Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “ACTIVE SATELLITE”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 955 records · Page 53
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1979

Satellite communications for disaster relief operations

The use of communication satellite systems to provide assistance in disaster relief operations on a global basis is presented. Disaster problem phases such as detection, warning, and relief; requirements for the communication capability including remote data collection, imaging and voice broadcast; and the global disaster network are discussed. Utilization of Intelsat and Marisat systems and the size and type of ground terminals required for satellite access is considered, and estimates of communication requirements for a global system and of costs for satellite services to support relief operations are given. NASA disaster related activities including studies of direct-to-home disaster warning and determination of disaster response times are described, and it is concluded that existing international satellite communication systems offer real potential for the establishment of a reliable and flexible network devoted to disaster related communication services.

Sivo, J. N.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Assessing the feasibility of a spaceborne 3D lightning observing concept

The distribution of electrical charge in thunderclouds results from thermodynamic, microphysical, and kinematic processes, which also modulate thunderstorm evolution. It is no surprise that the connection between lightning and these physical processes is so strong that the increase and vertical growth of lightning activity closely follows the vertical growth of the thundercloud, but unraveling these connections is not trivial and requires observations of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of electrical activity in a cloud. Ground-based 3D lightning mapping networks give excellent 3D flash-level detail but are limited to regional coverage. Satellite-based optical lightning mappers give excellent global coverage but are largely limited to 2D summaries of flash rate and radiant intensity, albeit new flash products and stereographic techniques are chipping away this limitation. New observing strategies are needed to expand and diversify the corpus of 3D lightning datasets and motivate studies that unravel connections lightning has with these key physical processes and the surrounding environment. This study examines the feasibility of using a distributed network of orbing satellites with VHF-based lightning detectors to obtain global maps of 3D lightning activity and assess efficacy of this approach for use in a new, small satellite mission concept called CubeSpark. CubeSpark combines new VHF and high-resolution, bispectral optical instruments on a constellation of low-Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites to globally map the 3D electrical structure of thunderstorms and study how it relates to thunderstorm evolution, extreme weather, nitrogen oxide production and distribution, upper atmospheric electrical phenomena, and how 3D flash observations can complement existing satellite-based lightning mappers and improve decision support tools. To locate lightning discharges, CubeSpark seeks to use the VHF time-of-arrival technique, similar to ground-based total lightning mapping networks. The vertical location accuracy of these satellite retrievals will be of poorer quality compared to a ground-based network, which has non-trivial implications for lightning flash reconstruction and lightning-based interpretations of deep convection. We adapt a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) simulation framework to an orbiting network and use it to address feasibility of 3D lightning detection from space with particular attention to location accuracy of VHF detections of lightning in the vertical. These simulations inform a constellation design study that defines a realistic orbital configuration and depicts the global coverage for CubeSpark. Results indicate that a 3D location accuracy of <1-2 km for each dimension can be achieved across 300-500 km wide swaths, which suggests that CubeSpark can resolve the charge structure of thunderclouds from the tropics to the mid- and high- latitudes.

Lightning↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Efficient Power Management of an Active Phased Array Antenna Via Circular Aperture Reduction

Significant commercial investments in terrestrial 5G communication systems have matured state-of-the-art Ka-band active phased array (APA) antennas, and their entrance into integrated SATCOM terminals provides space mission designers with new trades and considerations. Newly available Ka-band APAs could provide future missions with a small form factor terminal (<1000 cm3) that can perform rapid beam steering without any moving components. However, APA systems generally consume more power than alternative terminal configurations, which motivates our investigation into a power management technique that leverages the APA’s ability to disable individual antenna elements to rapidly trade excess signal strength for reduced power consumption. Our algorithm strategically maps a desired transmitter effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) to a binary element mask that simultaneously minimizes the number of active elements and circularizes the antenna’s aperture. We deployed our algorithm on a Cesium Nightingale 1 terminal and emulated a 1.05 Gbps constant-rate link between a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a ground station in an over-the-air test. During the 7m42s pass, the aperture reduction algorithm reduced the average power consumption of the terminal by 27%, the average number of active elements by 56%, and saved 3.9 Wh of energy.

