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NASA NTRS1994

Spatial distribution of plasma wave activity in the nightside ionosphere of Venus

In this study we use 14 years of Pioneer Venus Orbiter Electric Field Detector (OEFD) data to define the characteristics of (VLF) burst activity in the nightside ionosphere of Venus. Our statistical results show that there are essentially four types of VLF signals. The first type of signal is only observed in the 100 Hz channel and not in any of the higher frequency channels (730 Hz, 5.4 kHz or 30 kHz). Occurrence of these waves is controlled by the magnetic field with a weaker dependence on electron density. The occurrence of these waves is controlled by the magnetic field with a weaker dependence on electron density. The occurrence rate decreases with increasing altitude to a height of 600 km. For higher altitudes beyond 600 km the occurrence rate remains roughly constant. The statistics of these signals are what one would expect for whistler mode waves from a subionospheric source. The second type of signal is broadline wave activity appearing below 300 km in the low altitude ionosphere. These signals often occur in all four channels of the OEFD. These signals are also thought to come from a subionospheric source. The third type of signal appearing near the edge of the planetary optical shadow. They are probably ion acoustic waves generated by a current driven instability associated with plasma clouds in the wake. The fourth type of signal is a narrow band wave. It occurs in either of the two high frequency channels in the high altitude tail region, and is attributed to locally generated Langmuir waves. In addition, we also observe spacecraft interference noise in both the 100 and 730 Hz channels. These signals mainly occur near the edge of the planetary optical shadow and have an inbound and outbound asymmetry in activity.

Ho, C.-M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Auroral ionospheric signatures of the plasma sheet boundary layer in the evening sector

We report on particles and fields observed during Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F9 and DE 2 crossings of the polar cap/auroral oval boundary in the evening magnetic local time (MLT) sector. Season-dependent, latitudinally narrow regions of rapid, eastward plasma flows were encountered by DMSP near the poleward boundary of auroral electron precipitation. Ten DE 2 orbits exhibiting electric field spikes that drive these plasma flows were chosen for detailed analysis. The boundary region is characterized by pairs of oppositely-directed, field-aligned current sheets. The more poleward of the two current sheets is directed into the ionosphere. Within this downward current sheet, precipitating electrons either had average energies of a few hundred eV or were below polar rain flux levels. Near the transition to upward currents, DE 2 generally detected intense fluxes of accelerated electrons and weak fluxes of ions, both with average energies between 5 and 12 keV. In two instances, precipitating ions with energies greater than 5 keV spanned both current sheets. Comparisons with satellite measurements at higher altitudes suggest that the particles and fields originated in the magnetotail inside the distant reconnection region and propagated to Earth through the plasma sheet boundary layer. Auroral electrons are accelerated by parallel electric fields produced by the different pitch angle distributions of protons and electrons in this layer interacting with the near-Earth magnetic mirror. Electric field spikes driving rapid plasma flows along the poleward boundaries of intense, keV electron precipitation represent ionospheric responses to the field-aligned currents and conductivity gradients. The generation of field-aligned currents in the boundary layer may be understood qualitatively as resulting from the different rates of earthward drift for electrons and protons in the magnetotail's current sheet.

Burke, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Ionospheric projections of magnetospheric regions under low and high solar wind pressure conditions

The projection of magnetospheric regions into the dayside ionosphere as determined by particle precipitation characteristics was studied for dependence on solar wind parameters. It was found that the solar wind kinetic pressure p dramatically affected the map of magnetospheric projections. Under the constraint that p greater than or equal 4 nPa(yielding (p) = 5.9 nPa), the area of the cusp (magnetic latitude times magnetic local time extent) was 4.83 degree-hours; whereas under the constraint that p greater than or equal 2 nPa (yielding (p) = 1.5 nPa), the cusp area was only 1.01 degree-hours. The ionospheric footprint of the low-latitude boundary layer was similarly affected. Various possible correlations of p with other solar wind variables, including n, v, and absolute value of B(sub z), proved unable to account for the pressure effect. Because one criterion for identifying the cusp is high fluxes, the effect of nv was investigated with particular care, both in examples and statistically. Again, p itself had by far the most striking effect. Thus we concluded that some physical mechanism is needed to account for the pressure effect. One possibility is that increased direct solar wind plasma penetration of the magnetopause occurs under high-p conditions in the manner suggested by various proponents of impulsive penetration models. An alternative, which we find promising, is that, regardless of the original interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength, a high-p solar wind leads to a large compression factor for the magnetosheath field, which is the field actually in contact with the magnetosphere. From this latter viewpoint, the chief effect of high particle pressure is simply to enhance the effectiveness of the interaction of the IMF with the magnetosphere.

