Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “PUMPING”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 937 records · Page 52
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Moisture Recycling through Pumping by Mesoscale Convective Systems

Abstract Moisture recycling, the contribution of local evapotranspiration (ET) to precipitation, has been studied using bulk models assuming a well-mixed atmosphere. The latter is inconsistent with a climatologically stratified atmosphere that slants across latitudes. Reconciling the two views requires an understanding of overturning associated with different weather systems. In this study, we aim to better understand moisture recycling associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Using a convection-permitting WRF simulation equipped with water vapor tracers (WRF-WVT), we tag moisture from terrestrial ET in the U.S. Southern Great Plains during May 2015, when more than 20 MCS events occurred and produced significant precipitation and flooding. Water budget analysis reveals that approximately 76% of terrestrial ET is advected away from the region while the remaining 24% of terrestrial ET is “pumped” upward within the region, accounting for 12% of precipitation. Moisture recycling peaks during early night hours (1800–2400 LT) due to the mixing of the daytime accumulated ET by active convection. By focusing on five “diurnally driven” MCSs with less large-scale circulation influence than other MCSs during the same period, we find an upright pumping of terrestrial ET at the MCS initiation and development stages, which diverges into two branches during the MCS mature and decaying stages. One branch in the upper level advects the ET-sourced moisture downstream, while the other branch in the mid-to-upper level contributes to the trailing precipitation upstream. Overall, our analysis depicts a pumping mechanism associated with MCSs that mixes local ET vertically, highlighting its specific contributions to enhancing convective precipitation processes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Direct diode-pumped Kerr Lens 13 fs Ti:sapphire ultrafast oscillator using a single blue laser diode

We demonstrate a direct diode-pumped Kerr Lens Modelocked Ti:sapphire laser producing 13 fs pulses with 1.85 nJ energy at 78 MHz (145 mW) using a single laser diode pump. We also present a similar laser using three spectrally combined diodes, generating >300 mW output power with >50 nm bandwidth. We discuss the use of far-from TEM 00 pump laser sources, and their effect on the Kerr lens modelocking process.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lasing in 15 atm CO 2 cell optically pumped by a Fe:ZnSe laser

10 µm lasing is studied in a compact CO 2 -He cell pressurized up to 15 atm when optically pumped by a ∼50 mJ Fe:ZnSe laser tunable around 4.3 µm. The optimal pump wavelength and partial pressure of CO 2 for generating 10 µm pulses are found to be ∼4.4 µm and 0.75 atm, respectively. Without cavity optimization, the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency reached ∼10% at a total pressure of 7 atm. The gain lifetime is measured to be ∼1 µs at pressures above 10 atm, indicating the feasibility of using high-pressure optically pumped CO 2 for the efficient amplification of picosecond 10 µm pulses.

Tovey, Dana↗
DOE OSTI2022

Demonstration of a side-pumped cross-seeded thin-slab pre-amplifier for high-power Ti:Sa laser systems

Here, we demonstrate a room-temperature Ti:Sapphire (Ti:Sa) amplifier that uses a cross pump-seed geometry (cross-thin-slab) to generate 30-mJ output pulses at 0.5-kHz repetition rate, and 25 mJ at 1 kHz when pumped by 100-mJ, 515-nm pulses from a diode-pumped Yb:YAG laser. The geometry allows to maintain a crystal temperature of ~30°C using cooling water at 10°C. The amplifier is an attractive solution for use in the first stages of amplification in high peak and high average power chirped pulse amplification laser systems.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC - Bills of Materials: WEC, RO System, and Submersible Pump

This submission includes detailed Bills of Materials for the NREL-designed and -built Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC), as well as the reverse osmosis assembly and submersible pump that are used in the HERO WEC. The WEC file is specific to the components and sub-components that are included on the in-water buoy portion of the WEC. The RO file is specific to the components and sub-components that are included on the reverse osmosis module that is used for both the hydraulic and electric configuration. The submersible pumps file is specific to the components and sub-components that are included on the submersible pump module that is used feed the reverse osmosis module when the HERO WEC is in the electric configuration. In addition to this submission, an additional submission available for the WEC model itself, including the power electronics enclosure, and reverse osmosis assembly that is needed to supply water in the electric submission. A link is provided below. More details on this project including data, CAD drawings, etc. can be found in the HERO-WEC main page link below. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2013

