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At least 955 records · Page 53
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of preparation procedure and nanostructuring on the thermoelectric properties of the lead telluride-based material system AgPb{sub m}BiTe{sub 2+m} (BLST-m)

We report on the preparation and thermoelectric properties of the quaternary system AgPb{sub m}BiTe{sub 2+m} (Bismuth-Lead-Silver-Tellurium, BLST-m) that were nanostructured by mechanical alloying. Nanopowders of various compositions were compacted by three different methods: cold pressing/annealing, hot pressing, and short term sintering. The products are compared with respect to microstructure and sample density. The thermoelectric properties were measured: thermal conductivity in the temperature range from 300 K to 800 K and electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient between 100 K and 800 K. The compacting method and the composition had a substantial impact on carrier concentration and mobility as well as on the thermoelectric parameters. Room temperature Hall measurements yielded carrier concentrations in the order of 10{sup 19 }cm{sup −3}, slightly increasing with increasing content of the additive silver bismuth telluride to the lead telluride base. ZT values close to the ones of bulk samples were achieved. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed macroscopically homogeneous distributions of the constituting elements inside the nanopowders ensembles, indicating a solid solution. However, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed disorder on the nanoscale inside individual nanopowders grains.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Oxidation model of polycrystalline lead-chalcogenide layers in an iodine-containing medium

Model concepts of control over the formation of oxide shells in the course of oxidation are confirmed on the basis of experimental results obtained in a study of the fundamental aspects of how nanostructured layers are formed upon diffusion annealing on faceted single crystals of lead chalcogenides. Auger-spectroscopic data on the distribution of the elemental composition over the thickness of layers based on lead selenide–cadmium selenide solid solutions are presented.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

On-Device Lead Detention for Perovskite Solar Cells

As the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached above 25.5%, the commercialization of PSCs appears to be imminent due to its lower fabrication cost, simpler manufacturing processes, and larger processing area over Si-based solar cells that dominate the current photovoltaic (PV) market. While many efforts have focused on tackling the stability and scalability issues with promising advances, the potential lead (Pb) toxicity issue has remained a concern of PSCs. Unlike the metallic Pb, the Pb 2+ in perovskite generally exhibit high solubility in water. However, Pb 2+ has so far appeared to be a necessary component in all high-efficiency PSCs. Handful methods have been explored to mitigate the potential Pb2+ leaking issue, which can be generally categorized as physical encapsulation and our pioneering chemical absorption method, which was extended by others later. Since device damage is inevitable in outdoor conditions, physical encapsulation alone is not sufficient to mitigate the long-term risk of leakage of soluble Pb 2+ to the environment under severe weather conditions. As a result, the chemical absorption approach has recently attracted significant attention as a more effective solution to confine the potential lead leakage. Hence, it is of great value to develop durable and highly efficient Pb-absorbing components that can be conveniently mounted onto the standard PSC stack as an add-on accessory in line with the encapsulation of PSCs instead of modifying the standard device fabrication and/or device configuration.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1985

An Attached Flow Design of a Noninterferring Leading Edge Extension to a Thick Delta Wing

An analytical procedure for the determination of the shape of a Leading-Edge Extension (LEE) which satisfies design criteria, including especially noninterference at the wing design point, has been developed for thick delta wings. The LEE device best satisfying all criteria is designed to be mounted on a wing along a dividing stream surface associated with an attached flow design lift coefficient (C L,d ) of greater than zero. This device is intended to improve the aerodynamic performance of transonic aircraft at C L greater than C L,d system emanating from the LEE leading edge. In order to quantify this process a twisted and cambered thick delta wing was chosen for the initial application of this design procedure. Appropriate computer codes representing potential and vortex flows were employed to determine the dividing stream surface at C L,d and an optimized LEE planform shape at C L greater than C L,d , respectively. To aid in the LEE selection, the aerodynamic effectiveness of 36 planforms was investigated at C L greater than C L,d . This study showed that reducing the span of the candidate LEEs has the most detrimental effect on overall aerodynamic efficiency, regardless of the shape or area. Furthermore, for a fixed area, constant-chord LEE candidates were relatively more efficient than those with sweep less than the wing. At C L,d , the presence of the LEE planform best satisfying the design criteria was found to have no effect on the wing alone aerodynamic performance.

