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NASA NTRS2020

Application of Low-Cost Fine Particulate Mass Monitors to Convert Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth Measurements to Surface Concentrations in North America and Africa

Low-cost particulate mass sensors provide opportunities to assess air quality at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. Established traditional monitoring networks have limited spatial resolution and are simply absent in many major cities across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Satellites provide snapshots of regional air pollution but require ground-truthing. Low-cost monitors can supplement and extend data coverage from these sources worldwide, providing a better overall air quality picture. We investigate the utility of such a multi-source data integration approach using two case studies. First, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, both traditional monitoring and dense low-cost sensor networks are compared with satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from NASA's MODIS system, and a linear conversion factor is developed to convert AOD to surface fine particulate matter mass concentration (as PM2.5). With 10 or more ground monitors in Pittsburgh, there is a 2-fold reduction in surface PM2.5 estimation mean absolute error compared to using only a single ground monitor. Second, we assess the ability of combined regional-scale satellite retrievals and local-scale low-cost sensor measurements to improve surface PM2.5 estimation at several urban sites in SSA. In Rwanda, we find that combining local ground monitoring information with satellite data provides a 40 % improvement in surface PM2.5 estimation accuracy with respect to using low-cost ground monitoring data alone. A linear AOD-to-surface-PM2.5 conversion factor developed in Kigali, Rwanda, did not generalize well to other parts of SSA and varied seasonally for the same location, emphasizing the need for ongoing and localized ground-based monitoring, which can be facilitated by low-cost sensors. Overall, we find that combining ground-based low-cost sensor and satellite data, even without including additional meteorological or land use information, can improve and expand spatiotemporal air quality data coverage, especially in data-sparse regions.

AOD↗

NASA NTRS1999

High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Mars: Recent Results and Implications for Atmospheric Evolution

It is believed that Earth, Venus, and Mars were formed by the same rocky and icy planetesimals, which resembled meteorites and comets in their composition, respectively. These planets are thus expected to have initially had the same chemical and isotope composition. Scaling the mass of the terrestrial ocean by the planetary mass ratio, the expected initial H2O abundance on Mars is a layer of about 1 km thick. Scaling the abundance of CO2 on Venus, the expected initial CO2 abundance on Mars is 15 bars. Evidently, significant parts of the initial H2O and CO2 abundances have been lost. Intense meteorite impact erosion and hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen (which could drag to escape more heavy species) were dominant loss processes in the first 0.8 Byr. Later, atmospheric sputtering by O+ ions resulted in the dissociation of CO2 and massive losses of O, C, and H. Formation of carbonates also reduced CO2 to its present abundance which currently exists in the atmosphere, on the polar caps, and is absorbed by regolith. Water loss is currently due to thermal escape of H and nonthermal escape of O, both formed by photodissociation of H2O. All loss processes resulted in fractionation of the H, O, and C isotopes. Therefore, the current isotope ratios in H2O and CO2 are clues to the history of volatiles on Mars. There are three tools to study H2O and CO2 isotopes in the martian atmosphere: (i) mass spectrometry from landing probes, (ii) analyses of Mars' gases trapped in the SNC meteorites which were ejected from Mars, and (iii) high-resolution spectroscopy of the H2O andCO2 bands. Method (i) is the best but is the most expensive. Mass spectrometers to be used should be designed for high-precision isotope measurements. Method (ii) makes it possible to reach an uncertainty +/- 0.1%. However, the obtained results are affected by some uncontrolled interactions: isotope fractionations of (1) trapped gases and (2) those released in pyrolysis, (3) contribution of the impactor, isotope exchanges (4) in the terrestrial environment and (5) with the host rock during pyrolysis. Therefore, the spectroscopic data are of great interest, though their formal accuracy is lower. High-resolution spectroscopy is also a tool to study the current atmosphere of Mars by mapping of some photochemically important species and searching for some minor constituents and their variations. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Krasnopolsky, V. A.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Adjustable Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Optics

With its unique subarcsecond imaging performance, NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory illustrates the importance of fine angular resolution for x-ray astronomy. Indeed, the future of x-ray astronomy relies upon x-ray telescopes with comparable angular resolution but larger aperture areas. Combined with the special requirements of nested grazing-incidence optics, mass, and envelope constraints of space-borne telescopes render such advances technologically and programmatically challenging. The goal of this technology research is to enable the cost-effective fabrication of large-area, lightweight grazing-incidence x-ray optics with subarcsecond resolution. Toward this end, the project is developing active x-ray optics using slumped-glass mirrors with thin-film piezoelectric arrays for correction of intrinsic or mount-induced distortions.

