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HydroGEN Consortium

HydroGEN Energy Materials Network (EMN) is an U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) EERE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO)-funded consortium that aims to accelerate the discovery and development of advanced water splitting materials (AWSM) for clean, low-cost hydrogen production. Materials innovations are key to enhancing performance, durability, and cost of hydrogen generation technologies. HydroGEN is focused on low technology readiness level AWS technologies, including low- (alkaline exchanged membrane electrolysis) and high-temperature electrolysis (proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis), photoelectrochecmical (PEC) and thermochemical (TCH) water splitting. The AWS technologies in this consortium study proton conduction in solid oxide electrolysis and hydroxide conduction in polymer electrolysis, and proton transport in photoelectrochemical water splitting. This presentation will provide an overview of the HydroGEN EMN and technical highlights of a few lab-led and DOE-awarded "seedling" R&D projects. HydroGEN continues to grow its community of industry, university, and national laboratories, forming a national innovation ecosystem focused on renewable hydrogen production.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Fast-ion confinement in LHD and W7-X (Final Technical Report)

This project was the PhD thesis project for Wataru Hayashi, who graduated in December 2025. In work performed prior to the award while Heidbrink was a Guest Professor at NIFS, we had established conditions for the study of fast-ion confinement in the Large Helical Device (LHD) with fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostics. Subsequently, we proposed new sightlines that could augment the existing FIDA measurements with ones that were more sensitive to the highest energy ions. During the project period, the new sightlines were installed by the LHD team and showed the expected enhanced sensitivity to high-energy ions. Many LHD experiments were led by UCI scientists remotely during the pandemic and in-person afterward. One of these, which was led by one of Professor Zhihong Lin’s PhD students (Ethan Green) in collaboration with Hayashi and Heidbrink, resulted in a Nuclear Fusion article on the effect of radial electric fields on fast-ion confinement. The main output of the project, however, is two detailed experimental papers by Hayashi et al. The first of these is a study of neoclassical fast ion confinement in MHD-quiescent plasmas, a key issue in stellarator research. The second is an initial study of the effect of Alfven eigenmodes on fast-ion confinement. In addition to these studies, the project also helped partially support stellarator research with the GTC code by members of Prof. Lin’s group.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Soft X-ray/VUV diagnostic upgrades and installation on NSTX-U (Final Report)

Due to repeated delays in the schedule for the NSTX-U upgrade as well as the emergence of COVID and subsequent personnel loss during the granting period, the scope of the award was reduced to completing the refurbishment and upgrade of the JHU soft X-ray (SXR) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) diagnostics for the NSTX-U experiment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Carbondale Community Geothermal Coalition – Replicable Models for Decarbonizing Mixed-Use Rural Communities

The Carbondale Community Geothermal Coalition (CCGC) set out to prove that a fifth-generation geothermal district heating & cooling (5G GDHC) network can be technically feasible, cost-effective, and socially equitable for a small, mixed-use rural community. During Budget Period 1 (Planning & Design) the team: ● Completed a 449 ft thermal-response test confirming excellent ground conductivity (k = 1.69 Btu ft -1 hr -1 °F -1 ) and a benign 56.3 °F undisturbed temperature. Page 1 Final Technical Report for Award Number: DE-EE0010663 ● Built a fully calibrated digital twin (URBANopt → Modelica) for 240 k ft 2 of existing + future buildings. ● Designed a 75-borehole ambient-temperature loop (ATL) augmented by 75 solar-thermal panels, supplying 44 % of district heating and 100 % cooling in Stage-1. ● Produced retrofit bid-ready drawings for the Third Street Center and Second Street Townhomes. ● Reached > 200 community stakeholders and exceeded equity targets (46 % Hispanic/Latinx participation). ● Drafted a multi-tiered workforce plan aligned with Colorado Mountain College (Hispanic Serving Institution) and IGSHPA certifications.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Microalgae Commodities Production with a Direct Air Capture Process (Final Technical Report)

This report documents the work performed under Award Number DE-EE0009276, "Microalgae Commodities Production with a Direct Air Capture Process," to advance the technology for large-scale, low-cost microalgae biomass production in the United States. The project's overarching goal was to decouple microalgae production from enriched CO 2 point sources, such power plant flue gases, which otherwise limit the national resource potential for algal biomass.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

