada (NLVF and RSL-Nellis) and four in other states (RSL-Andrews in Maryland, Livermore Operations in California, Los Alamos Operations in New Mexico, and Special Technologies Laboratory in California). Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore, and Sandia National Laboratories are the principal organizations that sponsor and implement the nuclear weapons programs at the NNSS. National Security Technologies, LLC (NSTec), is the current Management and Operating contractor accountable for the successful execution of work and ensuring that work is performed in compliance with environmental regulations. The six sites all provide support to enhance the NNSS as a location for its multiple missions. The three major NNSS missions include National Security/Defense, Environmental Management, and Nondefense. The major programs that support these missions are Stockpile Stewardship and Management, Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism, Nuclear Emergency Response, Strategic Partnership Projects, Environmental Restoration, Waste Management, Conservation and Renewable Energy, Other Research and Development, and Infrastructure. The major facilities that support the programs include the U1a Facility, Big Explosives Experimental Facility (BEEF), Device Assembly Facility, Dense Plasma Focus Facility, Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research Facility, Radiological/Nuclear Countermeasures Test and Evaluation Complex, Nonproliferation Test and Evaluation Complex (NPTEC), Radiological/Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction Incident Exercise Site, the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC), and the Area 3 Radioactive Waste Management Site (RWMS).

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

U.S. Renewables Portfolio Standards: 2017 Annual Status Report

Berkeley Lab’s annual status report on U.S. renewables portfolio standards (RPS) provides an overview of key trends associated with U.S. state RPS policies. The report, published in slide-deck form, describes recent legislative revisions, key policy design features, compliance with interim targets, past and projected impacts on renewables development, and compliance costs. The 2017 edition of the report presents historical data through year-end 2016 and projections through 2030. Key trends from this edition of the report include the following: -Evolution of state RPS programs: Significant RPS-related policy revisions since the start of 2016 include increased RPS targets in DC, MD, MI, NY, RI, and OR; requirements for new wind and solar projects and other major reforms to the RPS procurement process in IL; and a new offshore wind carve-out and solar procurement program in MA. -Historical impacts on renewables development: Roughly half of all growth in U.S. renewable electricity (RE) generation and capacity since 2000 is associated with state RPS requirements. Nationally, the role of RPS policies has diminished over time, representing 44% of all U.S. RE capacity additions in 2016. However, within particular regions, RPS policies continue to play a central role in supporting RE growth, constituting 70-90% of 2016 RE capacity additions in the West, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast. -Future RPS demand and incremental needs: Meeting RPS demand growth will require roughly a 50% increase in U.S. RE generation by 2030, equating to 55 GW of new RE capacity. To meet future RPS demand, total U.S. RE generation will need to reach 13% of electricity sales by 2030 (compared to 10% today), though other drivers will also continue to influence RE growth. -RPS target achievement to-date: States have generally met their interim RPS targets in recent years, with only a few exceptions reflecting unique state-specific policy designs. -REC pricing trends: Prices for renewable energy certificates (RECs) used to meet general RPS obligations fell in most markets in 2016, as surplus RPS supplies emerged in many regions. Price trends for solar RECs were more varied, with a particularly pronounced drop in MD. -RPS compliance costs and cost caps: RPS compliance costs totaled $3.0 billion in 2015 (the most-recent year for which relatively complete data are available), which equates to 1.6% of average retail electricity bills in RPS states. Though total U.S. RPS compliance costs rose from 2014, future cost growth in most RPS states will be capped by cost containment mechanisms.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Facilitating Deployment of Community Solar PV systems on Rooftops and Vacant Land in Northeast IL - Final Report