satellite communications↗
DOE OSTI2016

Active longitude and solar flare occurrences

The aim of the present work is to specify the spatio-temporal characteristics of flare activity observed by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) in connection with the behavior of the longitudinal domain of enhanced sunspot activity known as active longitude (AL). By using our method developed for this purpose, we identified the AL in every Carrington Rotation provided by the Debrecen Photoheliographic Data. The spatial probability of flare occurrence has been estimated depending on the longitudinal distance from AL in the northern and southern hemispheres separately. We have found that more than 60% of the RHESSI and GOES flares is located within ±36{sup ∘} from the AL. Hence, the most flare-productive active regions tend to be located in or close to the active longitudinal belt. This observed feature may allow for the prediction of the geo-effective position of the domain of enhanced flaring probability. Furthermore, we studied the temporal properties of flare occurrence near the AL and several significant fluctuations were found. More precisely, the results of the method are the following fluctuations: 0.8, 1.3, and 1.8 years. These temporal and spatial properties of the solar flare occurrence within the active longitudinal belts could provide us with an enhanced solar flare forecasting opportunity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Drought onset mechanisms revealed by satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from two contrasting extreme events

This study uses the droughts of 2011 in Texas and 2012 over the central Great Plains as case studies to explore the potential of satellite-observed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) for monitoring drought dynamics. We find that the spatial patterns of negative SIF anomalies from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) closely resembled drought intensity maps from the U.S. Drought Monitor for both events. The drought-induced suppression of SIF occurred throughout 2011 but was exacerbated in summer in the Texas drought. This event was characterized by a persistent depletion of root zone soil moisture caused by yearlong below-normal precipitation. In contrast, for the central Great Plains drought, warmer temperatures and relatively normal precipitation boosted SIF in the spring of 2012; however, a sudden drop in precipitation coupled with unusually high temperatures rapidly depleted soil moisture through evapotranspiration, leading to a rapid onset of drought in early summer. Accordingly, SIF reversed from above to below normal. For both regions, the GOME-2 SIF anomalies were significantly correlated with those of root zone soil moisture, indicating that the former can potentially be used as proxy of the latter for monitoring agricultural droughts with different onset mechanisms. Further analyses indicate that the contrasting dynamics of SIF during these two extreme events were caused by changes in both fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fPAR and fluorescence yield, suggesting that satellite SIF is sensitive to both structural and physiological/biochemical variations of vegetation. Here, we conclude that the emerging satellite SIF has excellent potential for dynamic drought monitoring.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Airborne Lidar Measurements of XCO 2 in Synoptically Active Environment and Associated Comparisons With Numerical Simulations

Frontal boundaries have been shown to cause large changes in CO 2 mole-fractions, but clouds and the complex vertical structure of fronts make these gradients difficult to observe. It remains unclear how the column average CO 2 dry air mole-fraction (XCO 2 ) changes spatially across fronts, and how well airborne lidar observations, data assimilation systems, and numerical models without assimilation capture XCO 2 frontal contrasts (ΔXCO 2 , i.e., warm minus cold sector average of XCO 2 ). We demonstrated the potential of airborne Multifunctional Fiber Laser Lidar (MFLL) measurements in heterogeneous weather conditions (i.e., frontal environment) to investigate the ΔXCO 2 during four seasonal field campaigns of the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport-America (ACT-America) mission. Most frontal cases in summer (winter) reveal higher (lower) XCO 2 in the warm (cold) sector than in the cold (warm) sector. During the transitional seasons (spring and fall), no clear signal in ΔXCO 2 was observed. Intercomparison among the MFLL, assimilated fields from NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), and simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting-—Chemistry (WRF-Chem) showed that (a) all products had a similar sign of ΔXCO 2 though with different levels of agreement in ΔXCO 2 magnitudes among seasons; (b) ΔXCO 2 in summer decreases with altitude; and (c) significant challenges remain in observing and simulating XCO 2 frontal contrasts. A linear regression analyses between ΔXCO 2 for MFLL versus GMAO, and MFLL versus WRF-Chem for summer-2016 cases yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and 0.88, respectively. The reported ΔXCO 2 variability among four seasons provide guidance to the spatial structures of XCO 2 transport errors in models and satellite measurements of XCO 2 in synoptically-active weather systems.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1977

Use of TV in space science activities - Some considerations

Advantages in the use of TV on board satellites as the primary data-recording system in a manned space laboratory when certain types of experiments are flown are indicated. Real-time or near-real-time validation, elimination of film weight, improved depth of field and low-light sensitivity, and better adaptability to computer and electronic processing of data are spelled out as advantages of TV over photographic techniques, say, in fluid dynamics experiments, and weightlessness studies.