Leading edge extension↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nanoscale Insight into Lead-Free BNT-BT-xKNN

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is used to afford insight into the nanoscale electromechanical behavior of lead-free piezoceramics. Materials based on Bi{sub 1/2}Na{sub 1/2}TiO{sub 3} exhibit high strains mediated by a field-induced phase transition. Using the band excitation technique the initial domain morphology, the poling behavior, the switching behavior, and the time-dependent phase stability in the pseudo-ternary system (1-x)(0.94Bi{sub 1/2}Na{sub 1/2}TiO{sub 3}-0.06BaTiO{sub 3})-xK{sub 0.5}Na{sub 0.5}NbO{sub 3} (0 {le} x {ge} 18 mol%) are revealed. In the base material (x = 0 mol%), macroscopic domains and ferroelectric switching can be induced from the initial relaxor state with sufficiently high electric field, yielding large macroscopic remanent strain and polarization. The addition of KNN increases the threshold field required to induce long range order and decreases the stability thereof. For x = 3 mol% the field-induced domains relax completely, which is also reflected in zero macroscopic remanence. Eventually, no long range order can be induced for x {ge} 3 mol%. This PFM study provides a novel perspective on the interplay between macroscopic and nanoscopic material properties in bulk lead-free piezoceramics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advances in Mixed Tin‐Lead Narrow‐Bandgap Perovskites for Single‐Junction and All‐Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells

Abstract Organic–inorganic metal‐halide perovskites have received great attention for photovoltaic (PV) applications owing to their superior optoelectronic properties and the unprecedented performance development. For single‐junction PV devices, although lead (Pb)‐based perovskite solar cells have achieved 26.1% efficiency, the mixed tin‐lead (Sn‐Pb) perovskites offer more ideal bandgap tuning capability to enable an even higher performance. The Sn‐Pb perovskite (with a bandgap tuned to ≈1.2 eV) is also attractive as the bottom subcell for a tandem configuration to further surpass the Shockley–Queisser radiative limit for the single‐junction devices. The performance of the all‐perovskite tandem solar cells has gained rapid development and achieved a certified efficiency up to 29.1%. In this article, the properties and recent development of state‐of‐the‐art mixed Sn‐Pb perovskites and their application in single‐junction and all‐perovskite tandem solar cells are reviewed. Recent advances in various approaches covering additives, solvents, interfaces, and perovskite growth are highlighted. The authors also provide the perspective and outlook on the challenges and strategies for further development of mixed Sn‐Pb perovskites in both efficiency and stability for PV applications.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Dynamic Impact of Electrode Materials on Interface of Single-Crystalline Methylammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite

One of the current challenges in methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX 3 ) perovskite application research is understanding contact formation and interfacial phenomena for highly efficient and stable device performance. For semiconductors, development of contact formation is inseparable from device performance and stability. Single–crystalline MAPbX3 has become of great interest for perovskite devices in photodetectors, light–emitting diodes, and more recently in high–energy radiation detection. Deeper research is required to understand interfacial interactions in single–crystalline MAPbX 3 . This article focuses on the dynamic impact of electrode metal (Au and Cr) on methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr 3 ) single crystals. It is studied how charge transport properties of single crystal MAPbBr 3 can be tuned via electrode material selection at the metal/MAPbBr 3 interface to improve device performance with proper contact formation. The ability to create an ohmic–like or nonohmic contact by switching the electrode metal from Cr to Au, respectively, is demonstrated. It is observed that the interfacial charge transfer resistance (recombination resistance) of the Cr/MAPbBr 3 interface is 1.79 × 10 9 Ω, compared to 1.32 × 10 7 Ω for the Au/MAPbBr 3 . Cr contacts can reduce hysteretic behavior by reducing interfacial recombination and interfacial polarization. Furthermore, these studies provide insight to metal/MAPbX 3 interfacial interactions toward device engineering for hole transport layer–free MAPbX 3 device structures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Navigating Organo-Lead Halide Perovskite Phase Space via Nucleation Kinetics toward a Deeper Understanding of Perovskite Phase Transformations and Structure-Property Relationships

Organo-lead halide perovskite photovoltaics have developed faster than our understanding of the material itself. Using the vast body of work on perovskite processing created in just the past few years, it is possible to create a better picture of this material's complex phase-transformation behavior. This concept article summarizes and correlates the current understanding of structural intermediates, kinetic controls, and structure–property relationships of organo-lead iodide perovskites. To this end, a new way of graphically relating information is developed, allowing the simultaneous mapping of schematic kinetic relationships between all currently prevailing perovskite deposition and growth techniques.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Band gap dependence of exciton Lande factor in lead halide perovskites