TTDAQ: A Continuous Flow, Timing and Trigger DAQ System

Final Scientific/Technical Report for DOE Award DE-SC0019581, “TTDAQ: A Continuous Flow, Timing and Trigger DAQ System.” The report summarizes Telluric Labs’ Phase II STTR work developing silicon-photonic building blocks for a software-defined, continuous-flow, trigger-less data acquisition system for next-generation high-energy and nuclear-physics detectors. The project focused on radiation-hard photonic integrated circuits, remote optical illumination, dense wavelength-division multiplexing, and a differential microring-resonator transceiver architecture designed to improve high-speed optical link stability and bandwidth. The report describes project objectives, technical accomplishments, AIM Photonics tape-outs, bench characterization, radiation-hardness testing, deferred integration work, and potential applications beyond physics readout.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Precision spectroscopy of nuclear decays using quantum optomechanical sensors

This project developed and demonstrated a fundamentally new way to detect individual nuclear decays: rather than capturing the energy that decay products deposit in a detector, we measure the tiny mechanical recoil of the entire micron- or nanometer-sized particle in which the decaying nucleus is embedded. Because momentum is conserved, this approach is sensitive even to neutral, weakly interacting particles, including neutrinos, that escape conventional detectors. During the award, the Yale group reported the first-ever mechanical detection of single nuclear decays, a result featured widely in the scientific press, and pushed the sensitivity of smaller levitated nanoparticles into the quantum measurement regime, reaching an impulse resolution within a factor of five of the fundamental Standard Quantum Limit (SQL), good enough in principle to detect the momentum kicked to the particle by a single emitted neutrino. In parallel, the LBNL group developed the theory of quantum-enhanced (sub-SQL) readout tailored to this experiment, showing how squeezed light can push the sensitivity below the SQL. Together these results establish levitated optomechanical sensors as a new tool for precision nuclear decay spectroscopy, with further applications in neutrino physics, quantum metrology, and nuclear forensics and safeguards.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Conference Support for CU*IP at UCONN

This award supported six students to attend the national Conference for Undergraduate Women and Gender Minorities in Physics (CU*IP) held at the University of Connecticut on January 24-26, 2025. The CU*IP conference series provides opportunities for under-represented undergraduate students to obtain real conference experience, hear from role models in the field of physics, and to network with their peers. The funds will support travel, lodging, and meal expenses for students otherwise not able to attend the meeting.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Smart CNG Dispenser Deployment

This final technical report documents the work performed under DOE Award DE‑EE0008799 by GTI Energy over the course of the project period. The project focused on advanced fueling methods for compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles which have historically suffered from underfilling.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

Report on Potential Challenges and Impacts of Advanced Nuclear-Maritime Applications in the U.S.

This report is the third deliverable of a series of reports set forth by the Department of Energy (DOE), led by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), for the research award, “Accelerating Commercial Maritime Demonstration Projects for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies.” The report highlights the challenges that are facing both the nuclear and maritime industry as technology seeks to integrate.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Overcoming Challenges to Nuclear-Maritime Applications

This report is the fifth deliverable in a series of reports set forth by the Department of Energy (DOE), led by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), for the research award titled “Accelerating Commercial Maritime Demonstration Projects for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies.” The report highlights guidance to bridge the gaps between innovative nuclear technologies and their practical implementation in maritime environments. The previous reports discussed specific technical, economic and regulatory challenges that may be expected when developing and establishing advanced nuclear technologies for commercial maritime applications. This report supports the mission of the U.S. National Reactor Innovation Center (NRIC) to demonstrate projects with industry and acts as a resource for the various stakeholders associated with the development of novel applications for advanced reactors. The previous reports discuss the interest in nuclear technology applications for decarbonized energy and identify the potential demands in nuclear energy supply and price. The work in these reports supports the recently issued nuclear Executive Orders (EOs). Specifically, EO 14299, “Deploying Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies for National Security”, and EO 14300, “Ordering the Reform of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,” by ensuring the rapid development, deployment, and use of advanced nuclear technologies; and increasing the deployment of new nuclear reactor technologies, such as Generation III+ and IV reactors, modular reactors, and microreactors to support America leading the commercialization of affordable and abundant nuclear energy.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Configurations of Commercial Advanced Nuclear-Maritime Applications

This report is the second deliverable of a series of reports set forth by the Department of Energy (DOE), led by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), for the research award, “Accelerating Commercial Maritime Demonstration Projects for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies.” This report highlights the technical, regulatory, and economic feasibility of nuclear-maritime configurations.

