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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 955 records · Page 53
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Numerical method for solution of systems of non-stationary spatially one-dimensional nonlinear differential equations

A computational scheme and a standard program is proposed for solving systems of nonstationary spatially one-dimensional nonlinear differential equations using Newton's method. The proposed scheme is universal in its applicability and its reduces to a minimum the work of programming. The program is written in the FORTRAN language and can be used without change on electronic computers of type YeS and BESM-6. The standard program described permits the identification of nonstationary (or stationary) solutions to systems of spatially one-dimensional nonlinear (or linear) partial differential equations. The proposed method may be used to solve a series of geophysical problems which take chemical reactions, diffusion, and heat conductivity into account, to evaluate nonstationary thermal fields in two-dimensional structures when in one of the geometrical directions it can take a small number of discrete levels, and to solve problems in nonstationary gas dynamics.

Morozov, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Theoretical analysis of heat flow in horizontal ribbon growth from a melt

A theoretical heat flow analysis for horizontalribbon growth is presented. Equations are derived relating pull speed, ribbon thickness, thermal gradient in the melt, and melt temperature for limiting cases of heat removal by radiation only and isothermal heat removal from the solid surface over the melt. Geometrical cross sections of the growth zone are shown to be triangular and nearly parabolic for the two respective cases. Theoretical pull speed for silicon ribbon 0.01 cm thick, where the loss of latent heat of fusion is by radiation to ambient temperature (300 K) only, is shown to be 1 cm/sec for horizontal growth extending 2 cm over the melt and with no heat conduction either to or from the melt. Further enhancement of ribbon growth rate by placing cooling blocks adjacent to the top surface is shown to be theoretically possible.

Zoutendyk, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Transient thermal response of ablating bodies

A numerical study of transient thermal response of a blunt-nosed axisymmetric body made of Teflon is presented using a two-layer thermal model. It is shown that phase change and transverse heat conduction have a considerable effect on the internal temperature field. Comparison of the numerical results with experimental data shows that the single-layer thermal model does not predict the real feature of the thermal field, whereas the results of the two-layer thermal model agree reasonably well with the experiment.

Arai, N.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Formation, history and energetics of cores in the terrestrial planets

The size, evolution and energetics of the earth's core and the probable central, metalic cores of Mercury, Venus, the moon and Mars are discussed. The cores of Mercury, Mars and the earth are considered likely to decrease in relative mass and volume with distance from the sun; the moon does not fit this sequence and data from Venus are insufficient. Core formation is concluded to have occurred early (prior to four billion years ago) on the earth and Mercury, while that on the moon would have occurred over a longer interval and the core of Mars would have formed much later. Of the possible energy sources in planetary cores able to maintain a molten state and drive magnetic dynamos, the energy of core formation was probably spent too early in planetary history to provide much present power, and the energy gained from freezing an inner core in the earth and Mercury are considered at best marginally able to match conductive heat loss. Future measurements proposed to improve the quantitative understanding of core properties include a better documentation of the magnetic fields of Venus and Mars and the seismometry of Mars.

Solomon, S. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Cooling/grounding mount for hybrid circuits

Extremely short input and output connections, adequate grounding, and efficient heat removal for hybrid integrated circuits are possible with mounting. Rectangular clamp holds hybrid on printed-circuit board, in contact with heat-conductive ground plate. Clamp is attached to ground plane by bolts.

Bagstad, B.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Numerical experiments on the theta pinch

Numerical calculation of theta pinch problems are presented. Physical processes in theta pinch systems are considered in a one dimensional, two temperature magnetohydrodynamic, approximation with allowance for end losses by longitudinal heat conductivity. The numerical calculations are compared with results of earlier experiments.

Volosevich, P. P.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Electromagnetic power absorber

A structure is presented with a surface portion of dielectric material which passes electromagnetic radiation and with a portion below the surface which includes material that absorbs the radiation, the face of the structure being formed with numerous steep ridges. The steepness of the dielectric material results in a high proportion of the electromagnetic energy passing through the surface for absorption by the absorbing material under the surface. A backing of aluminum or other highly heat-conductive and reflective material lies under the face and has very steep protuberances supporting the absorbing and dielectric materials.