O'Dell, Stephen L.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Deep Learning on Multimodal Chemical and Whole Slide Imaging Data for Predicting Prostate Cancer Directly from Tissue Images

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers globally and is the second most common cancer in the male population in the US. Here we develop a study based on correlating the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained biopsy data with MALDI mass-spectrometric imaging data of the corresponding tissue to determine the cancerous regions and their unique chemical signatures and variations of the predicted regions with original pathological annotations. We obtain features from high-resolution optical micrographs of whole slide H&E stained data through deep learning and spatially register them with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) data to correlate the chemical signature with the tissue anatomy of the data. We then use the learned correlation to predict prostate cancer from observed H&E images using trained coregistered MSI data. This multimodal approach can predict cancerous regions with ~80% accuracy, which indicates a correlation between optical H&E features and chemical information found in MSI. Further, we show that such paired multimodal data can be used for training feature extraction networks on H&E data which bypasses the need to acquire expensive MSI data and eliminates the need for manual annotation saving valuable time. Two chemical biomarkers were also found to be predicting the ground truth cancerous regions. This study shows promise in generating improved patient treatment trajectories by predicting prostate cancer directly from readily available H&E-stained biopsy images aided by coregistered MSI data.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

The completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: a catalogue of strong galaxy–galaxy lens candidates

ABSTRACT We spectroscopically detected 838 likely, 448 probable, and 265 possible strong lens candidates within ≈2 million galaxy spectra contained within the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) from the sixteenth data release (DR16) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We apply the spectroscopic detection method of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) Emission-Line Lens Survey (BELLS) and add Gaussian fit information, grading, additional inspection observables, and additional inspection methods to improve our selection method. We observed 477 candidates with lensing evidence within low-resolution images from both the Legacy survey of SDSS-I/II and the DESI Legacy survey, which is $12{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ higher than the percentage of BELLS candidates observed with similar lensing evidence. Our search within the latest and improved reductions of the BOSS survey yielded a $20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ increase in the number of lens candidates expected from searching all BOSS and eBOSS galaxies. The distribution of target and background redshifts of our candidates is similar to the candidates and confirmed lenses within the BELLS observations. We present our Spectroscopic Identification of Lensing Object candidates in a value-added catalogue in SDSS DR16. The examination of these lens candidates in follow-up high-resolution imaging may yield more than twice the lenses found in previous spectroscopic detection surveys within SDSS, which would extend the results of previous lens surveys within SDSS to higher redshifts, constrain models of mass structures in spiral galaxies, and test if including the identification of possible lensing features within low-resolution images has merit to spectroscopic detection programmes.

Talbot, Michael S.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Wide Dust Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks Induced by Eccentric Planets: A Mass-eccentricity Degeneracy

The tidal perturbation of embedded protoplanets on their natal disks has been widely attributed to be the cause of gap-ring structures in submillimeter images of protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars. Numerical simulations of this process have been used to propose scaling of characteristic dust-gap width/gap-ring distance with respect to planet mass. Applying such scaling to analyze observed gap samples yields a continuous mass distribution for a rich population of hypothetical planets in the range of several Earth to Jupiter masses. In contrast, the conventional core-accretion scenario of planet formation predicts a bimodal mass function due to (1) the onset of runaway gas accretion above ~20 Earth masses and (2) suppression of accretion induced by gap opening. Here, we examine the dust disk response to the tidal perturbation of eccentric planets as a possible resolution of this paradox. Based on simulated gas and dust distributions, we show the gap-ring separation of Neptune-mass planets with small eccentricities might become comparable to that induced by Saturn-mass planets on circular orbits. Furthermore, this degeneracy may obliterate the discrepancy between the theoretical bimodal mass distribution and the observed continuous gap width distribution. Despite damping due to planet–disk interaction, modest eccentricity may be sustained either in the outer regions of relatively thick disks or through resonant excitation among multiple super Earths. Moreover, the ring-like dust distribution induced by planets with small eccentricities is axisymmetric even in low viscosity environments, consistent with the paucity of vortices in Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array images.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS2005

