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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2013

Final Report for Studies in Elementary Particle Physics

This is the final report of DOE Grant DE-FG05-92ER40709 awarded to the Virginia Tech high energy physics group. It covers the period February 1, 2010 through April 30, 2013. The high energy physics program at Virginia Tech supported by this grant is organized into three tasks: A for theory (Profs. Tatsu Takeuchi and Djordje Minic), B for heavy flavor physics with the Belle and Belle II experiments (Prof. Leo Piilonen), and N for neutrino physics (Profs. Jonathan Link and Piilonen).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Efficient Regeneration of Physical and Chemical Solvents for CO 2 Capture

The objective of this project was to evaluate the use of composite polymer membranes and porous membrane contactors to regenerate physical and chemical solvents for capture of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from synthesis gas or flue gas, with the goal of improving the energy efficiency of carbon capture. Both a chemical solvent (typical for a post-combustion capture of CO 2 from flue gas) and a physical solvent (typical for pre- combustion capture of CO 2 from syngas) were evaluated using two bench-scale test systems constructed for this project. For chemical solvents, polytetrafluoroethylene and polypropylene membranes were found to be able to strip CO 2 from a monoethanolamine (MEA) solution with high selectivity without significant degradation of the material. As expected, the regeneration temperature was the most significant parameter affecting the CO 2 flux through the membrane. Pore size was also found to be important, as pores larger than 5 microns lead to excessive pore wetting. For physical solvents, polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS)-based membranes were found to have a higher CO 2 permeability than polyvinylalcohol (PVOH) based membranes, while also minimizing solvent loss. Overall, however, the recovery of CO 2 in these systems is low – less than 2% for both chemical and physical solvents – primarily due to the small surface area of the membrane test apparatus. To obtain the higher regeneration rates needed for this application, a much larger surface area would be needed. Further experiments using, for example, a hollow fiber membrane module could determine if this process could be commercially viable.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Performance Characteristics of HYDRA - a Multi-Physics simulation code from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

HYDRA is used to simulate a variety of experiments carried out at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [4] and other high energy density physics facilities. HYDRA has packages to simulate radiation transfer, atomic physics, hydrodynamics, laser propagation, and a number of other physics effects. HYDRA has over one million lines of code and includes both MPI and thread-level (OpenMP and pthreads) parallelism. This paper measures the performance characteristics of HYDRA using hardware counters on an IBM BlueGene/Q system. We report key ratios such as bytes/instruction and memory bandwidth for several different physics packages. The total number of bytes read and written per time step is also reported. We show that none of the packages which use significant time are memory bandwidth limited on a Blue Gene/Q. HYDRA currently issues very few SIMD instructions. The pressure on memory bandwidth will increase if high levels of SIMD instructions can be achieved.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2013

Research in High Energy Physics at Duke University

This is the Closeout Report for the research grant in experimental elementary particle physics, carried out by the Duke University High Energy Physics (HEP) group. We re- port on physics results and detector development carried out under this grant, focussing on the recent three-year grant period (2010 to 2013). The Duke HEP group consisted of seven faculty members, two senior scientists, five postdocs and eight graduate students. There were three thrusts of the research program. Measurements at the energy frontier at CDF and ATLAS were used to test aspects of elementary particle theory described by the Stan- dard Model (SM) and to search for new forces and particles beyond those contained within the SM. The neutrino sector was explored using data obtained from a large neutrino detector located in Japan, and R & D was conducted on new experiments to be built in the US. The measurements provided information about neutrino masses and the manner in which neutri- nos change species in particle beams. Two years ago we have started a new research program in rare processes based on the Mu2E experiment at Fermilab. This research is motivated by the search for the {mu} {yields} e transition with unprecedented sensitivity, a transition forbidden in the standard model but allowed in supersymmetric and other models of new physics. The high energy research program used proton and antiproton colliding beams. The experiments were done at the Fermilab Tevatron (proton-antiproton collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV) and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (proton-proton collisions at 7-8 TeV). The neutrino program used data obtained from the Super-Kamiokande detector. This water-filled Cherenkov counter was used to detect and measure the properties of neutrinos produced in cosmic ray showers, and from neutrino beams produced from acceler- ators in Japan. The Mu2E experiment will use a special stopped muon beam to be built at Fermilab.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Studies in Quantum Field Theory and Astroparticle Physics

OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PLAN: Task 1: Theoretical Research in High Energy Physics Prof. Alford investigated the phases and properties of matter at the highest densities achieved in nature. His main focus was on quark matter and its manifestations and signatures in neutron stars. His work is directly relevant to both the Cosmic and the Energy Frontiers. Prof. Bender developed PT-symmetric quantum theory, which is a complex generalization of conventional Hermitian quantum theory. During the grant period, he constructed and analyzed new PT-symmetric field theoretic models that exhibit symmetry breaking. He also worked on other fundamental problems in theoretical physics. His work falls under the Intensity Frontier classification. Prof. Bernard continued to work on lattice gauge theory and associated issues in chiral perturbation theory. His research focused primarily on the calculation of weak matrix elements relevant to tests of the standard model and the search for new physics at the Intensity Frontier. This work included both direct numerical simulations in QCD and the development of theoretical tools to analyze the simulations and facilitate the comparison with Intensity-Frontier experiments. Prof. Ferrer continued working on dark matter and other topics in theoretical particle cosmology. His research focused on weakly interacting massive particles relevant to both the Cosmic and the Energy Frontiers, and on dark photons relevant to the Intensity Frontier. Prof. Ogilvie continued his work on lattice gauge theory and the phase structure of gauge theories. His research on the properties of confined, conformal and Higgs phases is relevant to the Energy Frontier, as well as addressing fundamental issues of broad theoretical interest. Task 2: Experimental Research at the Cosmic Frontier in High Energy Physics. Over the three year grant period, Profs. Buckley and Krawczynski continued research under the Cosmic Frontier. Prof. Buckley's group worked on two Cosmic Frontier projects (VERITAS and LZ), and conducted research in dark matter science and other areas of particle astrophysics. Buckley’s group worked on the conceptual design of the next generation ground-based gamma-ray experiment (CTA) and on the development of camera electronics for a 2-mirror SCT prototype telescope. Buckley's group also continued work on GaN photodetector detector development as part of the Instrumentation Frontier (Detector R&D) including work with the LAPPD group on the development robust amorphous photocathodes for very large area MCP-based photodetectors and ongoing development of deep UV photosensors for liquid Ar and Xenon Direct Dark matter detection. Prof. Krawczynski's group worked on two Cosmic Frontier topics: astrophysical tests of Lorentz Invariance and CPT symmetries at the Planck energy scale with the VERITAS gamma-ray experiment, and the search for dark matter particles with indirect detection experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Searching for New Physics with Top Quarks and Upgrade to the Muon Spectrometer at ATLAS

Over the funding period of this award, my research has focused on searching for new physics with top quarks and in the Higgs sector. The highly energetic top quark events at the LHC are an excellent venue to search for new physics, as well as make standard model measurements. Further, the recent discovery of the Higgs boson motivates searching for new physics that could be associated with it. This one-year award has facilitated the beginning of my research program, which has resulted in four publications, several conference talks, and multiple leadership positions within physics groups. Additionally, we are contributing to ATLAS upgrades and operations. As part of the Phase I upgrade, I have taken on the responsibility of the design, prototyping, and quality control of a signal packet router for the trigger electronics of the New Small Wheel.This is a critical component of the upgrade, as the router is the main switchboard for all trigger signals to track finding processors. I am also leading the Phase II upgrade of the readout electronics of the muon spectrometer, and have been selected as the USATLAS Level-2 manager of the Phase II upgrade of the muon spectrometer. The award has been critical in these contributions to the experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Final Report for Research in High Energy Physics at the University of Pennsylvania for the period ending April 30, 2012

