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At least 955 records · Page 53

Interfacial Reaction Studies Using ONIOM

In this report, we focus on the calculations of the energetics and chemical kinetics of heterogeneous reactions for Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). The work described in this report builds upon our own previous thermochemical and chemical kinetics studies. The first of these articles refers to the prediction of thermochemical properties, and the latter one deals with the prediction of rate constants for gaseous homolytic dissociation reactions. The calculations of this investigation are at the microscopic level. The systems chosen consisted of a gallium nitride (GaN) substrate, and molecular nitrogen (N2) and ammonia (NH3) as adsorbants. The energetics for the adsorption and the adsorbant dissociation processes were estimated, and reaction rate constants for the dissociation reactions of free and adsorbed molecules were predicted. The energetics for substrate decomposition was also computed. The ONIOM method, implemented in the Gaussian98 program, was used to perform the calculations. This approach has been selected since it allows dividing the system into two layers that can be treated at different levels of accuracy. The atoms of the substrate were modeled using molecular mechanics6 with universal force fields, whereas the adsorbed molecules were approximated using quantum mechanics, based on density functional theory methods with B3LYP functionals and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. Calculations for the substrate were performed in slabs of several unit cells in each direction. The N2 and NH3 adsorbates were attached to a central location at the Ga-lined surface.

Cardelino, Beatriz H.↗

BPS Kerr-AdS time machines

It was recently observed that Kerr-AdS metrics with negative mass can describe smooth spacetimes that have a region within which naked closed time-like curves can arise, bounded by a velocity of light surface. Such spacetimes are sometimes known as time machines. In this paper we study the BPS limit of these metrics, and find that the mass and angular momenta become discretised. The completeness of the spacetime also requires that the asymptotic time coordinate be periodic, with precisely the same period as that which arises naturally for the global AdS, viewed as a hyperboliod in one extra dimension, in which the time machine spacetime is immersed. For the case of equal angular momenta in odd dimensions, we construct the Killing spinors explicitly, and show they are consistent with the global structure. Thus in examples where the solutions can be embedded in gauged supergravity, they will be supersymmetric. As a result, we also compare the global structure of the BPS AdS3 time machine with the BTZ black hole, and show that the global structure allows two different supersymmetric limits.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Angular correlations of causally-coherent primordial quantum perturbations

In this work, we consider the hypothesis that nonlocal, omnidirectional, causally-coherent quantum entanglement of inflationary horizons may account for some well-known measured anomalies of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy on large angular scales. It is shown that causal coherence can lead to less cosmic variance in the large-angle power spectrum C ℓ of primordial curvature perturbations on spherical horizons than predicted by the standard model of locality in effective field theory, and to new symmetries of the angular correlation function C (Θ). Causal considerations are used to construct an approximate analytic model for C (Θ) on angular scales larger than a few degrees. Allowing for uncertainties from the unmeasured intrinsic dipole and from Galactic foreground subtraction, causally-coherent constraints are shown to be consistent with measured CMB correlations on large angular scales. Reduced cosmic variance will enable powerful tests of the hypothesis with better foreground subtraction and higher fidelity measurements on large angular scales.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Large- N c relationships among two-derivative pionless effective field theory couplings

We analyze two-derivative two-nucleon interactions in a combined pionless effective field theory and large-N c expansion. At leading order in the large-N c expansion, relationships among low-energy constants emerge. We find these to be consistent with experiment. However, it is critical to correctly address the subtraction-point dependence of the low-energy constants. Here, these results provide additional confidence that the dual-expansion procedure is useful for analyzing low-energy few-body observables.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Influence of quasiparticle multi-tunneling on the energy flow through the superconducting tunnel junction

Superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detector consists of two layers of superconducting material separated by thin insulating barrier. An incident particle produces in superconductor excess nonequilibrium quasiparticles. Each quasiparticle in superconductor should be considered as quantum superposition of electron-like and hole-like excitations. This duality nature of quasiparticle leads to the effect of multi-tunneling. Quasiparticle starts to tunnel back and forth through the insulating barrier. After tunneling from biased electrode quasiparticle loses its energy via phonon emission. Eventually, the energy that equals to the difference in quasiparticle energy between two electrodes is deposited in the signal electrode. Because of the process of multi-tunneling, one quasiparticle can deposit energy more than once. In this work, the theory of branching cascade processes was applied to the process of energy deposition caused by the quasiparticle multi-tunneling. The formulae for the mean value and variance of the energy transferred by one quasiparticle into heat were derived. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Status and recent results of the BAIKAL-GVD project

The Prototyping phase of the BAIKAL-GVD project has been started in April 2011 with the deployment of first autonomous engineering array which comprises all basic elements and systems of the Gigaton Volume Detector (GVD) in Lake Baikal. The prototyping phase will be concluded with deployment of the GVD demonstration cluster “DUBNA” in 2015, which will comprise 192 light sensors arranged at 8 strings. The first stage of the GVD demonstration cluster which consists of three strings was deployed in April 2013 and successfully operated up to February 2014. We review the prototyping phase of the BAIKAL-GVD project and describe the configuration and design of the 2013 engineering array.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Communication: The description of strong correlation within self-consistent Green's function second-order perturbation theory

We report an implementation of self-consistent Green's function many-body theory within a second-order approximation (GF2) for application with molecular systems. This is done by iterative solution of the Dyson equation expressed in matrix form in an atomic orbital basis, where the Green's function and self-energy are built on the imaginary frequency and imaginary time domain, respectively, and fast Fourier transform is used to efficiently transform these quantities as needed. We apply this method to several archetypical examples of strong correlation, such as a H{sub 32} finite lattice that displays a highly multireference electronic ground state even at equilibrium lattice spacing. In all cases, GF2 gives a physically meaningful description of the metal to insulator transition in these systems, without resorting to spin-symmetry breaking. Our results show that self-consistent Green's function many-body theory offers a viable route to describing strong correlations while remaining within a computationally tractable single-particle formalism.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Keldysh formalism for multiple parallel worlds

We present a compact and self-contained review of the recently developed Keldysh formalism for multiple parallel worlds. The formalism has been applied to consistent quantum evaluation of the flows of informational quantities, in particular, to the evaluation of Renyi and Shannon entropy flows. We start with the formulation of the standard and extended Keldysh techniques in a single world in a form convenient for our presentation. We explain the use of Keldysh contours encompassing multiple parallel worlds. In the end, we briefly summarize the concrete results obtained with the method.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Structural and electronic properties of GaAs and GaP semiconductors

The Structural and Electronic properties of Zinc Blende phase of GaAs and GaP compounds are studied using self consistent SIESTA-code, pseudopotentials and Density Functional Theory (DFT) in Local Density Approximation (LDA). The Lattice Constant, Equillibrium Volume, Cohesive Energy per pair, Compressibility and Band Gap are calculated. The band gaps calcultated with DFT using LDA is smaller than the experimental values. The P-V data fitted to third order Birch Murnaghan equation of state provide the Bulk Modulus and its pressure derivatives. Our Structural and Electronic properties estimations are in agreement with available experimental and theoretical data.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

A theoretical study on 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-Yl) prop-2-en-1-one

This study reports the geometric parameters, vibration frequencies, {sup 13}C and {sup 1}H NMR chemical shifts of 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (MPP) molecule calculated by B3LYP level of density functional theory (DFT) with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. {sup 13}C and {sup 1}H NMR chemical shifts were calculated within GIAO approach which is one of the most common approaches. Additionally, 3D molecular surfaces such as molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and electrostatic potential (ESP), were simulated by the same level. As a result, obtained theoretical results were found to be consistent with experimental ones. All of calculations were carried out Gaussian 09 package program.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Electric Dipole Polarizability of Ca 48 and Implications for the Neutron Skin