Miniaturized system of a gas chromatograph coupled with a Paul ion trap mass spectrometer

Miniature gas chromatography (GC) and miniature mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation has been developed to identify and quantify the chemical compounds present in complex mixtures of gases. The design approach utilizes micro-GC components coupled with a Paul quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer. Inherent to the system are high sensitivity, good dynamic range, good QIT resolution, low GC flow-rates to minimize vacuum requirements and the need for consumables; and the use of a modular approach to adapt to volatile organic compounds dissolved in water or present in sediment. Measurements are reported on system response to gaseous species at concentrations varying over four orders of magnitude. The ability of the system to deal with complicated mixtures is demonstrated, and future improvements are discussed. The GC/QIT system described herein has a mass, volume and power that are, conservatively, one-twentieth of those of commercial off-the-shelf systems. Potential applications are to spacecraft cabin-air monitoring, robotic planetary exploration and trace-species detection for residual gas analysis and environmental monitoring.

Miniaturization/instrumentation/methods↗

DOE OSTI2021

Diagnosing Open Cluster Stock 2: Member Candidates and Mass Distribution with Gaia DR2 and LAMOST

We identify 1325 member candidates of the open cluster (OC) Stock 2 using data from Gaia DR2. We use the algorithms Clusterix 2.0 and HDBSCAN to select cluster candidates and further refine the final cluster membership by defining neighbors in 5D phase space (X {sub cp}, Y {sub cp}, Z{sub cp},κ⋅μ{sub α}{sup ∗}/ϖ, κ · μ {sub δ}/ϖ). Among these candidates, less than half have G, G {sub BP}, and G {sub RP} extinctions from Gaia. When Gaia extinctions are unavailable, we compute extiction using empirical formulas and E(B − V) = 0.350. We analyze the spatial distribution and mass profile of Stock 2. Our results reveal Stock 2 is still a bound OC and we find evidence of mass segregation. By comparing initial mass functions, the present-day mass function indicates that Stock 2 is a massive stellar cluster with a mass of 4000 M {sub ⊙}. The core radius and tidal radius, calculated via the radial density profile and total mass, are 3.97 pc and 22.65 pc, respectively. Common stars between our selected member candidates and the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope DR7 medium-resolution catalog give a metalliclity of [Fe/H] = −0.040 ± 0.147.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1988

Rocks, resolution, and the record at the terrestrial K/T boundary, eastern Montana and western North Dakota

Reconstructions of mass extinction events are based upon faunal patterns, reconstructed from numerical and diversity data ultimately derived from rocks. It follows that geological complexity must not be subsumed in the desire to establish patterns. This is exemplified at the Terrestrial Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary in eastern Montana and western North Dakota, where there are represented all of the major indicators of the terrestrial K/T transition: dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian vertebrate faunas, pollen, a megaflora, iridium, and shocked quartz. It is the patterns of these indicators that shape ideas about the terrestrial K/T transition. In eastern Montana and western North Dakota, the K/T transition is represented lithostratigraphically by the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, and the Tertiary Tullock Formation. Both of these are the result of aggrading, meandering, fluvial systems, a fact that has important consequences for interpretations of fossils they contain. Direct consequences of the fluvial depositional environments are: facies are lenticular, interfingering, and laterally discontinuous; the occurrence of fossils in the Hell Creek and Tullock formations is facies-dependent; and the K/T sequence in eastern Montana and western North Dakota is incomplete, as indicated by repetitive erosional contacts and soil successions. The significance for faunal patterns of lenticular facies, facies-dependent preservation, and incompleteness is discussed. A project attempting to reconstruct vertebrate evolution in a reproducible manner in Hell Creek-type sediments must be based upon a reliable scale of correlations, given the lenticular nature of the deposits, and a recognition of the fact that disparate facies are not comparable in terms of either numbers of preserved vertebrates or depositional rates.

Fastovsky, D. E.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Lunar highland crustal models based on iron concentrations - Isostasy and center-of-mass displacement

Data is introduced on the iron concentrations of the lunar surface which have been refined by means of convolution corrections to restore the spatial resolution and contrast lost by the omnidirectional spectrometer. This refined iron data is synthesized with other orbital seismic, and lunar sample data to derive highland crustal density and thickness, and isostasy and lunar centers of mass models are examined in light of this new information. A model is developed by which highland crustal density is calculated for each highland region from orbital observations of Fe, Mg and Ti concentrations. The results of this model are presented numerically and graphically for 35 highland and two non-highland regions. Density and thickness results are then applied to two long-standing lunar problems: (1) the nature of highland isostasy, which is shown to be controlled by crustal thickness rather than density, and (2) the separation of the moon's mass and figure centers, which is shown to be due to the crustal thickness difference between the lunar near and far sides.