The Cook County Community Solar project set out to unlock the potential of community solar in the Chicago region with lessons that could be applied nationally. One of the first steps was to prove out the potential market. This was done through an opportunity assessment which showed there is over 9,000 megawatts worth of site capacity available for community solar projects in Cook County – nearly enough to offset all of Cook County’s residential electricity use. The assessment also showed that almost 75% of Cook County households are not able to invest directly in solar photovoltaic systems due to a variety of issues from physical barriers such as shading, or condition of the roof, to financial barriers such as lack of roof ownership, or the up-front costs of installation. Because of these barriers, community solar is an essential part of making the benefits of renewable energy available to all of the residents of Cook County. In addition to the opportunity assessment the project team also worked with the over 200 individuals who participated in the stakeholder advisory group to develop a number of other products including: 1) an Economic & Policy Barriers Resolutions and Work Plan document which laid out best practices to address the policy barriers that existed at the time (May of 2016) 2) Value Proposition Report I and Report II which summarize the value of community solar to potential developers and subscribers, 3) The Community Solar Business Case Tool, which provides a flexible financial model that projects the costs and befits to the system developer and subscriber for a project, 4) Bill Crediting Analysis and the 5) Final Report. The Final Report contains 15 case studies which prove that community solar projects are economically feasible in Cook County with a variety of sites, solar designs, ownership and subscriber models.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Time-resolved chemical imaging based on stimulated TERS (Final Scientific-Technical Report-Phase-II-DE-SC0013172)

This is the Final Scientific/Technical Report for the DOE FastTrack SBIR Grant from Fiscal Year 2015. The report details the work pursued to scientifically demonstrate ultrahigh spatial resolution in ultrafast spectroscopy and commercially develop a product offering that provides the similar capability to other researchers. Chemical and electronic information associated with molecular-scale processes can be interrogated via optical spectroscopy. By utilizing two ultrafast lasers, one to “pump” and the other to “probe” with time delay between them, researchers are able to study various molecular and electronic dynamics with time resolution in femtosecond range. Due to the diffraction limit associated with these optical techniques, these techniques measure average behavior of ensemble of molecules since individual molecules are typically much smaller than the wavelengths of the lasers being utilized. This report presents the successful demonstration of ultrafast spectroscopy (temporal resolution of 150 femtosecond limited by the laser pulse width) of electronic recovery in carbon nanotubes, revealing different recovery dynamics for individual carbon nanotubes with spatial resolution of ~ 10 nm, more than 50X smaller than the wavelengths used to study them. The report also details the required instrumentation for such measurements and how it plans to offer a turnkey solution to the research community to provide such capability in a user-friendly and low maintenance package.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

The International Linear Collider Progress Report 2015

The International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) set up the Global Design Effort (GDE) for the design of the International Linear Collider (ILC) in 2005. Drawing on the resources of over 300 national laboratories, universities and institutes worldwide, the GDE produced a Reference Design Report in 2007, followed by a more detailed Technical Design Report (TDR) in 2013. Following this report, the GDE was disbanded. A compact core team, the Linear Collider Collaboration (LCC), replaced it. This is still under the auspices of ICFA and is directly overseen by the Linear Collider Board, which reports to ICFA. The LCC is charged with continuing the design effort on a much-reduced scale until the Project is approved for construction. An additional mandate of the LCC was to bring together all linear collider work, including the CERN-based Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) under one structure in order to exploit synergies between the two studies.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Foothill Transit Agency Battery Electric Bus Progress Report, Data Period Focus: Jan. 2017 through Dec. 2017

This report summarizes results of a battery electric bus (BEB) evaluation at Foothill Transit, located in the San Gabriel Valley area of Los Angeles. Foothill Transit is collaborating with the California Air Resources Board and the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. The focus of this evaluation is to compare the performance and the operating costs of the BEBs to that of conventional technology buses and to track progress over time. Previous reports documented results from April 2014 through December 2016. This report extends the data analysis through December 2017. NREL plans to publish progress reports on the Foothill Transit fleet every six months through 2020.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE/DOT Crude Oil Characterization Research Study, Task 2 Test Report on Evaluating Crude Oil Sampling and Analysis Methods, Revision 1 - Winter Sampling

The Crude Oil Characterization Research Study is designed to evaluate whether crude oils currently transported in North America, including those produced from “tight” formations, exhibit physical or chemical properties that are distinct from conventional crudes, and how these properties associate with combustion hazards that may be realized during transportation and handling. The current report presents results from Task 2, investigating which commercially available methods can accurately and reproducibly collect and analyze crude oils for vapor pressure and composition, including dissolved gases. This issue, Revision 1 – Winter Sampling, incorporates additional seasonal data and compositional analysis results that have become available since publication of a prior report, SAND2017-12482, released in December 2017. Both reports compare performance of commercially available methods to that of a well-established mobile laboratory system that currently serves as the baseline instrument system for the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Vapor Pressure Program. The experimental matrix evaluates the performance of selected methods for (i) capturing, transporting, and delivering hydrocarbon fluid samples from the field to the analysis laboratory, coupled with (ii) analyzing for properties related to composition and volatility of the oil, including vapor pressure, gas-oil ratio, and dissolved gases and light hydrocarbons. Several combinations of sample capture and analysis were observed to perform well in both summer and winter sampling environments, though conditions apply that need to be considered carefully for given applications. Methods that perform well from Task 2 will then be utilized in subsequent Task 3 (combustion studies) and Task 4 (compositional analyses of multiple crude types), to be addressed in subsequent reports.

