LEVERAGING RESILIENCE METRICS TO SUPPORT ANALYSIS OF SECURITY SYSTEMS.
Abstract not provided.
Caskey, Susan↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “SUSAN”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Analysis of FRAM Measurements to Establish Methodology Uncertainty
Qualification measurements were performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on a variety of measurement standards. These measurements will be used to qualify the Fixed-Energy, Response Function Analysis with Multiple Efficiency (FRAM) code with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector for use at ORNL. Measured items include uranium isotopic standards, U 3 O 8 line sources, and a uranium tetrafluoride source. The 235 U enrichment was estimated using the FRAM isotopic analysis software for each source and compared with the declared isotopic values.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Analysis of ISOCS Measurements to Establish Methodology Uncertainty
Qualification measurements were performed at the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on a variety of measurement standards. These measurements will be used to qualify the In-Situ Object Counting System (ISOCS) measurement method with a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector for use at ORNL. Measured items include uranium isotopic standards, filter papers coated with uranium oxide (U 3 O 8 ), U 3 O 8 line sources, and a uranium tetrafluoride (UF 4 ) source. The 235 U mass was estimated using the ISOCS calibration software for each source and compared with the declared isotope mass value.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Toward Better Understanding of Microphysical Processes and Resulting Precipitation Physics: A Merger Of Observations and Cloud Models (Final Report)
A large database of global disdrometer observations and a diverse set of simulations from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) were compared using principal component analysis (PCA) in order to better understand warm and ice-based precipitation processes. The analysis demonstrated that six distinct precipitation groups (PGs) with common characteristics were revealed in both the observations and model simulations. These PGs were defined by similar co-variability of rain parameters. However, the model showed large concentrations of drops with a given size compared to the observations. Detailed investigations determined the parameterization of drop breakup was forcing the drops to an equilibrium size with a stronger constraint than was indicated by the observations. A series of sensitivity studies permutating the rain shape parameter in the RAMS 2-moment bulk scheme demonstrated how the assumed shape of the rain distribution influences the microphysics as well as precipitation characteristics. Results were compared to the same simulations performed with a bin microphysics scheme where the rain shape parameter is freely evolving. In the bin scheme, a wide range of shape parameters were found, with horizontal and vertical variability, in addition to being a function of storm lifetime. The results of this study highlight the limitations of a fixed assumed rain distribution in 2-moment microphysics schemes. Model simulations were used to probe the microphysical origins of the six PGs. Rain budgets from a supercell case showed that several of the groups hypothesized to be associated with strong ice microphysical processes had significant contributions from melting hail, but the complexity of ice and warm-rain processes in the supercell precluded definitive determination of microphysical origins for many of the PGs. A case study from the Mid-latitude Continental Convection and Clouds Experiment (MC3E) compared the model PGs to disdrometer observations, and demonstrated the spatial and temporal variability of the PGs which is not possible from disdrometer point measurements alone. The analyses performed during this project demonstrated how statistical analysis can provide a robust method for comparing model simulations and observations, which ultimately resulted identification of limitations in some current microphysics parameterizations as well as insights into precipitation variability which ultimately benefits both observations and modeling efforts.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
QSCOUT: A ?White-Box? Quantum Testbed Based on Trapped Ions at Sandia National Laboratories .
Abstract not provided.
Clark, Susan↗
Evaluation of Improvements in Storage Efficiencies, Containment, Assurance, CO 2 Plume Movement, and Verification of Storage Technologies
This report summarizes some of the evolving improvements in key technical skills that are developing to support a large-scale commercial application of CCS as well as support rapidly increasing interest in carbon negative technologies. It does not attempt to review relatively well-known processes and procedures that are familiar to many CCS experts; rather focuses on novel concepts that have the potential to provide breakthroughs and add high benefit as projects evolve. Some elements described are in development or not yet proven ideas for which we provide an expression of status of confidence at the time of writing. Topics covered are evaluation of improvements in storage efficiency estimation, containment assurance methods, CO 2 plume movement and pressure prediction, and monitoring and verification of storage methods.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Results of Storage Complex Readiness Evaluation
In this report, the results from Task 4.2.1 and 2.1.b are used to evaluate storage complex readiness. In this subtask we compare the results of the traditional formation-by-formation storage assessment to a new method designed to consider all the potential storage resource. This work has been in part coordinated with a study funded as part of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory led “Road to Removal” study. This overview is a at national scale and places the SECARB region in that context.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Cell G 7606A Mockup Measurement Analysis Methods and Results