Iwasaki, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Exercise thermoregulation after 14 days of bed rest

The effects of bed rest and exercise training during bed rest on body temperature and thermoregulatory responses at rest and during exercise are investigated. Seven male subjects underwent three two-week periods of bed rest during which isometric, isotonic, or no exercises were performed, separated by two ambulatory control periods and preceded by a two-week control period, during which they exercised regularly. Rectal and mean skin temperatures and sweating responses were determined during 70-min submaximal supine exercise during the bed rest and recovery periods. Measurements reveal a reduction in basal oral temperature during the control-recovery periods, with a relatively constant level during bed rest periods, and a significant increase in the rectal temperature elavation brought on by exercise following all three bed-rest regimes. It is concluded that the excessive increase in rectal temperature could be influenced by changes in skin heat conductance or the inhibition of sweating.

Greenleaf, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Outer atmospheres of cool stars. VI - Models for Epsilon Eridani based on IUE spectra of C II, Mg II, Si II, and Si III

Observations of the ultraviolet line spectrum of the active chromosphere star, Epsilon Eridani, obtained with the IUE satellite have been analyzed. The coupled statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer equations for the prominent transitions of C II, Mg II, Si II, and Si III. A satisfactory fit to all of the line strengths can be achieved with a model similar to that recently proposed to explain bright points on the quiet sun. A surface pressure at the base of the transition region of 0.5 dynes/sq cm is derived, which is a factor of 3 higher than the quiet sun value, but a factor of 3 smaller than predicted by scaling laws, assuming a conductively heated stellar transition region. It is found that the surface fluxes of the C II 1334, 1335 and Si III 1892 emission lines are good diagnostics of pressure at the base of the transition region, but line ratio techniques using the 1892 line for estimating electron densities may be valid.

Simon, T.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The thermal X-ray flare plasma

Following a review of current observational and theoretical knowledge of the approximately 10 to the 7th K plasma emitting the thermal soft X-ray bursts accompanying every H alpha solar flare, the fundamental physical problem of the plasma, namely the formation and evolution of the observed X-ray arches, is examined. Extensive Skylab observations of the thermal X-ray plasmas in two large flares, a large subflare and several compact subflares are analyzed to determine plasma physical properties, deduce the dominant physical processes governing the plasma and compare large and small flare characteristics. Results indicate the density of the thermal X-ray plasma to be higher than previously thought (from 10 to the 10th to 10 to the 12th/cu cm for large to small flares), cooling to occur radiatively as much as conductively, heating to continue into the decay phase of large flares, and the mass of the thermal X-ray plasma to be supplied primarily through chromospheric evaporation. Implications of the results for the basic flare mechanism are indicated.

Moore, R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Electrostatic heat flux instabilities

The electrostatic cyclotron and ion acoustic instabilities in a plasma driven by a combined heat flux and current were investigated. The minimum critical heat conduction speed (above which the plasma is unstable) is given as a function of the ratio of electron to ion temperatures.

Morrison, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Heat storage in alloy transformations

The theory of eutectic transformation was examined to find guidelines to the best material combinations to examine. The heats of transformation were measured calorimetrically, and the volume changes of expanding solid mixtures and homogeneous liquid solutions, especially during the transformation between the two states at fixed temperature, were measured by changes in X-ray absorption. Heat flow models appropriate to storage in phase change materials were developed along with efficient calculating procedures so that the relative importance of the problems associated with energy storage density, heat conduction, and similar properties could be assessed.

Birchenall, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Effect of propellant deformation on ignition and combustion processes in solid propellant cracks

A comprehensive theoretical model was formulated to study the development of convective burning in a solid propellant crack which continually deforms due to burning and pressure loading. In the theoretical model, the effect of interrelated structural deformation and combustion processes was taken into account by considering (1) transient, one dimensional mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations in the gas phase; (2) a transient, one dimensional heat conduction equation in the solid phase; and (3) quasi-static deformation of the two dimensional, linear viscoelastic propellant crack caused by pressure loading. Partial closures may generate substantial local pressure peaks along the crack, implying a strong coupling between chamber pressurization, crack combustion, and propellant deformation, especially when the cracks are narrow and the chamber pressurization rates high. The maximum pressure in the crack cavity is generally higher than that in the chamber. The initial flame-spreading process is not affected by propellant deformation.