Newell, Patrick T.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Cone structure and focusing of VLF and LF electromagnetic waves at high altitudes in the ionosphere

The frequency and angle dependencies of the electric field radiated by an electric dipole E = E(sub 0) cos omega(t) are studied through numerical calculations of absolute value of E in the VLF and LF frequency bands where F is less than or equal 0.02 to 0.05 f(sub b) in a model ionosphere over an altitude region of 800-6000 km where the wave frequency and electron gyrofrequency varies between F approximately 4-500 kHz and f(sub b) is approximately equal (1.1 to 0.2) MHz respectively. It is found that the amplitudes of the electric field have large maxima in four regions: close to the direction of the Earth magnetic field line B(sub 0) (it is called the axis field E(sub 0), in the Storey E(sub St), reversed Storey E(sub RevSt), and resonance E(sub Res) cones. The maximal values of E(sub 0), E(sub Res), and E(sub RevSt) are the most pronounced close to the lower hybrid frequency, F approximately F(sub L). The flux of the electric field is concentrated in very narrow regions, with the apex angles of the cones Delta-B is approximately (0.1-1) deg. The enhancement and focusing of the electric field increases with altitude starting at Z greater than 800 km. At Z greater than or equal to 1000 up to 6000 km, the relative value of absolute value of E, in comparison with its value at Z = 800 km is about (10(exp 2) to 10(exp 4)) times larger. Thus the flux of VLF and LF electromagnetic waves generated at high altitudes in the Earth's ionosphere are trapped into very narrow conical beams similar to laser beams.

Alpert, Ya. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Nonlinear unstable auroral-arc driven thermospheric winds in an ionosphere-magnetosphere coupled model

The nonlinear evolution of thermospheric winds in an ionosphere-magnetosphere coupled model has been studied for the first time for a dynamic unstable auroral-arc environment. We treat the problem using a multi-layer, quasi-three-dimensional model which averages in altitude the thermospheric dynamics over each layer. For the upper thermosphere, we find that (1) the thermosphere can respond to the ionospheric Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability on temporal scales on the order of an hour, depending on ambient conditions, and on spatial scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers, (2) strong thermospheric meridional and zonal vortical flows with embedded nonlinear jet-like structures can be generated by the ionospheric/magnetospheric KH instability and (3) neutral thermospheric winds, vortices, and associated power spectra develop in a distinctly different manner in the presence of magnetospheric coupling effects. Comparison with recent observations is made.

Keskinen, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The magnetic state of the lower ionosphere during Pioneer Venus entry phase

During the entry phase of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO), defined as that period at the end of mission in 1992 when the periapsis fell below 185 km, the magnetometer made repeated measurements throughout the post midnight ionosphere until about 0430 LT. In this region the magnetic field is generally stronger at comparable altitudes than it was earlier at times of higher solar activity. This increase combined with a decrease in electron density causes the ratio of the magnetic pressure to thermal pressure to approach unity at altitudes above 200 km, whereas it was much lower than unity at these altitudes during solar maximum. From 160-200 km the magnetic field pressure exceeds that of the ionospheric plasma quite unlike the usual conditions seen at the beginning of the mission. At lowest altitudes below 150 km, however, the field becomes weaker and hence no evidence for a planetary magnetic field is found.

Russell, C. T.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Evidence for day-to-night ion transport at low solar activity in the Venus pre-dawn ionosphere

Periapsis of the Pioneer Venus (PV) spacecraft dropped below 180 km on August 28, 1992 near midnight, and 42 orbits of low altitude data at moderately low solar activity in the pre-dawn sector were obtained before contact was lost to the spacecraft in October, 1992. Through a combination of analysis of data from the PV orbiter ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) and modeling, we consider here what can be learned about the relative importance of plasma transport from the dayside and electron precipitation in maintaining the nightside ionosphere during the re-entry period. In particular, we examine here the atomic ion density profiles. We compute the average peak density of O(+) as a function of solar zenith angle and determine what fluxes of atomic ions or precipitating electrons would be necessary to produce those values. We then compare model calculations of the ion densities to those observed during the re-entry period. We find that the low solar activity nightside ionosphere shows evidence of significant day-to-night plasma transport.