33 - ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Improving unfolding and systematic uncertainty estimation using generative diffusion networks (Final Technical Report)

This final technical report summarizes the key accomplishments on the unfolding using diffusion model project, a DOE award received by PI Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin at Tufts University. This project main goal was to investigate the potential of diffusion models for unfolding experimental High Energy Physics data from detector effects while controlling systematics uncertainties. The project accomplished its goals by completing the following objectives: 1) Performing an object-by-object, event-by-event unfolding of various kinematic distributions reconstructed from detector data in HEP in a way that keeps correlations between unfolded observables while demonstrating competitive performance compared to standard algorithms used in the field; 2) Address the generalization problem by developing an unfolding algorithm capable to correctly infer the underlying distributions of observables and processes never seen before, while controlling the dominant theoretical uncertainties affecting the process, therefore increasing the effectiveness, the precision, and the applicability of the developed algorithm; 3) Understand the theoretical foundations between the developed algorithm so to extend it to applications beyond experimental HEP, for broader benefits to the society. This report provides an overview of the accomplishments related to each of these key objectives.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Section 3 Reporting: Preserve America

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a multidisciplinary laboratory with seven Nobel Prize-winning discoveries, 37 R&D 100 Awards, and countless advances in science and technology. For over 75 years, the Laboratory has played a leading role in the Department of Energy (DOE) Science and Technology mission and continues to contribute to the DOE’s missions in energy resources, environmental quality, and national security. The Laboratory is operated and managed by Brookhaven Science Associates (BSA), which was founded by the Research Foundation for the State University of New York on behalf of Stony Brook University, and Battelle, a non-profit applied science and technology organization. BNL is committed to longstanding partnerships with researchers, academic institutions, industry, students, teachers, and the surrounding community. BNL is located near the center of Suffolk County on Long Island, New York within Brookhaven Township, about 60 miles east of New York City. Most of BNL’s principal facilities are located near the center of the 5,265-acre (8.23 square mile) site (Figure 1). The developed area encompasses approximately 1,820 acres, consisting of: ▪ 500 acres originally developed by the Army (as part of WW II Camp Upton) and still used for offices and other operational buildings. ▪ 200 acres occupied by large, specialized research facilities. ▪ 520 acres occupied by outlying facilities, such as the Sewage Treatment Plant, research agricultural fields, housing facilities, and fire breaks. ▪ 400 acres of roads, parking lots, and connecting areas. ▪ 200 acres developed for the Long Island Solar Farm. The balance of the site, approximately 3,400 acres, is largely wooded and represents a native pine barrens ecosystem. In November 2000, DOE set aside 530 acres of undeveloped land at BNL as the Upton Ecological and Research Reserve. The Upton Reserve preserves this portion of the pine barrens ecosystem and provides an area for ecological research and education activities.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Exploring the Energy Frontier through Precision Tests and Fast Tracking with the CMS Detector (Final Technical Report)

This Early Career Award supported a research program using the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC to probe physics beyond the Standard Model in the top quark and Higgs boson sectors, alongside detector and trigger developments for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade. The program (i) searched for charged lepton flavor violation (LFV) in the top quark sector with the full CMS Run-2 data set, placing the world’s strongest limits to date on the $t → eµq\ (q = u/c)$ branching fraction; (ii) developed preliminary analysis methods toward a boosted $t\bar{t}H(b\bar{b})$ measurement of the top quark Yukawa coupling and its CP properties; (iii) made leading contributions to the hardware-based Level-1 (L1) track finding system for the upgraded CMS detector for HL-LHC; and (iv) developed novel L1 trigger algorithms, notably a displaced vertex trigger enabling new searches for exotic long-lived particles.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