The production of research isotopes at the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) invariably leads to the accumulation of radioactive waste. Storage of this waste onsite at ORNL serves as an interim solution prior to shipment to long term storage facilities, however onsite capacity is limited. Proper characterization of the activity of waste products is essential for determining the appropriate waste stream and, ultimately, mitigating the cost of disposal. This is typically done via gamma spectrometry and use of the In-Situ Object Counting System (ISOCS), a software package from Mirion that serves as an accepted community standard. However, variability in the contents, density, and activity distribution in waste containers can introduce large errors in ISOCS quantification. A measurement campaign using a mockup of the proposed setup in Cell G seeks to quantify the magnitude and source of these systematic errors. Analysis of this data will guide the creation of ISOCS geometry templates and measurement methods designed to minimize overall uncertainty in reported activities.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Measurement Plan for Uncertainty Contributions to 252 Cf Waste Measurements
This measurement plan establishes the methodology for performing and analyzing mock-up measurements of Building 7930 Cell G Cf waste generated from 252 Cf product preparation to better determine the measurement uncertainty contributors. Understanding the uncertainty contributors will establish the total measurement uncertainty. This is critical because it will impact the administrative threshold at which personnel can discriminate between low-level waste (LLW) and transuranic (TRU) waste.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Snowmass Cosmic Frontier Report
This report summarizes the current status of Cosmic Frontier physics and the broad and exciting future prospects identified for the Cosmic Frontier as part of the 2021 Snowmass Process.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Energy Storage Grand Challenge: Energy Storage Market Report
As part of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy Storage Grand Challenge (ESGC), DOE intends to synthesize and disseminate best available energy storage data, information, and analysis to inform decision-making and accelerate technology adoption. The ESGC Roadmap provides options for addressing technology development, commercialization, manufacturing, valuation, and workforce challenges to position the United States for global leadership in the energy storage technologies of the future. This report provides a baseline understanding of the numerous, dynamic energy storage markets that fall within the scope of the ESGC via an integrated presentation of deployment, investment, and manufacturing data from the best, publicly-available sources. This report covers the following energy storage technologies: lithium ion batteries, lead acid batteries, pumped storage hydropower, comrpessed air energy storage, redox flow batteries, hydrogen, building thermal energy storage, and select long duration energy storage technologies. Not all energy storage technologies and markets could be addressed in this report. Due to the wide array of energy technologies, market niches, and data availability issues, this market report only included a select group of technologies. For example, thermal energy storage technologies are very broadly defined and cover a wide range of potential markets, technology readiness levels, and primary energy sources. In other areas, data scarcity necessitates a greater understanding of future applications and emerging science. Future efforts will update data presented in this report and be expanded to include other energy storage technologies. This data-driven assessment of the current status of energy storage markets is essential to track progress toward the goals described in the Energy Storage Grand Challenge and inform the decision-making of a broad range of stakeholders. At the same time, gaps identified through the development of this report can point to areas where further data collection and analysis could provide an even greater level of understanding of the full range of markets and technologies. Finally, numerous complementary analyses are planned, underway, or completed that will provide a deeper understanding of the specific technologies and markets covered at a high-level in this report.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
QSCOUT: A ?White-Box? Quantum Testbed Based on Trapped Ions at Sandia National Laboratories .
Abstract not provided.
Clark, Susan↗
The Impact of Increased Requirements for Verification Measurements of Category III and IV Receipts
As part of the regular nuclear material accounting and control process, sites that have accountable nuclear material regularly perform measurements of the material in their possession. The expectation for the type of measurements and their frequency is set out in Department of Energy (DOE) Order 474.2, and further detailed in each site’s respective material control and accountability (MC&A) plan and associated controlling documents. The measurements of interest in this report are those performed on external (between DOE sites) transfer receipts of Category III or IV accountable materials. In 2020, a revision of DOE Order 474.2 was proposed that would significantly increase the requirement that measurements be performed upon receipt of material, and further, that those measurements be quantitative verification (rather than qualitative confirmatory) measurements. A survey was performed of DOE sites to discuss the impact on their MC&A measurements program if more rigorous verification measurements requirements for Category III and IV receipts were implemented. An assessment of nondestructive assay (NDA) measurement instruments to meet those needs was also performed. Across the board, sites indicated that personnel and budget would cause the largest impact. Sites which are qualified as Category I/II indicated a reduced impact as these sites already have the measurement capabilities and some personnel but would require the acquisition of additional measurement systems. Category III/IV sites indicated a much larger impact as these sites generally have smaller MC&A programs. A few smaller sites stated a measurement program would need to be created to handle the demand. Calorimetry, quantitative gamma spectroscopy and neutron coincidence counting systems were identified as common systems that could meet the verification measurement requirements. The other, and perhaps larger issue is the need for calibration standards for the calorimetry and neutron coincidence counting systems. It is proposed that a comparative study be performed for ISOCS and ISOTOPICS, qualification of a COTS calorimetry system be performed, and development of an AWCC system that uses a neutron generator.