02 PETROLEUM↗

NA84 Final Report: Initial Transition of the Optimization Planning Tool for Urban Search (OPTUS) to the AVID Operational Environment

The long-term objective of this project is to transition the OPTUS software into operational use. In FY2017, the LLNL/RSL project team identified an initial capability, compatible with the NA-84 operational software environment, that OPTUS could provide to assist search planning. The LLNL development team developed and implemented a solution to the problem and demonstrated the software utility to RSL. The enhanced OPTUS code was made available to RSL for evaluation. Although the project was not continued in FY18, a small amount of funding was carried over to support the handoff to RSL and to complete the FY17 annual report. The current report is a slight modification of the FY17 report and constitutes the final project report.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

Reported Energy and Cost Savings from the DOE ESPC Program: FY 2016

The objective of this work was to determine the realization rate of energy and cost savings from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC) program based on information reported by the energy services companies (ESCOs) that are carrying out ESPC projects at federal sites. In formation was extracted from 172 measurement and verification (M&V) reports to determine reported, estimated, and guaranteed cost savings and reported and estimated energy savings for the previous contract year.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

JM-1 SLOWPOKE-II Research Reactor Supporting Analysis Report for the Conversion from HEU to LEU

The JM-1 research reactor (SLOWPOKE-2 type) at the International Centre for Nuclear and Environmental Sciences (ICENS) of the University of West Indies, in Kingston (Jamaica), was successfully converted from HEU to LEU fuel on September 2015. As part of the work to produce the corresponding Safety Analysis Report (SAR), which was to be reviewed and approved by the Jamaican regulator in order to provide authorization for the reactor commissioning, a detailed safety analysis was carried out. This analysis, involving a variety of calculations, is summarized in the present report; describing the basic methodology and the obtained results. The report covers both the neutronic and thermal hydraulic aspects of the analysis, for which MCNP and PLTEMP/ANL codes, respectively, were used. On one hand, the HEU core was modeled and analyzed, subsequently comparing the obtained results with the available experimental data. On the other hand, the modifications involved with the change to an LEU core were introduced into the models and the results examined to ensure that the differences in the expected behavior did not negatively affect the reactor safety or performance. In fact, the LEU core was found to present significant advantages in different areas. Consequently, the present report provided a solid basis for the SAR.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Preparation of Aluminum Oxide Films Under Water Exposure – Preliminary Report on 1100 Series Alloys

This report describes laboratory experiments performed to produce oxyhydroxide (oxide) films on aluminum 1100 series alloy substrates at various water/temperature conditions. The aluminum alloys selected in this program are types used on aluminum-clad research reactor fuel, and the water/temperature conditions are selected to produce film structures that would be prototypic to those formed on the fuel as a result of reactor exposure and post-discharge water and/or dry storage exposure. The experimental set-up and results to characterize the oxide morphology, thickness, structure, and chemical composition are reported. The results from this work will be compared to oxide characterizations of fuel cladding alloys that have been exposed to actual reactor and post-discharge service conditions. The aim is to develop a laboratory protocol to produce specimens for further studies for response under drying and radiation conditions. The work in this report is interim results and preliminary information prepared under Task 6, Milestone 6.1 in TTQAP SRNL-RP-2018-00610 as part of the action plan described in Ref. [1]. Additional experimental milestones are in progress and will be reported upon completion.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Status Report on Activities of the Systems Assessment Task Force, OECD-NEA Expert Group on Accident Tolerant Fuels for LWRs