Brannon, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Theory of kilometer-size density waves in the nightside Venus ionosphere

Quasi-sinusoidal density waves were frequently observed during the end of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) mission when the orbiter was at low periapsis. These waves occur at altitudes approx. 145 - 155 km and have wavelengths approx. 1 km. It is suggested that a radial, ambipolar electric field E(sub 0), directed downward, is established in the Venus ionosphere during electron pressure enhancements above approx. 160 km. This field generates an electron E x B drift V(sub E); the ions move radially and do not E x B drift because they are unmagnetized (i.e, nu(sub in) much greater than Omega(sub i)). This drift is shown to drive a collisional drift wave instability for sufficiently large values of V(sub E), nominally, V(sub E) greater than nu(sub i) where nu(sub i) is the ion thermal velocity. For parameters typical of the nightside Venus ionosphere, this instability generates plasma fluctuations with wavelengths approx. 1 km, consistent with observations.

Huba, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Observation of intense wave bursts at very low altitudes within the Venus nightside ionosphere

Intense ELF (100 Hz) bursts were detected by the Pioneer Venus (PV) Orbiter plasma wave instrument during the final operations of the spacecraft prior to atmospheric entry. These bursts were detected at approx. 130 km altitude around 0400 local time. The wave activity lasted for several tens of seconds. Furthermore the bursts were not symmetric about periapsis, unlike instrument noise caused by neutral impacts on the spacecraft. The bursts had a vertical attenuation scale height of the order 1 km, consistent with that expected for whistler-mode waves propagating through a collisional ionosphere. Since the decay of the signals appears to be due to attenuation, the source must persist for several tens of seconds. The wave bursts could therefore be the signature of electromagnetic radiation entering the bottomside ionosphere from several distant sources, as would be expected if lightning were a relatively persistent phenomenon within the Venus atmosphere.

Strangeway, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Ground-based studies of ionospheric convection associated with substorm expansion

The instantaneous patterns of electric fields and currents in the high-latitude ionosphere are deduced by combining satellite and radar measurements of the ionospheric drift velocity, along with ground-based magnetometer observations for October 25, 1981. The period under study was characterized by a relatively stable southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), so that the obtained electric field patterns do reflect, in general, the state of sustained and enhanced plasma convection in the magnetosphere. During one of the satellite passes, however, an intense westward electrojet caused by a substorm intruded into the satellite (DE2) and radar (Chatanika, Alaska) field of view in the premidnight sector, providing a unique opportunity to differentiate the enhanced convection and substorm expansion fields. The distributions of the calculated electric potential for the expansion and maximum phases of the substorm show the first clear evidence of the coexistence of two physically different systems in the global convection pattern. The changes in the convection pattern during the substorm indicate that the large-scale potential distributions are indeed of general two-cell patterns representing the southward IMF status, but the night-morning cell has two positive peaks, one in the midnight sector and the other in the late morning hours, corresponding to the substorm expansion and the convection enhancement, respectively.

Kamide, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Observations of ionospheric electric fields above atmospheric weather systems

We report on the observations of a number of quasi-dc electric field events associated with large-scale atmospheric weather formations. The observations were made by the electric field experiment onboard the San Marco D satellite, operational in an equatorial orbit from May to December 1988. Several theoretical studies suggest that electric fields generated by thunderstorms are present at high altitudes in the ionosphere. In spite of such favorable predictions, weather-related events are not often observed since they are relatively weak. We shall report here on a set of likely E field candidates for atmospheric-ionospheric causality, these being observed over the Indonesian Basin, northern South America, and the west coast of Africa; all known sites of atmospheric activity. As we shall demonstrate, individual events often be traced to specific active weather features. For example, a number of events were associated with spacecraft passages near Hurricane Joan in mid-October 1988. As a statistical set, the events appear to coincide with the most active regions of atmospheric weather.

Farrell, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Satellite observations of zonal electric fields near sunrise in the equatorial ionosphere

We report here on a number of examples of anomalous enhancements of eastward electric fields near sunrise in the equatorial ionospheric F-region. These examples were selected from the data base of the equatorial satellite, San Marco D (1988), which measured ionospheric electric fields during a period of solar minimum. The eastward electric fields reported correspond to vertical plasma drifts. The examples studied here are similar in signature and polarity to the pre-reversal electric field enhancements seen near sunset from ground-based radar systems. The morphology of these sunrise events, which are observed on about 14% of the morning-side satellite passes, are studied as a function of local zonal velocity, magnetic activity, geographic longitude and altitude. The nine events studied occur at locations where the zonal plasma flow is generally measured to be eastward, but reducing as a function of local time and at satellite longitudes where the magnetic declination has the opposite polarity as the declination of the sunrise terminator.