Haines, E. L.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Discovery of Nb hydride precipitates in superconducting qubits

We report the first evidence of the formation of niobium hydrides within niobium films on silicon substrates in superconducting qubits fabricated at Rigetti Computing. We combine complementary techniques including room and cryogenic temperature atomic scale high-resolution and scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM and STEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) to reveal the existence of the niobium hydride precipitates directly in the Rigetti chip areas. Electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses are performed at room and cryogenic temperatures (~106 K) on superconducting qubit niobium film areas, and reveal the formation of three types of Nb hydride domains with different crystalline orientations and atomic structures. There is also variation in their size and morphology from small (~5 nm) irregular shape domains within the Nb grains to large (~10-100 nm) Nb grains fully converted to niobium hydride. As niobium hydrides are non-superconducting and can easily change in size and location upon different cooldowns to cryogenic temperatures, our findings highlight a new previously unknown source of decoherence in superconducting qubits, contributing to both quasiparticle and two-level system (TLS) losses, and offering a potential explanation for qubit performance changes upon cooldowns. A pathway to mitigate the formation of the Nb hydrides for superconducting qubit applications is also discussed.

Lee, Jaeyel↗

DOE OSTI2025

Testing the parametric model for self-interacting dark matter using matched halos in cosmological simulations

Here, we systemically evaluate the performance of the self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) halo model proposed in Ref.Yang et al. (2023) with matched halos from high-resolution cosmological CDM and SIDM simulations. The model incorporates SIDM effects along mass evolution histories of CDM halos and it is applicable to both isolated halos and subhalos. We focus on the accuracy of the model in predicting halo density profiles at z = 0 and the evolution of maximum circular velocity. We find the model predictions agree with the simulations within 10%–50% for most of the simulated (sub)halos, 50%–100% for extreme cases. This indicates that the model effectively captures the gravothermal evolution of the halos with very strong, velocity-dependent self-interactions. For an example application, we apply the model to study the impact of various SIDM scenarios on strong lensing perturber systems, demonstrating its utility in predicting SIDM effects for small-scale structure analyses. Our findings confirm that the model is an effective tool for mapping CDM halos into their SIDM counterparts.

Yang, Daneng [Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing↗

DOE OSTI2023

Development of a Structure for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) High Charge Capacity Array of Traps

Enhancing the sensitivity of low abundance ions in a complex mixture without sacrificing experiment throughput is highly desirable. This work demonstrates a way to greatly improve the sensitivity of ion mobility (IM) selected ions by accumulating them in an array of high-capacity ion traps located inside a novel structures for lossless ion manipulations ion mobility spectrometer (SLIM-IMS) module. The array of ion traps used in this work consisted of seven independently controllable traps. Each trap was 386 mm long and possessed a charge capacity of ~4.5×10 8 charges, with a linear range extending to ~2.5×10 8 charges. Each ion trap could be used to extract a peak (or ions over a mobility range) from an ion mobility separation based on arrival time. Ions could be stored without losses for long times (>100 s) and then released all at once or one trap at a time. It was possible to accumulate large ion populations by extracting and storing ions over repeated IM separations. We report enrichment of up to seven individual ion distributions could be performed using the seven independently controllable ion traps. Additionally, the ion trapping process effectively compressed ion populations into narrow peaks, which provides a greatly improved basis for subsequent ion manipulations. The array of high charge-capacity ion traps provides a flexible addition to SLIM and a powerful tool for IMS-MS applications requiring high sensitivity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2023

Correlative chemical and elemental nano-imaging of morphology and disorder at the nacre-prismatic region interface in Pinctada margaritifera