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development /Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA) Nuclear Science Committee approved the formation of an Expert Group on Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) for LWRs (EGATFL) in 2014. Chaired by Kemal Pasamehmetoglu, INL Associate Laboratory Director for Nuclear Science and Technology, the mandate for the EGATFL defines work under three task forces: (1) Systems Assessment, (2) Cladding and Core Materials, and (3) Fuel Concepts. Scope for the Systems Assessment task force (TF1) includes definition of evaluation metrics for ATF, technology readiness level definition, definition of illustrative scenarios for ATF evaluation, and identification of fuel performance and system codes applicable to ATF evaluation. The identification of irradiation facilities around the world that are being used, or are planned to be used, for the irradiation testing of ATF cladding and fuel materials was later added to the TF1 scope (April 2017). The Cladding and Core Materials (TF2) and Fuel Concepts (TF3) task forces have worked to identify gaps and needs for modeling and experimental demonstration; define key properties of interest; identify the data necessary to perform concept evaluation under normal conditions and illustrative scenarios; identify available infrastructure (internationally) to support experimental needs; and make recommendations on priorities. Where possible, considering proprietary and other export restrictions (e.g., International Traffic in Arms Regulations), the Expert Group has facilitated the sharing of data and lessons learned across the international group membership. The Systems Assessment task force is chaired by Shannon Bragg-Sitton (Idaho National Laboratory [INL], U.S.), the Cladding Task Force is chaired by Marie Moatti (Electricite de France [EdF], France), and the Fuels Task Force is chaired by a Masaki Kurata (Japan Atomic Energy Agency [JAEA], Japan). The original Expert Group mandate was established for June 2014 to June 2016. In April 2016 the Expert Group voted to extend the mandate one additional year to June 2017 in order to complete the task force deliverables; this request was subsequently approved by the Nuclear Science Committee. All reports are currently in final draft and will be submitted to NEA for final formatting/editing in October 2017. A final EGATFL meeting will be held at NEA Headquarters in Paris, France on November 2-3, 2017 to resolve any final comments on the task force reports. This report provides brief summary of the Systems Assessment Task Force deliverable report.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

2017 Site Annual Environmental Report

The purposes of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Environmental Report 2017 are to record Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL’s) compliance with environmental standards and requirements, describe LLNL’s environmental protection and remediation programs, and present the results of environmental monitoring at the two LLNL sites— the Livermore Site and Site 300. The report is prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by LLNL’s Environmental Functional Area. Submittal of the report satisfies requirements under DOE Order 231.1B, “ Environment, Safety and Health Reporting,” and DOE Order 458.1, “Radiation Protection of the Public and Environment.”

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

U-10ZR XRD Follow-on Report: Effects of Background; Extrusion, Heat Treatment

This report is a follow-on report to the previous report, INL/EXT-17-43392 “Modified Peak Ratio Method for Quantitative Texture Analysis of U10Zr Alloys” (Leah Squires, Kevin Tolman, Fidelma DiLemma, Thomas Hartman, and Douglas Porter, [June 2017]) The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of epoxy metallurgical (met) mounts on x-ray diffraction (XRD) and determine a method to account for background separate from the epoxy met mount contribution. Also, both the texturing effects of hot extrusion and cooling in ambient air (i.e., air quenching) on depleted uranium (DU)10Zr rods and the effects of heat treatments on these as-extruded DU10Zr rods are reported to determine the characteristics of texturing of the as-extruded materials and the degree of texture lost through heat treatment.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

NDE Technology Development Program for Non-Visual Volumetric Inspection Technology - Phase I Summary Report

This report provides a summary of the outcomes and findings of the sensor testing and evaluation work performed in FY2017 and first quarter of FY2018 under Phase I of the NDE Technology Development Program. The objective of this summary report is to provide a condensed version of the information provided in the Phase I program plan, Phase I test plan, the two comprehensive Phase I interim test reports issued for Technology Screening and advanced Sensor Effectiveness Testing, and the results from testing and demonstrations conducted Post-Sensor Effectiveness Testing for the purpose of supporting the selection of sensor technologies for maturation under Phase II. The orthogonal research and planning that should accompany technology maturation to support Phase II and Phase III are also included. The full details of the test mock-ups and flaws, sensor technologies, tests, evaluation criteria, and evaluation results are included in Phase I and provided in the interim Phase I test reports on Technology Screening and Sensor Effectiveness Testing.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