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At least 937 records · Page 52
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2020

Costa Rica & Panama Ecological Forecasting II: Identifying Current and Future Areas of Environmental Concern in La Amistad International Park to Inform Resource Management

Seven percent of all scientifically known life forms lie within the 202,230 square miles of Central America, making this area ecologically unique and increasing the need for environmental management. The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor forms a conservation partnership throughout Central America to establish a forested corridor of over 600 protected areas. Although conservation programs exist, deforestation still afflicts the area, putting strain on these diverse ecosystems. La Amistad International Park in southern Costa Rica and northern Panama in particular faces conflicting land use changes. Expanding agricultural development and urbanization, combined with concern over indigenous land rights, have raised questions about the implementation of sustainability goals and communication strategies within the region. To help address these issues, the NASA DEVELOP Costa Rica & Panama Ecological Forecasting II team continued a partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Energy in Costa Rica and the National Environmental Authority in Panama. The team created a Land Use Conflict Identification Strategy (LUCIS) model based on land cover maps for 2019 and 2029 that were created in term I using imagery from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). With partner input, the team applied weights to different objectives and combined suitability maps to identify areas of potential biodiversity conflict. Additionally, the team created a Short-term Forest Change (SFTC) Tool using Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Landsat 8 OLI, and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument to help the partners identify areas of immediate, major forest changes. The LUCIS model indicated higher agricultural growth when compared to the ecological category.

Ecological Forecasting↗
NASA NTRS2020

Costa Rica & Panama Ecological Forecasting II: Identifying Current and Future Areas of Environmental Concern in La Amistad International Park to Inform Resource Management

Seven percent of all scientifically known life forms lie within the 202,230 square miles of Central America, making this area ecologically unique and increasing the need for environmental management. The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor forms a conservation partnership throughout Central America to establish a forested corridor of over 600 protected areas. Although conservation programs exist, deforestation still afflicts the area, putting strain on these diverse ecosystems. La Amistad International Park in southern Costa Rica and northern Panama in particular faces conflicting land use changes. Expanding agricultural development and urbanization, combined with concern over indigenous land rights, have raised questions about the implementation of sustainability goals and communication strategies within the region. To help address these issues, the NASA DEVELOP Costa Rica & Panama Ecological Forecasting II team continued a partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Energy in Costa Rica and the National Environmental Authority in Panama. The team created a Land Use Conflict Identification Strategy (LUCIS) model based on land cover maps for 2019 and 2029 that were created in term I using imagery from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). With partner input, the team applied weights to different objectives and combined suitability maps to identify areas of potential biodiversity conflict. Additionally, the team created a Short-term Forest Change (SFTC) Tool using Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Landsat 8 OLI, and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument to help the partners identify areas of immediate, major forest changes. The LUCIS model indicated higher agricultural growth when compared to the ecological category.

Ecological Forecasting↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mapping Wetland and Riparian Areas to Support Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Habitat Restoration

The Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis; RGCT) population has declined significantly over the last century due to habitat loss, competition, and hybridization with non-native trout species. The species currently occupies roughly 11% of its historic habitat. Conservation efforts led by government and private actors have succeeded in increasing RGCT populations since the early 2000s. State, federal, and private partners began the largest native trout restoration initiative in North America. Since 2002, these efforts have included wetland and riparian area restoration and RGCT reintroduction. Current restoration efforts focus on restoring the Costilla Creek Watershed located in Colorado and New Mexico to provide cool water temperatures, improve water quality, and maintain suitable habitat for the trout species. To guide these restoration efforts, the team conducted a rapid assessment to locate and characterize wetland and riparian areas in the Costilla Creek watershed. The team utilized NASA data from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), as well as the Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI), and the Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for May 2016 to October 2019. To produce probability maps of wetland presence, the team used the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling (SAHM) incorporating predictor variables generated from topographic indices, spectral indices, and radar. The top three models (General Wetland model, Stream and Wetland Connectivity model, and Inclusive Wetland model) showed a strong ability to detect wetlands. They all had AUC values greater than 0.9 and had high overlap with wetland areas during visual assessment over high-resolution imagery. The General Wetland model output was converted into a wetland polygon dataset and polygons were classified by wetland type. The resulting maps and datasets will support partners in determining the extent of possible RGCT habitat and identifying where habitat restoration efforts may be needed.