Bannister, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Overview of systems definition activities for satellte power systems

Studies conducted by NASA of the Satellite Power System were reviewed and included considerations of the role of SPS as an energy system, space technology, ground systems, and environmental concerns. Various space transportation systems for placement of the SPS in an operational mode are discussed.

Schwenk, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Satellite Atmosphere and Io Torus Observations

Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system, and it is embedded deep within the strongest magnetosphere of any planet. This combination of circumstances leads to a host of scientifically compelling phenomena, including (1) an atmosphere out of proportion with such a small object, (2) a correspondingly large atmospheric escape rate, (3) a ring of dense plasma locked in a feedback loop with the atmosphere, and (4) a host of Io-induced emissions from radio bursts to UV auroral spots on Jupiter. This proposal seeks to continue our investigation into the physics connecting these phenomena, with emphasis on Io's atmosphere and plasma torus. The physical processes are clearly of interest for Io, and also other places in the solar system where they are important but not readily observable.

Schneider, Nicholas M.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission Applications: Activities, Challenges, and Vision

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission to provide nextgeneration observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) will launch a "Core" satellite carrying advanced instruments that will set a new standard for precipitation measurements from space. The data they provide will be used to unify precipitation measurements made by an international network of partner satellites to quantify when, where, and how much it rains or snows around the world. The GPM mission will help advance our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles, improve the forecasting of extreme events that cause natural disasters, and extend current capabilities of using satellite precipitation information to directly benefit society. Building upon the successful legacy of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), GPM's next-generation global precipitation data will lead to scientific advances and societal benefits within a range of hydrologic fields including natural hazards, ecology, public health and water resources. This talk will highlight some examples from TRMM's IS-year history within these applications areas as well as discuss some existing challenges and present a look forward for GPM's contribution to applications in hydrology.

Kirschbaum, Dalia↗
DOE OSTI2024

Using automated machine learning for the upscaling of gross primary productivity

Estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) over space and time is fundamental for understanding the response of the terrestrial biosphere to climate change. Eddy covariance flux towers provide in situ estimates of GPP at the ecosystem scale, but their sparse geographical distribution limits larger-scale inference. Machine learning (ML) techniques have been used to address this problem by extrapolating local GPP measurements over space using satellite remote sensing data. However, the accuracy of the regression model can be affected by uncertainties introduced by model selection, parameterization, and choice of explanatory features, among others. Recent advances in automated ML (AutoML) provide a novel automated way to select and synthesize different ML models. In this work, we explore the potential of AutoML by training three major AutoML frameworks on eddy covariance measurements of GPP at 243 globally distributed sites. We compared their ability to predict GPP and its spatial and temporal variability based on different sets of remote sensing explanatory variables. Explanatory variables from only Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance data and photosynthetically active radiation explained over 70 % of the monthly variability in GPP, while satellite-derived proxies for canopy structure, photosynthetic activity, environmental stressors, and meteorological variables from reanalysis (ERA5-Land) further improved the frameworks' predictive ability. We found that the AutoML framework Auto-sklearn consistently outperformed other AutoML frameworks as well as a classical random forest regressor in predicting GPP but with small performance differences, reaching an r 2 of up to 0.75. We deployed the best-performing framework to generate global wall-to-wall maps highlighting GPP patterns in good agreement with satellite-derived reference data. This research benchmarks the application of AutoML in GPP estimation and assesses its potential and limitations in quantifying global photosynthetic activity.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1991

Commercial remote sensing small satellite feasibility study

The Stennis Space Center acts as the program office for remote sensing activities on behalf of the NASA Office of Commercial Programs. Stennis is supplying systems engineering support to determine the technical and economic feasibility of a commercial remote sensing small satellite. Study efforts focus on the systems design of launch vehicle, sensor system, communications, attitude control, power, computational processing, and ground station capabilities. Results reveal that an example small satellite system, with a limited capability remote sensing payload, could be deployed for less than $20M. Technological advances and overall cost reductions in space systems may enable industry to develop new and expanded information service markets.