The optical properties of lead halide perovskite semiconductors in vicinity of the bandgap are controlled by excitons, so that investigation of their fundamental properties is of critical importance. The exciton Landé or g-factor g X is the key parameter, determining the exciton Zeeman spin splitting in magnetic fields. The exciton, electron, and hole carrier g-factors provide information on the band structure, including its anisotropy, and the parameters contributing to the electron and hole effective masses. Here, g X is measured by reflectivity in magnetic fields up to 60 T for lead halide perovskite crystals. The materials band gap energies at a liquid helium temperature vary widely across the visible spectral range from 1.520 up to 3.213 eV in hybrid organic–inorganic and fully inorganic perovskites with different cations and halogens: FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI 2.8 Br 0.2 , MAPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , and MAPb(Br 0.05 Cl 0.95 ) 3 . The exciton g-factors are found to be nearly constant, ranging from +2.3 to +2.7. Thus, the strong dependences of the electron and hole g-factors on the bandgap roughly compensate each other when combining to the exciton g-factor. The same is true for the anisotropies of the carrier g-factors, resulting in a nearly isotropic exciton g-factor. The experimental data are compared favorably with model calculation results.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Experimental Phase Equilibria Studies of the Pb-Fe-O System in Air, in Equilibrium with Metallic Lead and at Intermediate Oxygen Potentials

The phase equilibria information on the Pb-Fe-O system is of practical importance for the improvement of the existing thermodynamic database of lead-containing slag systems (Pb-Zn-Fe-Cu-Si-Ca-Al-Mg-O). Phase equilibria of the Pb-Fe-O system have been investigated: (a) in air at temperatures between 1053 K and 1373 K (780 °C and 1100 °C); (b) in equilibrium with metallic lead at temperatures between 1053 K and 1373 K (780 °C and 1100 °C); and (c) at intermediate oxidation conditions for the liquid slag in equilibrium with two solids (spinel + magnetoplumbite), at temperatures between 1093 K and 1373 K (820 °C and 1100 °C). The high-temperature equilibration/quenching/electron probe X-ray microanalysis technique has been used to accurately determine the compositions of the phases in equilibrium in the system. The Pb and Fe concentrations in the phases were determined directly; preliminary thermodynamic modeling with FactSage was used to estimate the ferrous-to-ferric ratios and to present the results in the ternary diagram.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

High and temperature-insensitive piezoelectric performance in the lead-free Sm-doped BiFeO 3 –BaTiO 3 ceramics with high Curie temperature

Large sensor piezoelectric constant (d 33 = 334 pC/N) and superior actuator piezoelectric constant (d 33 * = 552 pm/V) as well as a high Curie temperature (T C = 454 °C) were obtained simultaneously in the lead-free 0.67Bi 1.03 FeO 3 -0.33Ba 1-x Sm x TiO 3 ceramics. Such an excellent and temperature-insensitive piezoelectric performance with only 10% temperature variation of piezoelectric strain at the range of 25–125 °C is highly desirable for real applications. The structural origin of the enhanced piezoelectric performance is mainly attributed to the morphotropic phase boundary and the highest known tetragonality (c T /a T = 1.02) in such materials. Transmission electron microscopy and electro-mechanical phenomenological theory demonstrate that the superior d 33 and d 33 * are associated with the hybrids nanodomains (60–90 nm) and flattened thermodynamic energy profile owing to the local structure heterogeneity. Furthermore, these results are superior as the piezoelectric properties are temperature-independent and the material has large d 33 *, and high TC compared to other lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Cadmium, lead and mercury exposure in non smoking pregnant women

Recent literature suggests that exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals may affect both maternal and child health. This study aimed to determine the biological heavy metals concentrations of pregnant women as well as environmental and dietary factors that may influence exposure concentrations. One hundred and seventy three pregnant women were recruited from Western Australia, each providing a sample of blood, first morning void urine, residential soil, dust and drinking water samples. Participants also completed a questionnaire which included a food frequency component. All biological and environmental samples were analysed for heavy metals using ICP-MS. Biological and environmental concentrations of lead and mercury were generally low (Median Pb Drinking Water (DW) 0.04 µg/L; Pb soil <3.0 µg/g; Pb dust 16.5 µg/g; Pb blood 3.67 µg/L; Pb urine 0.55; µg/L Hg DW <0.03; Hg soil <1.0 µg/g; Hg dust <1.0 µg/g; Hg blood 0.46 µg/L; Hg urine <0.40 µg/L). Cadmium concentrations were low in environmental samples (Median CdDW 0.02 µg/L; Cdsoil <0.30 ug/g; Cddust <0.30) but elevated in urine samples (Median 0.55 µg/L, creatinine corrected 0.70 µg/g (range <0.2–7.06 µg/g creatinine) compared with other studies of pregnant women. Predictors of increased biological metals concentrations in regression models for blood cadmium were residing in the Great Southern region of Western Australia and not using iron/folic acid supplements and for urinary cadmium was having lower household annual income. However, these factors explained little of the variation in respective biological metals concentrations. The importance of establishing factors that influence low human exposure concentrations is becoming critical in efforts to reduce exposures and hence the potential for adverse health effects. -- Highlights: • Biological heavy metals concentrations in women in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy. • Exposure assessment including environmental, lifestyle and activity data. • Urinary cadmium concentrations were elevated in this group of pregnant women. • Blood lead and mercury concentrations were below recommended biological guideline values.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Excess Lead-210 and Plutonium-239+240: Two suitable radiogenic soil erosion tracers for mountain grassland sites

