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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 937 records · Page 52
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Large Scale Computing and Storage Requirements for Basic Energy Sciences: Target 2017. Report of the NERSC Requirements Review Conducted October 8–9, 2013, Gathersburg, MD

The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) is the primary computing center for the DOE Office of Science, serving approximately 5,000 users working on some 700 projects that involve nearly 600 codes in a wide variety of scientific disciplines. In addition to large-scale computing and storage resources NERSC provides support and expertise that help scientists make efficient use of its systems. The latest review revealed several key requirements, in addition to achieving its goal of characterizing BES computing and storage needs. high-level findings are: 1) Scientists will need access to significantly more computational and storage resources to achieve their goalds and reach BES research objectives; 2) Users will need assistance from NERSC to prepare for Cori (NERSC-8) and follow-on manycore systems; 3) Research teams need to run complex jobs of many different types and scales; 4) BES is a leader in innovative use of HPC and requires a diverse set of resources and services from NERSC; and 5) BES facilities need computational analysis and data storage resources beyond what they can provide. This report expands upon these key points and add others. The results are based upon representative samples, called "case studies," of the needs of science teams within BES. The case study topics were selected by the NERSC meeting coordinators and BES program managers to represent the BES production computing workload. Prepared by BES workshop participants, the case studies contain a summary of science goals, methods of solution, current and future computing requirements, and special software and support needs. Also included are strategies for computing in the highly parallel "many-core" environment that is expected to dominate HPC architectures over the next few years.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Design Considerations for the Field Use of Safeguards Technology

The process of safeguards technology development, deployment, and use should be carried out in such a way that it supports the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA’s) international safeguards verification mission, while also being efficient in terms of both cost and time. This process, however, may be hindered by a lack of communication between the scientists or engineers developing the technology and the safeguards inspectors who would be using the equipment, as well as by a general lack of facility experience among the scientists or engineers designing safeguards technology. The latter point is particularly true for new graduates and junior staff working at design laboratories, who typically have not had significant experience in an industrial facility setting or in working with or for the IAEA directly. As a result, junior safeguards staff may have difficulty understanding inspector needs and the limitations of using safeguards technology in the field, often leading to inefficiencies (in the form of increased cost and time spent) in the safeguards technology design process. To mitigate this knowledge gap, the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, has developed a list of design considerations that should be incorporated when developing safeguards technology. Project findings with respect to nondestructive assay technology are detailed in this paper.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Accelerator Physics Center at Fermilab : History and Accomplishments (2007-2018)

Fermilab’s Accelerator Physics Center (APC) was created in June 2007 with mission to carry out research and development to keep the US leading high-energy physics laboratory at the forefront of accelerator science, technology and facility operation. In support of the FNAL high-energy physics research mission, APC scientists and enginners conducted accelerator R&D aimed at next-generation and beyond accelerator facilities; provided accelerator physics support for existing operational programs and the evolution thereof; trained accelerator scientists and engineer and established experimental programs for a broad range of accelerator R&D that can be accessed by both Fermilab staff and the US and world HEP community. APC was a center-place for in-depth design, research and development efforts which allowed the Laboratory to make intelligent decisions on the ILC in the US, on the Muon Collider, as well as originate projects like PIP-II (through the Proton Driver/Project-X work), LHC-AUP (via LARP) and the IOTA/FAST R&D facility. APC was also the birthplace and host of many national and international collaborations and several educational/training programs in beam physics resulted in 27 PhD theses. In the Fall 2018, following an important milestone of the first beam circulating in the IOTA ring, the APC was re-organized into several departments in Accelerator Division, charged to carry out the accelerator physics research with IOTA/FAST beams and making it relevant for future upgrades of the Fermilab accelerator complex.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Final Report: Student Support for the "Frontiers in Attosecond & Ultrafast X-ray Science" School

The following is the final report for DOE grant (DE-SC0017269) which supported the establishment of a new School for training young scientist in the area of attosecond and x-ray sciences. The topic of the School was well aligned with the roadmap defined by the DOE BESAC. The first-of-a-kind school entitled the “Frontiers of Attosecond and Ultrafast X-ray Science” (http://www.erice-attosecond.it/) (FAXS) was held during March 19-28, 2017 at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (http://www.ccsem.infn.it/) in Erice, Sicily. The FAXS Directors were Louis DiMauro (The Ohio State University, USA), Alicja Domaracka (CIMAP-CNRS, France) and Mauro Nisoli (Politecnico di Milano, Italy). The DOE funds were used to support the registration fee for young scientist (graduate students and postdocs) from US institutions (see attached list). The registration fee included participation, lodging and meals over the duration of the School.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Five rad things you can do with an “atom smasher”