Birk, Ronald J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Active microwave measurements for estimating soil moisture in Oklahoma

Previous research has shown that active and passive microwave sensors can be used to estimate near surface soil moisture. An advantage of the active systems is that they have the capability of high spatial resolution from satellite platforms. Most of the previous research has been conducted on agricultural fields. This study examined the use of active microwave data for estimating the average surface soil moisture for several watersheds located near Chicasha, Oklahoma. Data were collected using P, L, and C band scatterometers, mounted on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration C130B aircraft flying at an altitude of 300 m. Soil moisture data were collected in conjunction with three flights during May 1978. Our results indicated that relationships between the scatterometer data and soil moisture do exist and agree with the results obtained at the University of Kansas.

Jackson, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Stress-Activated Electric Currents in Icy Planetary Bodies: H2O2-Doped H2O Ices

Planetary satellites such as the Jovian moon Europa and several Kuiper Belt objects (including Pluto) have surfaces consisting largely of H2O ice, which is brittle and behaves as a rock at the low temperatures that prevail in the outer Solar System. Several of those ice-crusted bodies show evidence of tectonic activity indicating high levels of stress. This paper reports on laboratory experiments with pure H2O ice and H2O2–doped H2O ices with H2O2 concentration levels comparable to those in the ices of Europa. Elongated rectangular ice blocks at T = −81 °C [192 K] were stressed at one end to test whether electric currents are generated and capable of flowing down the stress gradient. Pure H2O ice was found to not produce currents above the 10−10 A background level except for occasional transients in the 10−9–10−8 A range during fracture or rapid plastic deformation due to electrons, e’. By contrast, stressing H2O2-doped H2O ices consistently produced electric currents in the 10−7–10−5 A range, due to holes, h•, propagating from the stressed end to the unstressed end. The h• charge carriers are generated by the break-up of peroxy bonds of H2O2 molecules, leading to O−, equivalent to defect electrons or holes h• in the O2− matrix.

Water ice↗
NASA NTRS2006

Non Radiation Hardened Microprocessors in Spaced Based Remote Sensing Systems

The CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) mission is a comprehensive suite of active and passive sensors including a 20Hz 230mj Nd:YAG lidar, a visible wavelength Earth-looking camera and an imaging infrared radiometer. CALIPSO flies in formation with the Earth Observing System Post-Meridian (EOS PM) train, provides continuous, near-simultaneous measurements and is a planned 3 year mission. CALIPSO was launched into a 98 degree sun synchronous Earth orbit in April of 2006 to study clouds and aerosols and acquires over 5 gigabytes of data every 24 hours. The ground track of one CALIPSO orbit as well as high and low intensity South Atlantic Anomaly outlines is shown. CALIPSO passes through the SAA several times each day. Spaced based remote sensing systems that include multiple instruments and/or instruments such as lidar generate large volumes of data and require robust real-time hardware and software mechanisms and high throughput processors. Due to onboard storage restrictions and telemetry downlink limitations these systems must pre-process and reduce the data before sending it to the ground. This onboard processing and realtime requirement load may mean that newer more powerful processors are needed even though acceptable radiation-hardened versions have not yet been released. CALIPSO's single board computer payload controller processor is actually a set of four (4) voting non-radiation hardened COTS Power PC 603r's built on a single width VME card by General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (GDAIS). Significant radiation concerns for CALIPSO and other Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites include the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), the north and south poles and strong solar events. Over much of South America and extending into the South Atlantic Ocean the Van Allen radiation belts dip to just 200-800km and spacecraft entering this area are subjected to high energy protons and experience higher than normal Single Event Upset (SEU) and Single Event Latch-up (SEL) rates. Although less significant, spacecraft flying in the area around the poles experience similar upsets. Finally, powerful solar proton events in the range of 10MeV/10pfu to 100MeV/1pfu as are forecasted and tracked by NOAA's Space Environment Center in Colorado can result in Single Event Upset (SEU), Single Event Latch-up (SEL) and permanent failures such as Single Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) in some technologies. (Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) are another source, especially for gate rupture) CALIPSO mitigates common radiation concerns in its data handling through the use of redundant processors, radiation-hardened Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC), hardware-based Error Detection and Correction (EDAC), processor and memory scrubbing, redundant boot code and mirrored files. After presenting a system overview this paper will expand on each of these strategies. Where applicable, related on-orbit data collected since the CALIPSO initial boot on May 4, 2006 will be noted.