NASA DEVELOP↗
NASA NTRS2020

Charles River Watershed Water Resources: Assessing Flooding Vulnerability to Assist High Water Intervention and Urban Planning Programs in the Charles River Watershed

The Charles River watershed intersects 35 municipalities within the Boston Metropolitan Area and has a population of 1.2 million, making it one of the most densely populated watersheds in New England. In recent years, the watershed has observed higher rates of flood inundation, mainly due to increased development, extreme precipitation events, and increased surface runoff. As the frequency of flood events increases and a changing climate poses an ongoing threat to local communities, governments, and organizations in Massachusetts need accurate flood risk assessments. This project partnered with the Charles River Watershed Association, the Town of Natick’s Office of Sustainability, and the Massachusetts Audubon Society to assess the potential for watershed degradation, flood vulnerability, and flood susceptibility in the watershed. The team used Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Sentinel-1 C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-SAR), and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) to assess the feasibility of identifying flood events using remote sensing. After identifying images that overlapped with the reported flood events, the team concluded that it was not feasible to use Earth observation data to detect localized flooding. Instead, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100-year floodplain was used as a proxy for areas where flooding may occur. The team used statistical analysis and supervised classification to develop a flood susceptibility map, incorporating factors like soil drainage, height above nearest drainage, and topographic wetness index. This was overlaid with demographic and socioeconomic data to create a flood vulnerability map. The flood susceptibility map captured over 2/3 of reported flood events in the watershed, an improvement over the 1/3 of events captured by the FEMA 100-year and 500-year floodplain maps.

DEVELOP Project Summary↗
NASA NTRS1996

The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer for Cassini

The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) is a remote sensing instrument developed for the Cassini mission to Saturn by an international team representing the national space agencies of the United States, Italy, and France. A dual imaging spectrometer, VMS' unique design consists of two optical systems boresighted and operating in tandem, coordinated by a common electronics unit.

imaging↗
NASA NTRS2012

HyspIRI Cloud Mask Detection Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document

The Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) satellite includes a thermal infrared (TIR) multispectral scanner with seven spectral bands in the thermal infrared (TIR) between 7 and 12 μm and one band in the mid-infrared between 3 and 5 μm designed to measure hot targets. The TIR bands have a NEΔT of <0.2 K at 300K and all bands have a spatial scale of 60 m. The two primary Level-2 products that will be generated by HyspIRI TIR data are land surface temperature and emissivity. A critical aspect of minimizing uncertainties in these products and in generating global Level-3 products is an accurate and reliable cloud mask algorithm. This document describes the methodology behind developing the HyspIRI Cloud Mask Algorithm (HyCMA), and challenges associated with cloud detection. The HyCMA will derive its heritage from previously well established cloud mask algorithms such as the Landsat ACCAA, MODIS MOD35 and AVHRR.

Hook, Simon J.↗
NASA NTRS2023

Lake Anna Water Resources: Using NASA Earth Observations to Identify Algal Event Risk Factors in Lake Anna and Help Inform Future Management Practices

Lake Anna is a man-made reservoir and popular recreation destination that spans over 13,000 acres-9,600 public and 3,400 private-in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The Lake has recently seen a rise in documented harmful algal blooms (HABs), which pose a variety of community and ecological concerns and are often exacerbated by anthropogenic factors, such as excess nutrient loads from agricultural runoff. NASA DEVELOP has partnered with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to help monitor cyanobacteria and nutrient pollution indicators across Lake Anna. The team utilized Earth observations (EO) and in situ ancillary data to identify and monitor algal bloom trends. The team used Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Landsat 9 OLI-2, Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI), and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) to analyze water quality variables such as chlorophyll-a, turbidity, surface temperature, and cyanobacteria. Due to the lack of comprehensive in situ data and historic HAB event records, our ability to compare and validate EOs was limited. Additionally, deficient spatial resolutions, along with a geographically complicated shoreline, accentuated the spatial constraints we faced in our analysis. After examining EOs, our results indicated conditions conducive to the formation of HABs within the upper reaches of Lake Anna. Yet, spatially dependent limiting factors may have also influenced where these phenomena developed. When used in concert with existing in situ datasets, NASA EOs provide relevant stakeholders with more comprehensive analyses with which to engage in enhanced monitoring and watershed management.

cyanobacteria↗
NASA NTRS1974

ERTS image data compression technique evaluation

The background and results of an investigation concerning the use of multispectral data compression in the ERTS program are presented. An average compression of greater than 2:1 has been achieved under the constraint of zero distortion in the reconstructed image, and four MSS tapes can be compressed to fill less than one reel of magnetic tape. A preliminary study of the hardware implementation of this processor proves the feasability of compression at input bit rates of over 100Mbs.

May, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Imaging air pollutants in the near ultraviolet

This paper discusses a program for remote sensing of air pollutants called Multispectral Observation of Pollutants System (MOPS). The broad objective of the program is to photograph 'invisible' gaseous pollutants by combining ultraviolet imaging in several spectral bands with portable data processing equipment. Electronic cameras using solid state imaging arrays of large dynamic range will permit very low contrast images to be electronically ratioed and contrast enhanced, thus bringing out pollutant images which are below the contrast threshold of film. Such photographs will allow synoptic coverage of geographic areas providing source, sink, and flow data on pollutants, and will provide reconnaissance and pointing information for other remote sensors. The principle gases to be mapped by MOPS will be ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

Norris, D.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A new image enhancement algorithm with applications to forestry stand mapping

The theory and applications are presented of a new image enhancement algorithm which refines computer classification maps of multispectral data. The refinement eliminates connected sets smaller than a prespecified size and merges them to the surrounding area. Conventional practices in forestry timber stand mapping requires small geographic areas to be absorbed by surrounding large areas to form homogeneous stands. This homogeneity is often incompatible with the statistical formulation of homogeneity. Elements within a timber stand which should be labeled as one feature often correspond to more than one class mapped by existing computer classification techniques. The new algorithm is designed to postprocess classification maps to result in more usable timber stand maps. The new image enhancement technique is compared with an accepted neighbor-checking postprocessing technique, demonstrating the superiority of the new technique for forestry stand mapping.

Kan, E. P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Multispectral photography for earth resources

A guide for producing accurate multispectral results for earth resource applications is presented along with theoretical and analytical concepts of color and multispectral photography. Topics discussed include: capabilities and limitations of color and color infrared films; image color measurements; methods of relating ground phenomena to film density and color measurement; sensitometry; considerations in the selection of multispectral cameras and components; and mission planning.

Wenderoth, S.↗
NASA NTRS2003

IKONOS Spatial Resolution and Image Interpretability Characterization

This paper contains research from five individual projects to characterize the spatial performance of the IKONOS commercial imaging sensor. The end result of the projects is determination of the spatial image quality of IKONOS data prodicts in terms of the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS), the system Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), the system stability over the first year, the characteristics of the Space Imaging MTF Compensation (MTFC) procedure, and the application-specific capabilities of IKONOS imagery. Both panchromatic and multispectral imagery were evaluated. Major conclusions of this work are that the system was stable im imaging performance during the first year of operation, tha its MTF meets the specification for the NASA Scientific Data Purchase program, that the initial MTFC processing appears to be transposed in the in-track and the cross-track directions, that the MTFC results in a noise amplification of 2x to 4x in addition to sharpening the imagery, and that IKONOS panchromatic imagery achieves an average NIIRS rating of 4.5.

Ryan, Robert↗
NASA NTRS2011

Developing and Evaluating RGB Composite MODIS Imagery for Applications in National Weather Service Forecast Offices

Satellite remote sensing has gained widespread use in the field of operational meteorology. Although raw satellite imagery is useful, several techniques exist which can convey multiple types of data in a more efficient way. One of these techniques is multispectral compositing. The NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center has developed two multispectral satellite imagery products which utilize data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites, based upon products currently generated and used by the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The nighttime microphysics product allows users to identify clouds occurring at different altitudes, but emphasizes fog and low cloud detection. This product improves upon current spectral difference and single channel infrared techniques. Each of the current products has its own set of advantages for nocturnal fog detection, but each also has limiting drawbacks which can hamper the analysis process. The multispectral product combines each current product with a third channel difference. Since the final image is enhanced with color, it simplifies the fog identification process. Analysis has shown that the nighttime microphysics imagery product represents a substantial improvement to conventional fog detection techniques, as well as provides a preview of future satellite capabilities to forecasters.

Oswald, Hayden↗
NASA NTRS1976

Earth observation image data format

A flexible format for computer compatable tape (CCT) containing multispectral earth observation sensor data is described. The driving functions which comprise the data format requirements are summarized and general data format guidelines are discussed.