Early in the 20th century, scientists began to unravel the atom’s inner workings, discovering tiny particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. To better understand how these particles work, pioneer scientists developed and built “atom smashers,” huge machines that accelerate particles to near the speed of light and crash them into each other at extremely high energies.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Study of Regional Climate Change Final Technical Report

Anthropogenic activity of fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions increase tropospheric aerosol concentrations causing a direct cooling effect by scattering solar radiation and thus increasing the Earth’s albedo. In addition, the aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei to regulate cloud droplet number and size, thereby changing both the cloud albedo, and the cloud lifetime and precipitation. Thus, the aerosol climate effect concerns intricate aerosol-cloud-radiation-precipitation interactions which are recognized to introduce the largest uncertainties in using GCMs to project future regional climate changes. The climate effects of aerosols are significant in the land regions of the Northern Hemisphere, in particular the sulfate aerosols over East Asia where significant anthropogenic SO 2 emissions have been observed and concentrations of other aerosol species are also high. The objective of the present project is to advance “modeling aerosol-cloud-climate interactions” in two areas: the aerosol-cloud microphysics interactions and model simulations of aerosol effects on regional climate with focus on East Asia. To achieve the objective, in addition to analyzing relevant observations, the project conducts and diagnoses regional and global climate model simulations. Specifically, two collaborative tasks were carried out: Task-1: Incorporating a physics-based, two-moments cloud scheme developed by J. P. Chen/National Taiwan University (NTU) into regional models (WRF and WRF-Chem) to study “aerosol-cloud microphysics interactions over eastern China and the southeast Pacific” ; for latter region, CMIP5 models exhibit distinct biases in (weaker) cloud radiative effects and (warmer) sea surface temperature. The task is conducted in collaboration with J.-P. Chen, H.-W. Xue/Peking University, and H. Liao/Institute of Atmospheric Physics; and Task-2: Diagnosis of NCAR-CESM and WRF model simulations of “aerosol climate effects” focusing on changes of circulation, precipitation and clouds over East Asia. The task is conducted in collaboration with J.-P. Chen, and I-Chun Tsai & H.-H. Hsu/Academia Sinica. For each task, several topical studies were carried out and documented in eleven (11) articles (five for Task-1 and six for Task-2), published in: J. Atmospheric Sciences (2); J. Climate (1); Climate Dynamics (3); J. Geophysical Research (2); Geophysical Research Letter (1); Int. J. Climatology (1); and Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (1). In addition, Wei-Chyung Wang (the PI) continues serving as the U. S. Chief Scientist for the joint agreement, “Climate Sciences”, between the U. S. DOE and China Ministry of Sciences and Technology (Riches et al., 2010). In this capacity, he works closely with Michael Riches/DOE (the U. S. Manager) to coordinate the scientific exchanges (visiting scientists) between the two countries. Educations (graduate students) and trainings (postdoctoral research associates) are key elements of the research project.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

New X-Ray Spectrometer Developed

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) are useful tools for characterizing numerous properties of a given material. They can give elemental composition, metal oxidation states, spin state, orbital occupancy, and more. A drawback is that these types of measurements have historically needed synchrotron light sources to generate high flux X-ray beams and high-resolution monochromators to provide a monoenergetic excitation source. Synchrotrons are building-sized facilities (often operated in the U.S. by the DOE) and have the scheduling complexities and logistical issues that accompany any large-scale research facility. There are added challenges for scientists wishing to analyze radioactive samples such as plutonium or other actinides. These limitations are now mitigated by a small, “portable” X-ray emission and absorption spectrometers developed by Los Alamos scientists and the University of Washington.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Study of Proton Stopping and Energy Deposition in Warm Dense Matter