IEA HPP Annex 41 Cold Climate Heat Pumps: Task 1 Report Literature and Technology Review United States - ORNL/TM-2013/472

During the mid-1970s, following the first oil embargo, heat pumps became of great interest to northern U. S. electric power companies, particularly for those experiencing large peak demands during the heating season, as shortages of natural gas and oil led to increased usage of direct electric heating. Air-source heat pumps (ASHP), given their wider market presence relative to other heat pump types, almost universal applicability, and inherent efficiency and capacity issues at cold outdoor temperatures were of primary interest as an electrical heating system alternative at that time. ASHPs based on the simple vapor compression cycle suffer both heating capacity (output) and efficiency (coefficient of performance or COP) degradation as the outdoor ambient temperature drops.

Baxter, Van D.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Modeling Ternary Pumped Storage Units

This report is one of a series of documents to be issued in the course of a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) project titled “Modeling and Analysis of Value of Advanced Pumped Storage Hydropower in the United States.” The objective of this overall effort is to investigate the advantages of recent advances in the design of pumped storage hydro plants. The objective of the first task of this project, “Develop Prototype Models of Advanced Pumped Storage Hydro (PSH) and Conventional Hydro (CH) Plants,” is to develop vendor-neutral dynamic simulation models for both fixed speed and adjustable speed PSH plants.

Koritarov, Vladimir↗
DOE OSTI2013

Modeling Adjustable Speed Pumped Storage Hydro Units Employing Doubly-Fed Induction Machines

This report is a part of a series of documents to be issued in the course of a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) project titled “Modeling and Analysis of Value of Advanced Pumped Storage Hydropower in the U.S.” The purpose of this report is to propose a model structure for an adjustable speed pumped storage hydro (PSH) unit employing a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM). The use of a DFIM with its rotor windings controlled by a power converter is the present state-of-the-art design for adjustable speed hydro pumped storage units. Although the theoretical basis for the analysis of DFIMs was developed at least 70 years ago (a paper by Charles Concordia et al. in 1942 describes the mathematical modeling and dynamic response of DFIM and refers to even earlier publications), it seems appropriate to provide the fundamental equations governing their dynamic behavior so that the following discussions on modeling these devices for stability studies are more meaningful.

Koritarov, Vladimir↗
DOE OSTI2014

Organic Matter Composition, Recycling Susceptibility, and the Effectiveness of the Biological Pump – An Evaluation Using NMR Spectra of Marine Plankton

Carbon (C) sequestration through fertilization of phytoplankton with micronutrients and enhancement of the absorption and retention of atmospheric C by ocean biota heavily depends on the efficiency of the “biological pump”. The long-term effectiveness of this strategy depends on a net transfer of C from the upper ocean-atmosphere system to the deep ocean where the C is removed from contact with the atmosphere for an extended period of time. This C removal can be equated to the amount of C fixation by phytoplankton minus the C cycling and regeneration in the euphotic zone. If the regeneration efficiency is increased, then despite increased C fixation, no net loss (sequestration) of C will result. A reduction in cycling efficiency in the euphotic zone, on the other hand, will increase the effectiveness of the “biological pump” and thus C sequestration. The degree of organic matter biodegradation and recycling depends on the “reactivity” of compounds synthesized by the biota, which in turn, is controlled by the structural characteristic of these compounds. There is considerable evidence that different phytoplankton taxa differ substantially in their biogeochemical characteristics and it is likely that the relative abundance of different compounds synthesized by these distinct taxa, and even within each group at different growth conditions, will differ too. This variability in biosynthesis and thus abundance of a wide range of organic compounds in the water column would lend itself to different susceptibility for biodegradation and regeneration. Knowledge of the distribution of various organic matter structural groups synthesized by distinct taxa, the dependence of the organic matter compound classes on different growth conditions (temperature, light, nutrients) and the selective susceptibility of these compound to regeneration is crucial for estimating the potential for rapid regeneration in the euphotic zone, and thus the effectiveness of the “biological pump”.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Modeling Results For the ITER Cryogenic Fore Pump (Final Report)