98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
Simulation, Challenge Testing & Validation of Occupancy Recognition & CO 2 Technologies (Final Project Report)
This final report covers the results of the development of testing methods of occupancy sensor systems connected to HVAC controls. This project focused on the development of test methods to evaluate the performance of HVAC-connected occupancy sensor systems, including occupancy presence, occupancy counting, and CO 2 sensor systems in commercial and residential buildings. This included evaluation of the reliability, ease of commissioning, and energy savings potential of these sensor systems. The results of this work help to standardize the methods used to evaluate performance, to enable the ability to compare sensor system performance following the same methods, to understand which sensor systems perform better or worse compared to others. The U.S. building stock’s energy usage can benefit substantially from having building system operations informed by reliable occupancy recognition and CO 2 measurements, however to date, standard methods have not been in place to ensure that sensor systems’ reported performance is uniformly evaluated. The results of this work support the development of a standard or guideline that outlines the developed methods of testing. This project also included the testing of both off-the-shelf and novel SENSOR team-developed low-cost occupancy sensor systems, using the developed methods of testing. The results of this testing helped to inform further development and improvement of new low-cost sensor systems that will benefit from being used in residential and commercial buildings throughout the country.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Measurement of Iodine, Iodide, and Iodate in Hanford Tank Waste: Technology Transfer from PNNL to Hanford 222-S Laboratory
This report summarizes the measurement of the inorganic chemical forms of iodine in Hanford tank waste. The Hanford tank wastes have roughly a part per million iodine. Part of the iodine is the long-lived beta emitter 129I, and the rest is stable 127I. Because tank waste iodine is radioactive and radiotoxic, its chemical form must be known so that its behavior in the vitrification process can be reliably known and anticipated in various waste streams (glass, secondary liquid and solid waste, and offgas emissions) at Hanford. Iodine in tank wastes exists in the inorganic chemical forms iodide and iodate (and possibly also periodate) and also as organic forms such as alkyl iodides. The measurement of organic iodides is very different from the measurement of inorganic forms and is outside the scope of this report. The inorganic chemical forms are chemically separated, in sequence, from the raw tank waste using solvent extractions and several redox reactions, then measured by ICP-MS. The inorganic chemical forms of iodine are chemically reactive, and so is the tank waste. The chemistry must be carefully designed to avoid unintended reactions that could convert one form of iodine to another during the analysis, which would skew the data and report iodine in the wrong chemical form. This iodine analysis, developed at PNNL, is being transferred to the DOE 222-S Laboratory on the Hanford Site, in Washington State, for implementation during waste processing operations.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
PNNL FY 2022 Sibling Pin Testing Results
This report presents the results of testing two rods after heat treatment at 400C for 8 hours and compares to the results from FY 2021 of similar rods that were tested as baseline. The heat treatment resulted in a decrease in yield stress.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Multiplexed Probing for Functional Capacity Measurements in Complex and Limited-Size Samples
A new strategy using glass as a solid support for functionalization with chemical probes has been recently developed with successful results. The next step in glass functionalization is to pair chemical probes with fluorescent glass microspheres. This approach gives us a way to directly quantify probe-bound protein using Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). FACS has already shown to be amendable to glass microspheres, demonstrating changes in probe-bound protein concentration. Suitable probing conditions for gram-positive and negative microbes, complex microbial communities from myriad ecosystems, and eukaryotic cells/tissues have traditionally suffered from set-backs, such as limited protein per sample and conditions atypical for probing. To remedy this, we propose to: (1) Demonstrate probe functionalization specific to glass microspheres by paired fluorophore and use those activity probes successfully with proteomics. Probes that are currently available (CYP5, GSH/GST, Glycoside Hydrolase) can be easily prepared onto glass surfaces. Probe-bound microspheres can be tested in ratios, first with known amounts of purified protein and then complex microbiome lysates. (2) Our validated microspheres are then used to determine quantitative amounts of protein through FACS sorting. Complimenting these results by proteomics, prepared microspheres are then optimized and condensed into a user-friendly kit. Once successfully commercialized, this multiplexed assay can be used with little to no technical expertise, making this available to various industries users.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
National Cost-effectiveness of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016
The purpose of this analysis is to examine the cost-effectiveness of the 2016 edition of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE 2016). Standard 90.1 is developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1. It is the model energy standard for commercial and multi-family residential buildings over three floors (42 USC 6833). PNNL analyzed the cost-effectiveness of changes in Standard 90.1 from 90.1-2013 to 90.1-2016, as applied in commercial buildings across the United States. During the development of new editions of Standard 90.1, the cost-effectiveness of individual changes (addenda) is often calculated to support the deliberations of ASHRAE Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1. The ASHRAE process, however, does not include analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the entire package of addenda from one edition of the standard to the next, which is of particular interest to adopting State and local governments. Providing States with an analysis of cost-effectiveness may encourage more rapid adoption of newer editions of energy codes based on Standard 90.1. This information may also inform the development of future editions of Standard 90.1. To establish the cost-effectiveness of Standard 90.1-2016, three main tasks were addressed: (1) Identification of building elements impacted by the updated standard; (2) Allocation of associated installation, maintenance, and replacement costs; and (3) Cost-effectiveness analysis of required changes In addition to installation, maintenance, and replacement costs, energy cost differences were needed to determine cost-effectiveness. The energy costs for each edition of Standard 90.1 were determined previously under the development of Standard 90.1-2016, as described below. The current analysis builds on the previous PNNL analysis (as outlined in Section 5.2) of the energy use and energy cost saving impacts of Standard 90.1-2016 compared to previous editions. The overall energy savings analysis of Standard 90.1 utilized a suite of 16 prototype EnergyPlus building models in 15 climate locations representing all eight U.S. climate zones. Detailed methodology and overall energy saving results from Standard 90.1-2016 are documented in the DOE technical report titled Energy Savings Analysis: ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 (DOE. 2018b).
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