This grant supported target fabrication and travel costs for Experiment LQ91 at the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation (MEC) of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory’s Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). LQ91 was the first experiment to study proton-heated Warm Dense Matter (WDM) with the MEC end station. It was scheduled as the first experiment in MEC following maintenance and upgrades to the optical high intensity laser during LCLS Run 16. The team consisted of scientists, postdocs, and Ph.D. students from UC San Diego and Stanford University divided into two overlapping shifts. The team arrived onsite during the optical intense laser commissioning time to setup and stayed until the end of the experiment culminating in five shifts of awarded LCLS beam time. Postdoc Mathieu Bailly-Grandvaux led preparations in the months leading up to the experiment. During the experiment and in subsequent analysis work, two other UC San Diego postdocs and five UC San Diego graduate students were heavily involved. In this way, the project provided invaluable hands-on training opportunities in high energy-density science for several early-career scientists.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Understanding and Constraining the Midlatitude Cloud Optical Depth Feedback in Climate Models (Final Report)

The objectives of this investigation are to provide a deeper understanding of the brightening of middle and high latitude clouds that occurs in many climate models as the climate warms, and to better understand why models give varying estimates of the strength of this negative feedback. The investigation may also provide new information on why models are deficient in their simulation of the present day clouds in these regions. The analysis will reveal which models simulate current clouds most realistically in the regions of interest, and relate this to the strength of the cloud feedbacks in the models. This will improve the uncertainty quantification of climate simulations and will provide theoretical understanding potentially leading to increased reliability of climate change projections. This will enhance the predictive understanding of the Earth system by analyzing the natural and anthropogenic components of global climate change in models. The primary methods involve the study of the clouds in the suite of CMIP5 model climate simulations and comparison of clouds in climate simulations with data from satellite measurement systems, with a particular emphasis on mixed-phase cloud physics, for which ice and water are present simultaneously. State-of-the-art climate model feedback analysis will be combined with new and more comprehensive observations of clouds available from modern measurement systems. Novel use of model simulations in combination with observations enables a deeper understanding of the role of clouds in climate change. Metrics that facilitate model-to-model and model-to-observation comparisons related to mixed-phase cloud physics will be developed and used to highlight challenges and opportunities for improving the state-of-the-science models. This investigation is a collaboration between the University of Washington, where the data work is concentrated and LLNL where the model data and the tools and expertise to do cloud feedback analysis are located. The grant supported the work of 3 different graduate students at different times (McCoy, Wall and Berry) Post-doctoral researcher Blaž Gasparini was also partially supported on this grant and led our collaboration with PNNL scientists. PNNL scientists also collaborated in the work of graduate student Wall (Po-Lun Ma). The main results of our research efforts are reported in 6 papers and 1 book chapter that were supported by this grant.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Theory and Simulation of Nanoscale Phenomena

The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT) is a Department of Energy/Office of Science Nanoscale Science Research Center (NSRC), operating as a national user facility devoted to establishing the scientific principles that govern nanoscale integration. Nanoscale integration is defined as assembling diverse nanoscale materials across length scales to design and achieve new properties and functionality. The CINT Theory and Simulation of Nanoscale Phenomena thrust is the component of CINT dedicated to developing and applying theory to enable nanoscale integration. Our focus is on understanding and simulating the unique behavior of integrated materials and systems with nanoscale structure. This mission is achieved through collaborations with CINT Users, between thrust scientists, and with CINT scientists from other thrusts. Our research is focused on three science directions that together form the basis for integration at the nanoscale, namely (i) Hierarchical structure and dynamics in soft matter, (ii) Excitation and Transport in Nanostructured Systems, and (iii) Emergent phenomena at surfaces and interfaces. A broad spectrum of techniques is developed and applied including continuum fluid theory, atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, static and dynamic electronic structure calculations, multiscale modeling, low-energy effective Hamiltonian methods, and perturbative and exact quantum many-body approaches. These tools are applied to physical systems of interest to CINT Users, the other CINT thrusts, and the general scientific community with the goals of understanding and controlling the interactions between nanoscale building blocks to assemble specific integrated structures, controlling energy transfer and other interactions over multiple length scales, and designing and exploiting the interactions within assembled structures to achieve new materials functionality.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Fast, Dynamic, and Scalable Algorithms for Large-Scale Constrained Optimization