Highlights: • First application of excess Lead-210 as soil tracer in alpine grasslands. • {sup 239+240}Pu/{sup 137}Cs ratios indicated 75% Chernobyl contribution to {sup 137}Cs inventory. • {sup 239+240}Pu is compared to more mature radioisotopic tracers (i.e. {sup 210}Pb{sub ex} and {sup 137}Cs). • {sup 210}Pb{sub ex}, {sup 137}Cs and {sup 239+240}Pu yielded comparable estimates of soil redistribution. The expected growing population and challenges associated with globalisation will increase local food and feed demands and enhance the pressure on local and regional upland soil resources. In light of these potential future developments it is necessary to define sustainable land use and tolerable soil loss rates with methods applicable and adapted to mountainous areas. Fallout-radionuclides (FRNs) are proven techniques to increase our knowledge about the status and resilience of agro-ecosystems. However, the use of the Caesium-137 ({sup 137}Cs) method is complicated in the European Alps due to its heterogeneous input and the timing of the Chernobyl fallout, which occurred during a few single rain events on partly snow covered ground. Other radioisotopic techniques have been proposed to overcome these limitations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of excess Lead-210 ({sup 210}Pb{sub ex}) and Plutonium-239+240 ({sup 239+240}Pu) as soil erosion tracers for three different grassland management types at the steep slopes (slope angles between 35 and 38°) located in the Central Swiss Alps. All three FRNs identified pastures as having the highest mean (± standard deviation) net soil loss of −6.7 ± 1.1, −9.8 ± 6.8 and −7.0 ± 5.2 Mg ha{sup -1} yr{sup -1} for {sup 137}Cs, {sup 210}Pb{sub ex} and {sup 239+240}Pu, respectively. A mean soil loss of −5.7 ± 1.5, −5.2 ± 1.5 and-5.6 ± 2.1 was assessed for hayfields and the lowest rates were established for pastures with dwarf-shrubs (−5.2 ± 2.5, −4.5 ± 2.5 and −3.3 ± 2.4 Mg ha{sup -1} yr{sup -1} for {sup 137}Cs, {sup 210}Pb{sub ex} and {sup 239+240}Pu, respectively). These rates, evaluated at sites with an elevated soil erosion risk exceed the respective soil production rates. Among the three FRN methods used, {sup 239+240}Pu appears as the most promising tracer in terms of measurement uncertainty and reduced small scale variability (CV of 13%). Despite a higher level of uncertainty, {sup 210}Pb{sub ex} produced comparable results, with a wide range of erosion rates sensitive to changes in grassland management. {sup 210}Pb{sub ex} can then be as well considered as a suitable soil tracer to investigate alpine agroecosystems.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Dose-response relationship between blood lead levels and hematological parameters in children from central China

Highlights: • A cross-sectional study conducted in children of 5–8 years from two counties of central China. • BLLs were associated with hematological parameters (i.e. Hb, RBC, PLT and MCH) negatively. • BLLs associated with Hb level, RBC count, and PLT count in a non-linear dose-response pattern. Lead is a heavy metal that can affect the human hematological system. However, reports are limited on the dose-response relationship between blood lead levels (BLLs) and hematological parameters in children. This study aimed to explore the dose-response relationship between BLLs and hematological measurements among children in China.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

The structural influence of aluminium ions on emission characteristics of Sm{sup 3+} ions in lead aluminium silicate glass system