Abstract Understanding biomineralization relies on imaging chemically heterogeneous organic–inorganic interfaces across a hierarchy of spatial scales. Further, organic minority phases are often responsible for emergent inorganic structures from the atomic arrangement of different polymorphs, to nano- and micrometer crystal dimensions, up to meter size mollusk shells. The desired simultaneous chemical and elemental imaging to identify sparse organic moieties across a large field-of-view with nanometer spatial resolution has not yet been achieved. Here, we combine nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS) with spectroscopic IR s -SNOM imaging for simultaneous chemical, molecular, and elemental nanoimaging. At the example of Pinctada margaritifera mollusk shells we identify and resolve ~ 50 nm interlamellar protein sheets periodically arranged in regular ~ 600 nm intervals. The striations typically appear ~ 15 µm from the nacre-prism boundary at the interface between disordered neonacre to mature nacre. Using the polymorph distinctive IR-vibrational carbonate resonance, the nacre and prismatic regions are consistently identified as aragonite ( $${\overline{\nu }}_{a}=860$$ ν ¯ a = 860 cm −1 ) and calcite ( $${\overline{\nu }}_{c}=880$$ ν ¯ c = 880 cm −1 ), respectively. We observe previously unreported morphological features including aragonite subdomains encapsulated in extensions of the prism-covering organic membrane and regions of irregular nacre tablet formation coincident with dispersed organics. We also identify a ~ 200 nm region in the incipient nacre region with less well-defined crystal structure and integrated organics. These results show with the identification of the interlamellar protein layer how correlative nano-IR chemical and NanoSIMS elemental imaging can help distinguish different models proposed for shell growth in particular, and how organic function may relate to inorganic structure in other biomineralized systems in general.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

NEXT-CRAB-0: a high pressure gaseous xenon time projection chamber with a direct VUV camera based readout

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay(0νββ) remains one of the most compelling experimentalavenues for the discovery in the neutrino sector.Electroluminescent gas-phase time projection chambers are wellsuited to 0νββ searches due to their intrinsicallyprecise energy resolution and topological event identificationcapabilities. Scalability to ton- and multi-ton masses requiresreadout of large-area electroluminescent regions with fine spatialresolution, low radiogenic backgrounds, and a scalable dataacquisition system. This paper presents a detector prototype thatrecords event topology in an electroluminescent xenon gas TPC viaVUV image-intensified cameras. This enables an extendable readoutof large tracking planes with commercial devices that reside almostentirely outside of the active medium. Following furtherdevelopment in intermediate scale demonstrators, this technique mayrepresent a novel and enlargeable method for topological eventimaging in 0νββ.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2024

The DUNE Far Detector Vertical Drift Technology. Technical Design Report

DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Gravitational waves from binary neutron star mergers with a spectral equation of state

In numerical simulations of binary neutron star systems, the equation of state of the dense neutron star matter is an important factor in determining both the physical realism and the numerical accuracy of the simulations. Some equations of state used in simulations are C 2 or smoother in the pressure/density relationship function, such as a polytropic equation of state, but may not have the flexibility to model stars or remnants of different masses while keeping their radii within known astrophysical constraints. Other equations of state, such as tabular or piece-wise polytropic, may be flexible enough to model additional physics and multiple stars' masses and radii within known constraints, but are not as smooth, resulting in additional numerical error. We will study in this paper a recently developed family of equation of state, using a spectral expansion with sufficient free parameters to allow for a larger flexibility than current polytropic equations of state, and with sufficient smoothness to reduce numerical errors compared to tabulated or piece-wise polytropic equations of state. We perform simulations at three mass ratios with a common chirp mass, using two distinct spectral equations of state, and at multiple numerical resolutions. We evaluate the gravitational waves produced from these simulations, comparing the phase error between resolutions and equations of state, as well as with respect to analytical models. From our simulations we estimate that the phase difference at merger for binaries with a dimensionless weighted tidal deformability difference greater than Δ$\tilde{Λ}$=55 can be captured by the SpEC code for these equations of state.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Evidence of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering with COHERENT’s Germanium Array

We report the first detection of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) on natural germanium, measured at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The Ge-Mini detector of the COHERENT collaboration employs large-mass, low-noise, high-purity germanium spectrometers, enabling excellent energy resolution, and an analysis threshold of 1.5 keV electron-equivalent ionization energy. We observe an on-beam excess of 20.6$^{+7.1}_{−6.3}$ counts with a total exposure of 10.22 GWhkg, and we reject the no-CEvNS hypothesis with 3.9⁢𝜎 significance. The result agrees with the predicted standard model of particle physics signal rate within 2⁢𝜎.

Electroweak interaction↗