The University of Pennsylvania elementary particle physics/particle cosmology group, funded by the Department of Energy Office of Science, participates in research in high energy physics and particle cosmology that addresses some of the most important unanswered questions in science. The research is divided into five areas. Energy Frontier - We participate in the study of proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland using the ATLAS detector. The University of Pennsylvania group was responsible for the design, installation, and commissioning of the front-end electronics for the Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) and plays the primary role in its maintenance and operation. We play an important role in the triggering of ATLAS, and we have made large contributions to the TRT performance and to the study and identification of electrons, photons, and taus. We have been actively involved in searches for the Higgs boson and for SUSY and other exotic particles. We have made significant contributions to measurement of Standard Model processes such as inclusive photon production and WW pair production. We also have participated significantly in R&D for upgrades to the ATLAS detector. Cosmic Frontier - The Dark Energy Survey (DES) telescope will be used to elucidate the nature of dark energy and the distribution of dark matter. Penn has played a leading role both in the use of weak gravitational lensing of distant galaxies and the discovery of large numbers of distant supernovae. The techniques and forecasts developed at Penn are also guiding the development of the proposed Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).We are also developing a new detector, MiniClean, to search for direct detection of dark matter particles. Intensity Frontier - We are participating in the design and R&D of detectors for the Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (now DUNE), a new experiment to study the properties of neutrinos. Advanced Techology R&D - We have an extensive involvement in electronics required for sophisticated new detectors at the LHC and are developing electronics for the LSST camera. Theoretical Physics - We are carrying out a broad program studying the fundamental forces of nature and early universe cosmology and mathematical physics. Our activities span the range from model building, formal field theory, and string theory to new paradigms for cosmology and the interface of string theory with mathematics. Our effort combines extensive development of the formal aspects of string theory with a focus on real phenomena in particle physics, cosmology and gravity.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

IAEA Coordinated Research Project on HTGR Reactor Physics, Thermal-hydraulics and Depletion Uncertainty Analysis

The continued development of High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) requires verification of HTGR design and safety features with reliable high fidelity physics models and robust, efficient, and accurate codes. The predictive capability of coupled neutronics/thermal-hydraulics and depletion simulations for reactor design and safety analysis can be assessed with sensitivity analysis (SA) and uncertainty analysis (UA) methods. Uncertainty originates from errors in physical data, manufacturing uncertainties, modelling and computational algorithms. (The interested reader is referred to the large body of published SA and UA literature for a more complete overview of the various types of uncertainties, methodologies and results obtained). SA is helpful for ranking the various sources of uncertainty and error in the results of core analyses. SA and UA are required to address cost, safety, and licensing needs and should be applied to all aspects of reactor multi-physics simulation. SA and UA can guide experimental, modelling, and algorithm research and development. Current SA and UA rely either on derivative-based methods such as stochastic sampling methods or on generalized perturbation theory to obtain sensitivity coefficients. Neither approach addresses all needs. In order to benefit from recent advances in modelling and simulation and the availability of new covariance data (nuclear data uncertainties) extensive sensitivity and uncertainty studies are needed for quantification of the impact of different sources of uncertainties on the design and safety parameters of HTGRs. Only a parallel effort in advanced simulation and in nuclear data improvement will be able to provide designers with more robust and well validated calculation tools to meet design target accuracies. In February 2009, the Technical Working Group on Gas-Cooled Reactors (TWG-GCR) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommended that the proposed Coordinated Research Program (CRP) on the HTGR Uncertainty Analysis in Modelling (UAM) be implemented. This CRP is a continuation of the previous IAEA and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) international activities on Verification and Validation (V&V) of available analytical capabilities for HTGR simulation for design and safety evaluations. Within the framework of these activities different numerical and experimental benchmark problems were performed and insight was gained about specific physics phenomena and the adequacy of analysis methods.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2015

The GENIE Neutrino Monte Carlo Generator: Physics and User Manual

GENIE is a suite of products for the experimental neutrino physics community. This suite includes i) a modern software framework for implementing neutrino event generators, a state-of-the-art comprehensive physics model and tools to support neutrino interaction simulation for realistic experimental setups (the Generator product), ii) extensive archives of neutrino, charged-lepton and hadron scattering data and software to produce a comprehensive set of data/MC comparisons (the Comparisons product), and iii) a generator tuning framework and fitting applications (the Tuning product). This book provides the definite guide for the GENIE Generator: It presents the software architecture and a detailed description of its physics model and official tunes. In addition, it provides a rich set of data/MC comparisons that characterise the physics performance of GENIE. Detailed step-by-step instructions on how to install and configure the Generator, run its applications and analyze its outputs are also included.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Particle Physics at the Cosmic, Intensity, and Energy Frontiers