The electric dipole strength distribution in 48 Ca between 5 and 25 MeV has been determined at RCNP, Osaka, from proton inelastic scattering experiments at forward angles. Combined with photoabsorption data at higher excitation energy, this enables the rst extraction of the electric dipole polarizability D( 48 Ca) = 2:07(22) fm 3 . Remarkably, the dipole response of 48 Ca is found to be very similar to that of 40 Ca, consistent with a small neutron skin in 48 Ca. The experimental results are in good agreement with ab initio calculations based on chiral e ective eld theory interactions and with state-of-the-art density-functional calculations, implying a neutron skin in 48 Ca of 0:14 - 0:20 fm.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

On the Mechanism of Turbulent Shear Flows

As a result of our analysis of some facts of turbulent flows, whose explanation is beyond the scope of existing semiempirical theories, in particular, our estimate of the effective roughness height in pipes with distributed roughness characterized by two or more length scales, we present a version of the theory of turbulent flows in channels with smooth and rough walls with a unified mechanism of the dynamic interaction (friction mechanism) of a turbulent flow with its boundaries—the channel walls or external laminar flow. We have derived the expressions for a generalized law of friction that describe a turbulent flow at all admissible Reynolds numbers from the regime of flow with smooth walls to the regime with a complete manifestation of roughness elements and for sand roughness consistent with Nikuradse’s experimental data. One of the conclusions of the theory is the assertion that the only source of turbulence for turbulent flows in channels and jets are the vortices forming near the walls of channels and at the free boundaries of turbulent jets, and only through these vortices is the kinetic energy from the mean flow converted to the energy of turbulent pulsations. The difference between the mechanisms of the laminar and turbulent flow regimes can be clearly represented by Eq. (24).

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Multistep Quantum Master Equation Theory for Response Functions in Four Wave Mixing Electronic Spectroscopy of Multichromophoric Macromolecules

This work provides an alternative derivation of third order response functions in four wave mixing spectroscopy of multichromophoric macromolecular systems considering only single exciton states. For the case of harmonic oscillator bath linearly and diagonally coupled to exciton states, closed form expressions showing all the explicit time dependences are derived. Here, these expressions can provide more solid physical basis for understanding 2-dimensional electronic spectroscopy signals. For more general cases of system-bath coupling, the quantum master equation (QME) approach is employed for the derivation of multistep time evolution equations for Green function-like operators. Solution of these equations is feasible at the level of 2nd order non-Markovian QME, and the new approach can account for inter-exciton coupling, dephasing, relaxation, and non-Markovian effects in a consistent manner.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Quantum many-body effects in x-ray spectra efficiently computed using a basic graph algorithm

The mounting interest in using x-ray spectroscopy for refined materials characterization calls for an accurate electronic-structure theory to interpret the x-ray near-edge fine structure. Here, we propose an efficient and unified framework to describe all the many-electron processes in a Fermi liquid after a sudden perturbation (such as a core hole). This problem has been visited by the Mahan-Noziéres-De Dominicis (MND) theory, but it is intractable to implement various Feynman diagrams within first-principles calculations. In our report, we adopt a nondiagrammatic approach and treat all the many-electron processes in the MND theory on an equal footing. Starting from a recently introduced determinant formalism [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 096402 (2017)], we exploit the linear dependence of determinants describing different final states involved in the spectral calculations. An elementary graph algorithm, breadth-first search, can be used to quickly identify the important determinants for shaping the spectrum, which avoids the need to evaluate a great number of vanishingly small terms. This search algorithm is performed over the tree-structure of the many-body expansion, which mimics a path-finding process. We demonstrate that the determinantal approach is computationally inexpensive even for obtaining x-ray spectra of extended systems. Using Kohn-Sham orbitals from two self-consistent fields (ground and core-excited state) as input for constructing the determinants, the calculated x-ray spectra for a number of transition metal oxides are in good agreement with experiments. Many-electron aspects beyond the Bethe-Salpeter equation, as captured by this approach, are also discussed, such as shakeup excitations and many-body wave function overlap considered in Anderson's orthogonality catastrophe.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Universality classes of inflation