A numerical model characterizing the operation of a cryogenic fore-pump (CFP) for ITER has been developed at the University of Wisconsin – Madison during the period from March 15, 2011 through June 30, 2014. The purpose of the ITER-CFP is to separate hydrogen isotopes from helium gas, both making up the exhaust components from the ITER reactor. The model explicitly determines the amount of hydrogen that is captured by the supercritical-helium-cooled pump as a function of the inlet temperature of the supercritical helium, its flow rate, and the inlet conditions of the hydrogen gas flow. Furthermore the model computes the location and amount of hydrogen captured in the pump as a function of time. Throughout the model’s development, and as a calibration check for its results, it has been extensively compared with the measurements of a CFP prototype tested at Oak Ridge National Lab. The results of the model demonstrate that the quantity of captured hydrogen is very sensitive to the inlet temperature of the helium coolant on the outside of the cryopump. Furthermore, the model can be utilized to refine those tests, and suggests methods that could be incorporated in the testing to enhance the usefulness of the measured data.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Modular Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Feasibility Study for the Village of Chama, New Mexico

Attached to this cover letter is a high-level feasibility study evaluating the placement of a Modular Pumped Hydro (MPH) energy storage facility coupled with a solar PV array within the Village of Chama, NM. Originally, the intent was to evaluate co-locating a MPH facility with the new water treatment facility at Chama. However because the new water treatment facility is located at a relatively flat location with no elevation change nearby, this approach was abandoned. Instead, two other locations within the Chama community were identified. MPH pumps water from one reservoir to another reservoir located at higher elevation when energy is provided to the MPH facility, and then releases the water downhill to produce energy when desired. Any energy storage facility, independent of technology, must have access to a consistent energy production source. The reservoir surface areas associated with MPH allow solar PV panels to be co-located with the MPH facility. The study illustrates that a baseline Modular Pumped Hydro design coupled with a solar PV array is feasible to locate within the Village of Chama, NM. MPH was selected for energy storage review because of its superior performance, longevity, minimum cost to operate & maintain, potential to interface with existing or new water systems, and complementary solar siting. The volume and elevation values were selected as part of a single baseline design based on possible locations in Chama, ease of scalability to evaluate different sites, and the resulting energy storage capacity (approximately 720 kWh) could meet a significant demand of the Chama population (17% of total residences) each night of the year on average using a renewable source of energy. If a MPH facility as analyzed in this study or similar one is built, it is recommended incorporating some form of education display at the eventual MPH location to serve as public outreach to the many people who visit the Village of Chama each year. In addition, the facility described in this report can also provide unique educational opportunities for students in K through 12 to learn about energy and water interactions.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Case Study for ARRA-funded Ground-Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Demonstration at Oakland University

High initial costs and lack of public awareness of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) technology are the two major barriers preventing rapid deployment of this energy-saving technology in the United States. Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 26 GSHP projects have been competitively selected and carried out to demonstrate the benefits of GSHP systems and innovative technologies for cost reduction and/or performance improvement. This paper highlights the findings of a case study of one of the ARRA-funded GSHP demonstration projects, a ground-source variable refrigerant flow (GS-VRF) system installed at the Human Health Building at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan. This case study is based on the analysis of measured performance data, maintenance records, construction costs, and simulations of the energy consumption of conventional central heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems providing the same level of space conditioning as the demonstrated GS-VRF system. The evaluated performance metrics include the energy efficiency of the heat pump equipment and the overall GS-VRF system, pumping performance, energy savings, carbon emission reductions, and cost-effectiveness of the GS-VRF system compared with conventional HVAC systems. This case study also identified opportunities for reducing uncertainties in the performance evaluation, improving the operational efficiency, and reducing the installed cost of similar GSHP systems in the future.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2015

Advanced Variable Speed Air-Source Integrated Heat Pump (AS-IHP) Development (Final Report)