Major efforts at the Intensity, Cosmic, and Energy frontiers of particle physics are rapidly furthering our understanding of the fundamental constituents of Nature and their interactions. The overall objectives of this research project are (1) to interpret and develop the theoretical implications of the data collected at these frontiers and (2) to provide the theoretical motivation, basis, and ideas for new experiments and for new analyses of experimental data. Within the Intensity Frontier, an experimental search for a new force mediated by a GeV-scale gauge boson will be carried out with the $A'$ Experiment (APEX) and the Heavy Photon Search (HPS), both at Jefferson Laboratory. Within the Cosmic Frontier, contributions are planned to the search for dark matter particles with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and other instruments. A detailed exploration will also be performed of new direct detection strategies for dark matter particles with sub-GeV masses to facilitate the development of new experiments. In addition, the theoretical implications of existing and future dark matter-related anomalies will be examined. Within the Energy Frontier, the implications of the data from the Large Hadron Collider will be investigated. Novel search strategies will be developed to aid the search for new phenomena not described by the Standard Model of particle physics. By combining insights from all three particle physics frontiers, this research aims to increase our understanding of fundamental particle physics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Physics Beyond Colliders Annual Workshop [Slides]

Fermilab Theoretical Physics Seminar, December 12, 2017, reporting on the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders Annual Workshop, 21–22 November 2017. Study Group mandated by CERN Management to prepare the next European HEP strategy update (2019-20). Explore the opportunities offered by the CERN accelerator complex and infrastructure to get new insights into some of today’s outstanding questions in particle physics through projects complementary to high-energy colliders and other initiatives in the world. The focus is on fundamental physics questions that are similar in spirit to those addressed by high-energy colliders, but that may require different types of experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Concept for Cyber-Physical Consequence Process

The Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis (DHS/OCIA) has a mission and vision that promotes innovation as central to expanding the organization’s capability to conduct consequence analysis. To pursue such innovation, OCIA is sponsoring a seedling effort with Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to leverage data from the proposed Automated Vulnerability Assessment (AVA) capability, which the DHS Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate is developing through a separate INL effort. The first phase of this effort is to develop a process by which recognized vulnerabilities can be scored relative to importance, reflected primarily in the ability to initiate high consequence and potentially cascading events. This report documents a cyber-physical metrics process (CPMP) to tie physical impact to the malicious exploitation of cyber vulnerabilities in industrial control systems (ICS) with the potential for initiating consequence in the critical infrastructure. The scale of achieving any particular physical consequence is dependent upon the ICS Component the vulnerability exists on, the Level of Access that the exploit would allow to component function and the Physical Impact (CLAPI) to the power system that the component is tied. A modified common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) was detailed and demonstrated for the power sector with three case studies associated with a recognized vulnerability, with significant consequence detail provided to apply the process across the power sector. A detailed table that provides background on the power system components, ICS-enabled monitoring and control, potential consequence effects, and CVSS scoring is provided. To demonstrate the applicability of the CPMP, tables are provided as examples for other sectors that include chemical, water/wastewater and oil/gas.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Final Technical Report: Experimental High Energy Physics

The Oregon experimental high energy physics group explores the structure of the physical world through experiments addressing significant open questions at the frontier of knowledge. During the period of this report (1996-2017), the Oregon group has investigated these questions through electroweak measurements at SLD, OPAL, and NuTeV, measurements of CP violation, and heavy quark and heavy lepton properties at BaBar, and Higgs physics and other energy frontier measurements at ATLAS. Since 2005, the central emphasis of the effort has been Terascale physics, with the ATLAS Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), while continuing a secondary effort toward a future linear collider.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Search for New Physics with Top Quarks and Upgrade to the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter

The recent successful discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland provides a long sought-after key to the Standard Model of particle physics. However, the existence (and mass) of this fundamental scalar does not resolve the tension between the electroweak and Planck scales, hinting at the possibility of new physics that may be accessible at the LHC. The objective of this research is to search for signs of such new physics, in particular for the existence of a supersymmetric partner to the top quark, using the ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) detector at the LHC to reconstruct signatures of top quarks and missing energy from corresponding undetected particles. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the full potential of the LHC is harnessed in future searches for new physics, the project also entails the upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter read-out electronics, thereby improving the performance of boosted objects, jets, and missing energy triggers for planned higher luminosity running conditions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Basic Research Needs for High Energy Physics Detector Research & Development: Report of the Office of Science Workshop on Basic Research Needs for HEP Detector Research and Development: December 11-14, 2019

Transformative discovery in science is driven by innovation in technology. Our boldest undertakings in particle physics have at their foundation precision instrumentation. To reveal the profound connections underlying everything we see from the smallest scales to the largest distances in the Universe, to understand its fundamental constituents, and to reveal what is still unknown, we must invent, develop, and deploy advanced instrumentation. Investments in High Energy Physics (HEP) enabled by instrumentation have been richly rewarded with discoveries of the tiny masses of the neutrinos, the origin of mass itself: the enigmatic Higgs boson, and the surprising accelerating expansion of the Universe. What we have learned is remarkable, unexpected, exciting and mysterious; raising many new questions waiting to be answered. The quest to answer them drives innovation that improves the nation's health, wealth, and security, inspiring the public and drawing young people to science. Excellence and innovation come most effectively from diverse teams of people. Success, therefore, depends critically on attracting, engaging, and supporting a diverse cadre of young people to the field, and ensuring an inclusive environment at all levels. The program laid out in the 2014 Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) report "Building for Discovery - A Strategic Plan for U.S. Particle Physics in a Global Context" guides current and near future experiments to exploit these and other discoveries, and the instrumentation innovation they require, to push the frontiers of science into new territory. To explore this territory HEP will soon embark on planning the next generation of experiments. Realizing these experiments will require giant leaps in capabilities beyond the instrumentation of today. Accordingly, now is a pivotal moment to invest in the accelerated development of cost-effective instrumentation with greatly improved sensitivity and performance that will make measurable the unmeasurable, enabling a tool-driven revolution to open the door to future discoveries. Historic scientific opportunities await us, enabled by executing the instrumentation research plan outlined here.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Final Reports of the 2019 Los Alamos National Laboratory Computational Physics Student Summer Workshop

The Los Alamos National Laboratory Computational Physics Workshop is intended to educate select students in problems of computational physics, while exciting them about problems of particular interest to LANL. The long term goal is to train a cadre of future researchers with strong connections to LANL and both interest and expertise in the problems LANL faces. This year’s workshop ran from June 10 – August 16, 2019 and once again attracted a phenomenal group of students, whose work is presented in the following pages. The students worked with LANL staff mentors in teams of two, doing original research. In addition, they attended a lecture series focusing on both the basics and the cutting edge challenges of computational physics (Table 1). A new item this year was a modification to our Meet LANL series of brown-bag lunch session, moving from focusing on individual researchers to panel presentations from the different groups within XCP. As always, the mentors were drawn from across disciplines and divisions. Projects looked physics ranging from quantum interactions, up to solar system development.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

"Experimental Research at the Energy Frontier in High Energy Physics" (Final Technical Report)

Recent developments in particle physics and cosmology raise the exciting prospect that we are on the threshold of a major step forward in our understanding of the universe. This proposal describes a research program at the University of Illinois in experimental high-energy physics on the ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Our group actively collaborates with the Theory Group and other experimental efforts within the Office of Science frontiers (energy, intensity, and cosmic) to search broadly in the ATLAS data to maximize our potential for scientifc discovery. The thrust of this proposal is to search for new physics using ATLAS data. Emphasis is placed on novel use of the Higgs boson as a tool to search for new particles and interactions and development of fast particle tracking systems for use in triggering. We propose to continue our strong role in FTK commissioning and operations. To maximize the impact and vitality of the proposed physics program through the HL-LHC running, we will lead firmware efforts in the HWTT Phase-II TDAQ upgrade, leveraging our expertise acquired through development of fast tracking hardware and firmware for the FTK system.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