We investigate all single-field, slow-roll inflationary models whose slow-roll parameters scale as 1/N in the limit of a large number of e-folds N. We proof that all such models belong to two universality classes, characterised by a single parameter. One class contains small field models like hilltop inflation, while the other class consists of large field models like chaotic inflation. We give the leading expressions for the spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio r, which are universal for each class, plus subleading corrections for a number of models. This predicts r either to be unobservably small, r < 0.01, or close to the present observational limit, r ≈ 0.07.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Self-consistent calculation of the Sommerfeld enhancement

A calculation of the Sommerfeld enhancement is presented and applied to the problem of s-wave non-relativistic dark matter annihilation. The difference from previous computations in the literature is that the effect of the underlying short-range scattering process is consistently included together with the long-range force in the effective QM Schrödinger problem. Our procedure satisfies partial-wave unitarity where previous calculations fail. We provide analytic results for some potentials of phenomenological relevance.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory for anharmonic vibrations: Recursions, algebraic reduction, second-quantized reduction, diagrammatic rules, linked-diagram theorem, finite-temperature self-consistent field, and general-order algorithm

A unified theory is presented for finite-temperature many-body perturbation expansions of the anharmonic vibrational contributions to thermodynamic functions, i.e., the free energy, internal energy, and entropy. The theory is diagrammatically size-consistent at any order, as ensured by the linked-diagram theorem proved in this study, and, thus, applicable to molecular gases and solids on an equal footing. It is also a basis-set-free formalism, just like its underlying Bose–Einstein theory, capable of summing anharmonic effects over an infinite number of states analytically. It is formulated by the Rayleigh–Schrödinger-style recursions, generating sum-over-states formulas for the perturbation series, which unambiguously converges at the finite-temperature vibrational full-configuration-interaction limits. Two strategies are introduced to reduce these sum-over-states formulas into compact sum-over-modes analytical formulas. One is a purely algebraic method that factorizes each many-mode thermal average into a product of one-mode thermal averages, which are then evaluated by the thermal Born–Huang rules. Canonical forms of these rules are proposed, dramatically expediting the reduction process. The other is finite-temperature normal-ordered second quantization, which is fully developed in this study, including a proof of thermal Wick’s theorem and the derivation of a normal-ordered vibrational Hamiltonian at finite temperature. The latter naturally defines a finite-temperature extension of size-extensive vibrational self-consistent field theory. These reduced formulas can be represented graphically as Feynman diagrams with resolvent lines, which include anomalous and renormalization diagrams. Two order-by-order and one general-order algorithms of computing these perturbation corrections are implemented and applied up to the eighth order. The results show no signs of Kohn–Luttinger-type nonconvergence.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Stability, intermittency and universal Thorpe length distribution in a laboratory turbulent stratified shear flow

Stratified shear flows occur in many geophysical contexts, from oceanic overflows and river estuaries to wind-driven thermocline layers. In this study, we explore a turbulent wall-bounded shear flow of lighter miscible fluid into a quiescent fluid of higher density with a range of Richardson numbers $0.05\lesssim Ri\lesssim 1$ . In order to find a stability parameter that allows close comparison with linear theory and with idealized experiments and numerics, we investigate different definitions of $Ri$ . We find that a gradient Richardson number defined on fluid interface sections where there is no overturning at or adjacent to the maximum density gradient position provides an excellent stability parameter, which captures the Miles–Howard linear stability criterion. For small $Ri$ the flow exhibits robust Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, whereas for larger $Ri$ interfacial overturning is more intermittent with less frequent Kelvin–Helmholtz events and emerging Holmboe wave instability consistent with a thicker velocity layer compared with the density layer. We compute the perturbed fraction of interface as a quantitative measure of the flow intermittency, which is approximately 1 for the smallest $Ri$ but decreases rapidly as $Ri$ increases, consistent with linear theory. For the perturbed regions, we use the Thorpe scale to characterize the overturning properties of these flows. The probability distribution of the non-zero Thorpe length yields a universal exponential form, suggesting that much of the overturning results from increasingly intermittent Kelvin–Helmholtz instability events. Finally, the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy, conditioned on the intermittency fraction, has a similar form, suggesting an explanation for the universal scaling collapse of the Thorpe length distribution.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