Scientists and engineers constantly aim to optimize an objective subject to physical, environmental, and/or resource constraints. The technique of using mathematical models to formulate and find real solutions of such problems is known as mathematical optimization, a process that has become invaluable for design and discovery in numerous scientific fields. This project has focused on the design, analysis, and implementation of high-performance computing algorithms for solving cutting-edge optimization problems. These include problems that involve (1) data uncertainties, such as those in the future supply, demand, and capacity of a given power system, (2) extreme numbers of alternatives, such as in the design of electrical power grids to avoid network vulnerabilities, and (3) real-time decisions, such as in the control of chemical reactors. The key features of the new algorithms are that they are fast, dynamic, and scalable to meet the computational requirements of scientists and researchers working to optimize large-scale, complex systems. The algorithms that have been designed, analyzed, and tested as part of the project can be characterized based on the types of optimization problems they have been designed to solve. Much of the work has focused on algorithms for solving large-scale constrained optimization problems. Contributions have also been made in the design of algorithms for unconstrained optimization, with some specialized methods for solving problems that have inherent nonsmoothness. Contributions have also been made in areas that have grown to prominence in the field over the five-year award period. These include the design of algorithms for solving large-scale stochastic optimization problems, such as those that arise in large-scale machine learning, and in complexity analyses for solving nonconvex problems, which has been a focal point of much recent work in continuous optimization. Overall, the project has supported work that has led to almost 30 articles that have been published or accepted to top journals in the field of mathematical optimization.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

CMS Physics Co-coordinator Teaching Buyout

Prof. Tulika Bose has recently served as the Physics Co-coordinator of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Her two-year term started in September 2017 and ended on August 31st, 2019. As CMS Physics Co-coordinator she was one of two lead scientists charged with reviewing the entire scientific output of the CMS experiment. She helped define the goals and types of research that collaborators undertook as they hunted for new physics -- exotic particles that have been theorized to exist as well as new yet unpredicted phenomena. She was responsible for organizing activities to produce and review the physics results of the CMS experiment. CMS scientists published well over 100 papers each year. As Physics Co-coordinator she oversaw all of the issues that went into ensuring that the results were correct and the best that can be produced.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

2019 LLNL Nuclear Science and Security Summer Internship Program

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Nuclear Science and Security Summer Internship Program (NS 3 IP) is designed to give graduate students an opportunity to come to LLNL for 8-10 weeks of hands-on research. Students conduct research under the supervision of a staff scientist, attend a weekly lecture series, interact with other students, and present their work in poster format at the end of the program. Students also have the opportunity to meet staff scientists one-on-one, participate in LLNL facility tours (e.g., the National Ignition Facility and Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry), and gain a better understanding of the various science programs at LLNL.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

ASCR@40: Highlights and Impacts of ASCR’s Programs

A report compiled by the ASCAC Subcommittee on the 40-year history of ASCR for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research. The Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) sits within the Office of Science in the Department of Energy (DOE). Per their web pages, “the mission of the ASCR program is to discover, develop, and deploy computational and networking capabilities to analyze, model, simulate, and predict complex phenomena important to the DOE.” This succinct statement encompasses a wide range of responsibilities for computing and networking facilities; for procuring, deploying, and operating high performance computing, networking, and storage resources; for basic research in mathematics and computer science; for developing and sustaining a large body of software; and for partnering with organizations across the Office of Science and beyond. While its mission statement may seem very contemporary, the roots of ASCR are quite deep—long predating the creation of DOE. Applied mathematics and advanced computing were both elements of the Theoretical Division of the Manhattan Project. In the early 1950s, the Manhattan Project scientist and mathematician John von Neumann, then a commissioner for the AEC (Atomic Energy Commission), advocated for the creation of a Mathematics program to support the continued development and applications of digital computing. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) scientist John Pasta created such a program to fund researchers at universities and AEC laboratories. Under several organizational name changes, this program has persisted ever since, and would eventually grow to become ASCR.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Technology Transfer Excellence Award NTXBio