Graphical abstract: The optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of Sm ions in PbO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2} glasses mixed with different concentrations of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} have been investigated. From these spectra, the emission probabilities and also fluorescence lifetime principal transition viz., {sup 4}G{sub 5/2} {yields} {sup 6}H{sub 7/2} of Sm{sup 3+} ions of has been evaluated. The analysis of results of these studies has indicated that there is a less radiative trapping and enhanced fluorescence lifetime and high quantum efficiency in the glasses mixed with 8.0 mol% of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Glasses of the composition (40 - x)PbO-(5 + x)Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-54SiO{sub 2}:1.0Sm{sub 2}O{sub 3} with x = 5-10 mol% were prepared. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Spectroscopic properties (OA, PL and IR) were investigated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Emission probability, lifetime, branching ratio of {sup 4}G{sub 5/2} {yields} {sup 6}H{sub 7/2} transition of Sm{sup 3+} have been evaluated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Analysis of the results indicated that glass mixed with 8.0 mol% exhibits high luminescence efficiency. -- Abstract: Optical absorption and photoluminescence characteristics of Sm{sup 3+} ions in lead silicate glasses mixed with different concentrations of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (5-10 mol%) have been investigated. From these studies, the radiative properties viz., spontaneous emission probability A, the total emission probability, the radiative lifetime {tau}{sub R}, the fluorescent branching ratio {beta} of emission transition of {sup 4}G{sub 5/2} {yields} {sup 6}H{sub 7/2} along with other transitions for Sm{sup 3+} have been evaluated and found to be the highest for the glass mixed with 8.0 mol% of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}.The IR spectral studies have indicated that Al{sup 3+} ions do participate in the glass network with AlO{sub 4} and AlO{sub 6} structural units and further revealed that the concentration of octahedral aluminium ions induce bonding defects in the glass network. Such bonding defects are assumed to be responsible for low phonon losses in these glasses and lead to higher values of radiative parameters for the glass mixed with 8.0 mol% of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

A simple route for making surfactant free lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots

Highlights: • Surfactant free PbS NCs were successfully synthesised using CoSP technique. • The technique eliminates the requirements of washing to remove the ligands. • Grinding using mortar and pestle creates well separated PbS QDs. • Surfactant free PbS NCs are stable and do not show any degradation with time. - Abstract: An efficient, cost effective and less time consuming method suitable for mass production of surfactant free quantum dots (QDs) of lead sulfide (PbS) is reported. PbS nanocrystals (NCs) are first synthesised by continuous spray pyrolysis (CoSP) technique and de-agglomeration into PbS quantum dots (QDs) is achieved by vigorous mechanical grinding using mortar and pestle. Lead acetate and thiourea were used as the precursor materials for preparation of surfactant free PbS NCs. The broadening in XRD peaks of ground NCs as compared to as synthesized PbS NCs clearly indicated the reduction in particle size to be QDs of PbS. The TEM images also showed that ground PbS NCs were nearly spherical in shape having an average diameter in the range of 4–6 nm. The shift in optical gap from 0.41 eV to 1.47 eV supported the QD formation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electromagnetic calorimeters based on scintillating lead tungstate crystals for experiments at Jefferson Lab

A new electromagnetic calorimeter consisting of 140 lead tungstate (PbWO 4 ) scintillating crystals was constructed for the PrimEx- &#x3B7; experiment at Jefferson lab. The calorimeter was integrated into the data acquisition and trigger systems of the GlueX detector and used in the experiment to reconstruct Compton scattering events. The experiment started collecting data in the spring of 2019 and acquired about 30% of the required statistics. The calorimeter is a prototype for two PbWO 4 -based detectors: the Neutral Particle Spectrometer (NPS) and the lead tungstate insert of the Forward CALorimeter (FCAL) of the GlueX detector. The article presents the design and performance of the Compton calorimeter and gives a brief overview of the FCAL and NPS projects.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Core design and performance of the Westinghouse lead fast reactor with UO 2 and MOX configurations

For this work, Westinghouse partnered with Argonne National Laboratory to design, model and optimize UO 2 - and MOX-fueled core designs for a medium size (950 MWt) Lead Fast Reactor that was pursued by Westinghouse. Using Argonne’s suite of reactor analysis codes together with Westinghouse fuel cost economic models, thousands of candidate cores were considered to achieve the economics-optimized cores presented in this paper. This optimization process considered detailed reactor physics, fuel performance, transient performance, and fuel economics models. The reactor performance of the resulting optimized UO 2 - and MOX-fueled core designs are described and compared in this paper. Both cores show fuel performance and transient behavior that is considered acceptable for the optimization presented herein, while further testing campaigns on material performance in high-temperature liquid lead will be required to confirm acceptability at the operating conditions chosen. A multi-batch strategy was selected for the UO 2 core for best fuel utilization with minimum fuel inventory costs. A single-batch fuel management was instead selected for the MOX core to maximize cycle length and minimize the impact of the longer refueling outage resulting from the higher decay heat of the discharged MOX fuel relative to the discharged UO 2 fuel, requiring a longer cooling time before dry-lift of discharged fuel could take place.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