Between August 2011 and September 2015, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Nordyne, LLC (now Nortek Global HVAC LLC, NGHVAC) engaged in a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) to develop an air-source integrated heat pump (AS-IHP) system for the US residential market. Two generations of laboratory prototype systems were designed, fabricated, and lab-tested during 2011-2013. Performance maps for the system were developed using the latest research version of the DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model, or HPDM, (Rice 1991; Rice and Jackson 2005; Shen et al 2012) as calibrated against the lab test data. These maps were the input to the TRNSYS (SOLAR Energy Laboratory, et al, 2010) system to predict annual performance relative to a baseline suite of equipment meeting minimum efficiency standards in effect in 2006 (combination of 13 SEER air-source heat pump (ASHP) and resistance water heater with Energy Factor (EF) of 0.9). Predicted total annual energy savings, while providing space conditioning and water heating for a tight, well insulated 2600 ft2 (242 m2) house at 5 U.S. locations, ranged from 46 to 61%, averaging 52%, relative to the baseline system (lowest savings at the cold-climate Chicago location). Predicted energy use for water heating was reduced 62 to 76% relative to resistance WH. Based on these lab prototype test and analyses results a field test prototype was designed and fabricated by NGHVAC. The unit was installed in a 2400 ft2 (223 m2) research house in Knoxville, TN and field tested from May 2014 to April 2015. Based on the demonstrated field performance of the AS-IHP prototype and estimated performance of a baseline system operating under the same loads and weather conditions, it was estimated that the prototype would achieve ~40% energy savings relative to the minimum efficiency suite. The estimated WH savings were >60% and SC mode savings were >50%. But estimated SH savings were only about 20%. It is believed that had the test house been better insulated (more like the house used for the savings predictions noted above) and the IHP system nominal capacity been a bit lower that the energy savings estimate would have been closer to 45% or more (similar to the analytical prediction for the cold climate location of Chicago).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

Case Study for the ARRA-funded Ground Source Heat Pump Demonstration at Denver Museum of Nature & Science

High initial costs and lack of public awareness of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) technology are the two major barriers preventing rapid deployment of this energy-saving technology in the United States. Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 26 GSHP projects were competitively selected and carried out to demonstrate the benefits of GSHP systems and innovative technologies for cost reduction and/or performance improvement. This report highlights the findings of a case study of one such GSHP demonstration projects that uses a recycled water heat pump (RWHP) system installed at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science in Denver, Colorado. The RWHP system uses recycled water from the city’s water system as the heat sink and source for a modular water-to-water heat pump (WWHP). This case study was conducted based on the available measured performance data from December 2014 through August 2015, utility bills of the building in 2014 and 2015, construction drawings, maintenance records, personal communications, and construction costs. The annual energy consumption of the RWHP system was calculated based on the available measured data and other related information. It was compared with the performance of a baseline scenario— a conventional VAV system using a water-cooled chiller and a natural gas fired boiler, both of which have the minimum energy efficiencies allowed by ASHRAE 90.1-2010. The comparison was made to determine energy savings, operating cost savings, and CO2 emission reductions achieved by the RWHP system. A cost analysis was performed to evaluate the simple payback of the RWHP system. Summarized below are the results of the performance analysis, the learned lessons, and recommended improvement in the operation of the RWHP system.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

Case Study for the ARRA-funded Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Demonstration at Wilders Grove Solid Waste Service Center in Raleigh, NC

High initial costs and lack of public awareness of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) technology are the two major barriers preventing rapid deployment of this energy-saving technology in the United States. Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 26 GSHP projects have been competitively selected and carried out to demonstrate the benefits of GSHP systems and innovative technologies for cost reduction and/or performance improvement. This paper highlights the findings of a case study of one of the ARRA-funded GSHP demonstration projects, a distributed GSHP system for providing all the space conditioning, outdoor air ventilation, and 100% domestic hot water to the Wilders Grove Solid Waste Service Center of City of Raleigh, North Carolina. This case study is based on the analysis of measured performance data, construction costs, and simulations of the energy consumption of conventional central heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems providing the same level of space conditioning and outdoor air ventilation as the demonstrated GSHP system. The evaluated performance metrics include the energy efficiency of the heat pump equipment and the overall GSHP system, pumping performance, energy savings, carbon emission reductions, and cost-effectiveness of the GSHP system compared with conventional HVAC systems. This case study also identified opportunities for reducing uncertainties in the performance evaluation and improving the operational efficiency of the demonstrated GSHP system.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Critical Literature Review of Defrost Technologies for Heat Pumps and Refrigeration Systems