Decoursey, Robert J.↗
DOE OSTI2018

HAT-P-11: Discovery of a Second Planet and a Clue to Understanding Exoplanet Obliquities

HAT-P-11 is a mid-K dwarf that hosts one of the first Neptune-sized planets found outside the solar system. The orbit of HAT-P-11b is misaligned with the star’s spin—one of the few known cases of a misaligned planet orbiting a star less massive than the Sun. We find an additional planet in the system based on a decade of precision radial velocity (RV) measurements from Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer. HAT-P-11c is similar to Jupiter in its mass (M{sub P}sin i=1.6±0.1 M {sub J}) and orbital period (P=9.3{sub −0.5}{sup +1.0} year), but has a much more eccentric orbit (e = 0.60 ± 0.03). In our joint modeling of RV and stellar activity, we found an activity-induced RV signal of ∼7 m s{sup −1}, consistent with other active K dwarfs, but significantly smaller than the 31 m s{sup −1} reflex motion due to HAT-P-11c. We investigated the dynamical coupling between HAT-P-11b and c as a possible explanation for HAT-P-11b’s misaligned orbit, finding that planet–planet Kozai interactions cannot tilt planet b’s orbit due to general relativistic precession; however, nodal precession operating on million year timescales is a viable mechanism to explain HAT-P-11b’s high obliquity. This leaves open the question of why HAT-P-11c may have such a tilted orbit. At a distance of 38 pc, the HAT-P-11 system offers rich opportunities for further exoplanet characterization through astrometry and direct imaging.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2013

Heteroclinic, Homoclinic Connections Between the Sun-Earth Triangular Points and Quasi-Satellite Orbits for Solar Observations

Investigation of new orbit geometries exhibits a very attractive behavior for a spacecraft to monitor space weather coming from the Sun. Several orbit transfer mechanisms are analyzed as potential alternatives to monitor solar activity such as a sub-solar orbit or quasi-satellite orbit and short and long heteroclinic and homoclinic connections between the triangular points L(sub 4) and L(sub 5) and the collinear point L(sub 3) of the Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CRTBP) in the Sun-Earth system.

Moon↗
NASA NTRS1996

Comments on SEE: Comparative Advantages and and Experimental Consequences

The Satellite Energy Exchange experiment measures the periodic, near-miss encounters between a sheppard satellite and a small test body (satellite) in approximately the same orbit about a primary. Several important experimental requirements have been chosen to enhance capabilities: (a) The satellite be flown in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of about 1350 Km, (b) Passive temperature system stabilized by spacecraft axial rotation with sunshade baffles at the end of the spacecraft, (c) Test bodies with different material composition be available for experiments, (d) The containment spacecraft fly about the sheppard mass in a zero-g environment whereas the test bodies, experience average zero-g environment over an orbital period, (e) Primary attitude and station-keeping uses magnetic field alignment plus micro-Newton thrusters such as Field Emission Electric Propulsion, and (f) Very low power (nW) laser tracking systems minimize impulse delivered to test bodies. With the above conditions, SEE has the capabilities: (1) Long duration (several years life-time) flight experiment (2) Long-term, active (with historical time record), self-calibration of satellite mass distribution (capsule geodesy) over lifetime of the spacecraft. (3) Novel passive thermal stabilization systems designed to attain cryogenic temperatures around 78K. (4) Novel spacecraft stabilization systems. (5) Ability to measure G to 1 part in 10(exp 6-7) depending on ultimate duration of experiment. (6) Ability to place limits on both temporal and spacial variations on G. (7) Ability to set experimental limits on the Post Newtonian parameters (PPN) alpha(2) and zeta(2). (8) Ability to measure (or place limits on) the non Einsteinian eccentricity of the Earth-Sun system (and the parameter alpha(1)) for long duration flight. (9) Ability to measure Delta((dot)-G)/G to 1 part in 10(exp 12-13). The MiniSTEP, competes in a limited way with Project SEE. It is designed to improve the measurement of the equivalence principle by seven orders of magnitude using active, low temperature (1.8 K) cooling for SQUID based, differential superconducting circuits. The experiment consists of a small cylinder concentrically located within a larger cylinder at its null gravitational point. The satellite is operated in zero-g mode using four differential accelerometers consisting to two test bodies of different material composition. The SQUIDS are needed to measure test body motion to precisions of 10(exp -18) over a four orbit period. The entire satellite moves in a very precise zero-g mode since the accelerometers are rigidly attached to the satellite. This limits the experiment to an approximately six month due to limitations on helium storage used in cryogenic cooling and thrust control to maintain the zero-g operation.

Smalley, Larry L.↗