While a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Dr. Alex Koglin developed two compounds to create a better vaccine for Tuberculosis (TB). In 2015, Dr. Koglin took an entrepreneurial leave of absence from the Laboratory to start NTXBio, LLC. His objective was to develop and commercialize a TB vaccine based on two compounds he created while a scientist at the Los Alamos. In 2018, a total of 1.5 million people died from TB. According to the World Health Organization TB is the leading infectious disease resulting in death worldwide. Approximately one-quarter of the world’s population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes TB. Dr. Koglin non-exclusively licensed the two compounds from Los Alamos and began further development of the technology in collaboration with the Government of South Africa and universities to address the need for a vaccine to prevent TB. In their research and development of the compounds there was no evidence of cross resistance between other bacteria and the bacteria that causes TB. The compounds were tested in mouse models and demonstrated they can treat TB. Also, the tests have not shown any of the massive side effects that the current treatments for TB are showing. The company started production of the compounds using current manufacturing processes. Using these processes NTXBio could not produce the compounds at a reasonable price to be available for patients in third world countries. The company shifted to developing a new methodology “invitro synthetic biology” that can increase the production of these compounds and other vaccine molecules in a more affordable way. Dr. Koglin’s startup NTXBio is working to positively influence and secure the world vaccine supply by developing rapid on-demand production of the full spectrum of protein vaccines. Starting with the TB vaccine and advancing to common childhood vaccines, emergency and experimental vaccines such as those needed for COVID-19. NTXBio is capable of accelerated prototyping and manufacturing with increased purity and greater stability while reducing both cost and production time. The newly developed production methodology can be applied to not only the TB compounds licensed from Los Alamos, but also to their compounds that advance vaccine production for other diseases. Their technology produces vaccines fast enough to be fully deployable in areas without the need of specialized storage conditions and response times.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Request for the establishment of quantum information foundries

Quantum information science still requires basic science research to achieve its full potential. However, scientists require access to fabricated device samples if we are to utilize the full toolset for solving the pressing issues in the field such as materials, device layout, or optimal error correction methods.Currently, access to samples is either prohibitively expensive, or requires close collaboration with one of the few groups in the world developing these systems. A dedicated quantum foundry could,in principle,provide affordable samples designed with current best practices to a host of scientists who otherwise do not have access. We detail several different foundry models which we believe will assist the community in developing the science for both the underlying processes, as well as the more advanced chip layout and circuit design. Opening access to the broader community has the potential to significantly lower the barrier to entry and vastly improve the ability for researchers in fields ranging from condensed matter to materials characterization to systems engineering to contribute to accelerating the advance of quantum information science and technology.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Navigation and Meteorological Data from Multiple Sensors on Airborne Platform (NAVMET-AIR) Value-Added Product Report

The Navigation and Meteorological Data from Multiple Sensors on Airborne Platform (NAVMET-AIR) value-added product encompasses the aafnaviwg data set in the ARM Data Center (ADC), known as the IWG file, named for the Inter-Agency Working Group for Airborne Data and Telemetry Systems (IWGADTS). Its purpose is to produce a suite of tools to promote standardization of instrument interface, data format, and data processing. This data set’s contents are navigational and meteorological state variables at 1 Hz. It also contains higher-order data flags created by ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) scientists to aid analysis such as periods when the aircraft is flying level, operating in maneuvers, or flying through cloud. Due to the nature of research flights, the payload of the aircraft consists of many duplicate and overlapping instruments to ensure, in case of instrument failure, there is a backup to record the data. Measurements from multiple instruments are consolidated into a single file. Each variable of this data set is carefully chosen from the onboard instrumentation and quality checked by AAF scientists to create this wholistic and most accurate data set for airborne research. This document is intended to be a hub towards the individual “read me” files produced for each campaign. For reference about what instrument was used for calculations on specific days, the read me files are located in the ARM IOP archive at the addresses listed, or access the IOP (intensive operational period) database at https://www.archive.arm.gov/.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Understanding Interactive and Reproducible Computing With Jupyter Tools at Facilities

Increasingly Jupyter tools are being adopted and incorporated into High Performance Computing (HPC) and scientific user facilities. Adopting Jupyter tools enables more interactive and reproducible computational work at facilities across data life cycles. As the volume, variety, and scope of data grow, scientists need to be able to analyze and share results in user friendly ways. Human-centered research highlights design challenges around computational notebooks, and our qualitative user study shifts focus to better characterize how Jupyter tools are being used in HPC and science user facilities today. We conducted twenty-nine interviews, and obtained 103 survey responses from NERSC Jupyter users, to better understand the increasing role of interactive computing tools in DOE sponsored scientific work. We examine a range of issues that emerge using and supporting Jupyter in HPC ecosystems, including: how Jupyter is being used by scientists in HPC and user facility ecosystems; how facilities are purposefully supporting Jupyter in their ecosystems; feedback NERSC users have about the facility’s deployment, and, discuss features NERSC indicated would be helpful. We offer a variety of takeaways for staff supporting Jupyter at facilities, Project Jupyter and related open source communities, and funding agencies supporting interactive computing work.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