When the operating conditions are extremely cold and humid and the surface temperature of the heat exchanger well below the freezing point (lower than the dew point temperature of the air) moisture from the air stream will freeze on the surface after condensation and the frost will start growing. The frost growth degrades the performance of the system considerably. It hinders the airflow and increases the pressure drop through the coil which means more fan power is requires for to maintain the desired flow rate. With reduced flow rate due to the increase of pressure drop, system’s capacity drops rapidly. In the case of heat pump the capacity of the evaporator decreases due to the airflow drop, which reduces the overall heating capacity and coefficient of performance of the heat pump. Additionally, the frost layer increases the thermal resistance to the heat transfer between the air and refrigerant. The reduction in airflow and increased thermal resistance reduces the heat energy extracted by the evaporator and decreases the heat pump capacity and efficiency. Similar process is observed for the cooling coils of commercial refrigeration system where the frost growth can dramatically reduce the system capacity. Once the performance reaches its minimum acceptable stage, a defrost process is introduced to remove the frost layer and to achieve the performance at the start of the cycle. The frost defrost process is repeated continuously. Overall the frost growth is highly undesired phenomena which can cause considerable reduction in performance of the system.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) FAST Commissioning Prize Technical Analysis

The US energy landscape has undergone major changes over the past 10 years and will continue to see significant changes in future decades as the power grid increases its reliance on variable renewable energy resources. Because of the inherent variability of these resources, renewable energy growth may require additional energy storage capacity to provide flexible load-following capabilities and other grid services that can quickly adjust to changes in energy demand and generation. Pumped storage hydropower (PSH)—one such energy storage technology—uses pumps to convey water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir for energy storage and releases water back to the lower reservoir via a powerhouse for hydropower generation. PSH facility pump and generation cycling often follows economic and energy demand conditions. Across the United States, 43 PSH facilities are in operation and 55 projects are in various permitting or licensing stages. Altogether, the 43 operational projects provide the wide majority (95%) of utility-scale electricity storage in the United States. These facilities also provide significant power and nonpower grid benefits, including large-scale electrical system reserve capacity, grid reliability support, and electricity supply-demand balancing through quick-response capabilities and operational flexibility. PSH systems can accomplish these at a scale (e.g., size) and cost that makes these systems highly attractive from a technical standpoint. Although these research concepts are still in their infancy, they demonstrate promising potential as future PSH energy storage technologies. Although PSH has many advantages, development in the United States has effectively stalled since the 1990s, partially because of the magnitude of project costs and financing interest during development and construction, the length of time from project investment until project revenue begins, permitting challenges, construction risks, competition from other storage technologies (e.g., batteries, hydrogen storage), and electricity market evolution and uncertainty. In short, the time, cost, and risk associated with modern PSH development have resulted in limited growth in the United States recently, despite the growing energy storage demand stemming from increased wind and solar power deployment. Technology innovation is needed to help reduce PSH commissioning time, cost, and risk, particularly during the post-licensing phase of project development. To address challenges facing the PSH industry and to improve PSH commissioning timelines, the US Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) initiated the PSH Furthering Advancements to Shorten Time to (FAST) Commissioning Prize project.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Preliminary - Specification High Temperature Chloride Molten Salt Vertical Turbine Pump

This specification provides to the supplier with requirements for design, manufacturing, inspection and testing in works and cleaning, painting, packing and protection for transport to site for the hot molten salt pumps, receiver circulation pumps and the attemperation molten salt pumps to be used at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, NSTTF Solar Power Tower.

42 ENGINEERING↗