Sos, J. Y.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Image Collection Simulation Using High-Resolution Atmospheric Modeling

A new method is described for simulating the passive remote sensing image collection of ground targets that includes effects from atmospheric physics and dynamics at fine spatial and temporal scales. The innovation in this research is the process of combining a high-resolution weather model with image collection simulation to attempt to account for heterogeneous and high-resolution atmospheric effects on image products. The atmosphere was modeled on a 3D voxel grid by a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) driven by forcing data constrained by local ground-based and air-based observations. The spatial scale of the atmospheric model (10–100 m) came closer than conventional weather forecast scales (10–100 km) to approaching the scale of typical commercial multispectral imagery (2 m). This approach was demonstrated through a ground truth experiment conducted at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. In this experiment, calibrated targets (colored spectral tarps) were placed on the ground, and the scene was imaged with WorldView-3 multispectral imagery at a resolution enabling the tarps to be visible in at least 9–12 image pixels. The image collection was simulated with Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) software, using the 3D atmosphere from the LES model to generate a high-resolution cloud mask. The high-resolution atmospheric model-predicted cloud coverage was usually within 23% of the measured cloud cover. The simulated image products were comparable to the WorldView-3 satellite imagery in terms of the variations of cloud distributions and spectral properties of the ground targets in clear-sky regions, suggesting the potential utility of the proposed modeling framework in improving simulation capabilities, as well as testing and improving the operation of image collection processes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1986

Thermal imaging spectroscopy in the Kelso-Baker Region, California

The ability of the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data to identify rock composition using thermal-infrared spectroscopy was assessed. A region was selected with a wide range of rock and soil types in an arid environment, and the spectra acquired by TIMS was compared to laboratory spectra of collected samples. A TIMS image was acquired of the Kelso-Baker region in the Mojave desert of California at a surface resolution of approximately 7 m. This image was then used to map the areal extent of each geologic component. The TIMS data provided an excellent means for discriminating and mapping rocks of very similar mineralogy. These findings suggest that thermal-infrared spectroscopy can provide a powerful tool for identifying and mapping rock composition on the Earth and other terrestrial planets.

Christensen, Philip R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Validation of 2D Te and ne measurements made with Helium imaging spectroscopy in the volume of the TCV divertor

Abstract Multi-spectral imaging of helium atomic emission (HeMSI) has been used to create 2D poloidal maps of T e and n e in TCV’s divertor. To achieve these measurements, TCV’s MANTIS multispectral cameras (Perek et al 2019 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90 123514) simultaneously imaged four He I lines (two singlet and two triplet) and a He II line (468 nm) from passively present He and He + . The images, which were absolutely calibrated and covered the whole divertor region, were inverted through the assumption of toroidal symmetry to create emissivity profiles and, consequently, line-ratio profiles. A collisional-radiative model (CRM) was applied to the line-ratio profiles to produce 2D poloidal maps of T e and n e . The collisional-radiative modeling was accomplished with the Goto helium CRM code (Zholobenko et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 126006, Zholobenko et al 2018 Technical Report , Goto 2003 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 76 331–44) which accounts for electron-impact excitation (EIE) and deexcitation, and electron–ion recombination (EIR) with He + . The HeMSI T e and n e measurements were compared with co-local Thomson scattering measurements. The two sets of measurements exhibited good agreement for ionizing plasmas: ( 5 eV ⩽ T e ⩽ 60 eV , and 2 × 10 18 m − 3 ⩽ n e ⩽ 3 × 10 19 m − 3 ) in the case of majority helium plasmas, and ( 10 eV ⩽ T e ⩽ 40 eV , 2 × 10 18 m − 3 ⩽ n e ⩽ 3 × 10 19 m − 3 ) in the case of majority deuterium plasmas. However, there were instances where HeMSI measurements diverged from Thomson scattering. When T e ⩽ 10 eV in majority deuterium plasmas, HeMSI deduced inaccurately high values of T e . This disagreement cannot be rectified within the CRM’s EIE and EIR framework. Second, on sporadic occasions within the private flux region, HeMSI produced erroneously high measurements of n e . Multi-spectral imaging of Helium emission has been demonstrated to produce accurate 2D poloidal maps of T e and n e within the divertor of a tokamak for plasma conditions relevant to contemporary divertor studies.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