Kumar, M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Nickel hydrogen cell tests

Some parametric tests followed by cycling tests are described for the characterization of the service life of nickel hydrogen cells. Three cells were automatically cycled in simulated low Earth orbit in 35 minute discharge, 55 minute charge, with charging voltage limited, temperature compensated. The cells were mounted in a fixture that conducts heat to an aluminum baseplate. The baseplate in turn, is bounded in a temperature controlled bath to remove the heat from the mounted fixture. One cell was tested with a zircar separator, which failed after 2473 cyles. Two other cells were tested one with a zircar separator; the other with asbestos. More than 400 cycles were achieved.

Mueller, V. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Temporal and spatial inconsistencies of time-split finite-difference schemes

The properties of an implicit time-split algorithm, which utilizes locally one dimensional spatial steps, are examined using the two-dimensional heat conduction equation as the test problem. Both temporal and spatial inconsistencies inherent in the scheme are identified. A consistent, implicit splitting approach is developed. The relationship between this method and other time-split implicit schemes is explained, and stability problems encountered with the method in three dimensions are discussed.

Dwoyer, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

X-ray emission from the winds of hot stars

A phenomenological theory is proposed for the structure of the unstable line-driven winds of early-type stars. These winds are conjectured to break up into a population of blobs that are being radiatively driven through, and confined by ram pressure of an ambient gas that is not itself being radiatively driven. Radiation from the bow shocks preceding the blobs can account for the X-ray luminosity of zeta Puppis. The theory breaks down when used to model the much lower density wind of tau Scorpii, for then the blobs are destroyed by heat conduction from shocked gas. This effect explains why the profiles of this star's UV resonance lines depart from classical P Cygni form.

Lucy, L. B.↗
NASA NTRS1980

IUE ultraviolet spectra and chromospheric models of HR 1099 and UX Arietis

IUE spectra in the region 1150-3200 A of the RS CVn-type variables HR 1099 and UX Arietis are presented and analyzed in terms of chromospheric models. Measurements of Mg h and k lines and Ca II H-K and H alpha spectra are indicated which are found not to be correlated with orbital phase or radio flares and which suggest that the strong emission arises in the K star rather than the G star in these systems. Under the assumption that the UV emission lines are associated with the K star, surface gravities of log g = 3.6 and 3.4 and effective temperatures of 4850 and 5000 K are adopted for HR 1099 and UX Ari, respectively, along with solar metal abundances for each. Model calculations of the chromospheric structure necessary to account for observed C(+), Mg(+), Si(+) and Si(+2) line fluxes are presented which indicate that the transition region pressure lies in the range 0.18-1.0 dynes/sq cm, implying transition regions that are more extended than that of the sun and are not conductively heated. It is noted that pressure scaling laws and the use of Mg II and C II lines as pressure diagnostics may be invalid, possibly due to atmospheric inhomogeneities or gas flows.

Simon, T.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Thermal response of the F region ionosphere in artificial modification experiments by HF radio waves

The thermal response of the nighttime F region ionosphere to local heating by HF radio waves has been observed with the incoherent scatter radar at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The observations consist of high-resolution space and time variation of the electron temperature as a high-power HF transmitter is switched on and off with a period 240 s. As soon as the HF transmitter is turned on, the electron temperature begins to rise rapidly in a narrow altitude region near 300 km, below the F2 layer peak. The electron temperature perturbation subsequently spreads over a broader altitude region. The observations are compared with the anticipated thermal response of the ionosphere based on numerical solutions of the coupled time-dependent heat conduction equations for the electron and composite ion gases and are found to be in good agreement over the entire altitude region covered by the observations.

Mantas, G. P.↗