Aggson, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Higher-order ionospheric effects on the GPS observables and means of modeling them

Based on relaistic modeling of the electron density of the ionosphere and using a dipole moment approximation for the earth magnetic field, we are able to estimate the effect of the ionosphere on the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) signal for a ground user. The lowest-order (1/f(exp 2)) effect, which is of the order of .1 - 30 meters of zenith group delay, is subtracted out by forming a linear combination of the dual frequencies of the GPS signal. One is left with second- (1/f(exp 3)) and third-order (1/f(exp 4)) effects which are estimated typically to be approximately 0 - 2 cm, and approximately 0 - 2 mm at zenith respectively, depending on the time of day, time of year, the solar cycle and the relative geometry of the magnetic field and the line of sight. Given the total electron content along a line of sight, we derive an approximation to the second-order term which is accurate to approximately 90% within the magnetic dipole moment model; this approximation can be used to reduce the second-order term to the millimeter level, thus potentially improving precise positioning in space and on the ground. The induced group delay, or phase advance, due to second- and third-order effects are examined for two ground receivers located at equatorial and mid-latitude regions tracking several GPS satellites.

Bassiri, Sassan↗
NASA NTRS1994

Origin of flux ropes in Venus' ionosphere

The joule dissipation inside flux ropes in Venus' ionosphere is so great that they must be formed near, and maintained at, the place where they are observed. Thus ropes are not formed by a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the ionopause. The hypothesis that ropes may be formed by the dynamo action of internal gravity waves in Venus' thermosphere (Luhmann and Elphic, 1985; Cole, 1993) is strengthened by discussion of a magnetic evolution equation which includes neutral air motion. However, the dynamo process would work only at altitudes at which v(sub in) is greater than or equal to omega(sub i). At altitudes or parts of a rope where v(sub in) is much less than omega(sub i), the process does not work. A solar wind dynamo is therefore examined to account for the ropes. Thereby a major new heat source for ions of the Venus ionosphere associated with the ropes is uncovered.

Cole, Keith D.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Patches in the polar ionosphere: UT and seasonal dependence

The seasonal and Universal Time (UT) dependencies of patches in the polar ionosphere are simulated using the Utah State University time dependent ionospheric model (TDIM). Patch formation is achieved by changing the plasma convection pattern in response to temporal changes in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B(sub y) component during periods of southwrd IMF. This mechanism redirects the plasma flow from the dayside high-density region, which is the source of the tongue of ionization (TOI) density feature, through the throat and leads to patches, rather than a continuous TOI. The model predicts that the patches are absent at winter solstice (northern hemisphere) between 0800 and 1200 UT and that they have their largest seasonal intensity at winter solstice between 2000 and 2400 UT. Between winter solstice and equinox, patches are strong and present all day. Patches are present in summer as well, although their intensity is only tens of percent above the background density. These winter-to-equinox findings are also shown to be consistent with observations. The model was also used to predict times at which patch observations could be performed to determine the contributions from other patch mechanisms. This observational window is +/- 20 days about winter solstice between 0800 and 1200 UT in the northern hemisphere. In this observational window the TOI is either absent or reduced to a very low density. Hence the time dependent electric field mechanism considered in this study does not produce patches, and if they are observed, then they must be due to some other mechanism.

Sojka, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1995

A case study of transient event motion in the magnetosphere and in the ionosphere

We present a case study of the magnetospheric and ionospheric response to a series of repetitive (7-8 min) solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength variations generated at the bow shock. During a period of duskward and antisunward IMF orientation, the magnetospheric and ionospheric observations indicate transient events moving dawnward and duskward away from a point of origin at or after local noon. In contrast, during a subsequent period of dawnward and antisunward IMF orientation, the observations indicate events moving duskward away from a point of origin at or prior to 0900 LT. We consider explanations in terms of pressure pulse driven riplets on the magnetopause or directly driven bursts of antiparallel merging.

Korotova, G. I.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Ionospheric convection response to slow, strong variations in a Northward interplanetary magnetic field: A case study for January 14, 1988

We analyze ionospheric convection patterns over the polar regions during the passage of an interplanetary magnetic cloud on January 14, 1988, when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotated slowly in direction and had a large amplitude. Using the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure, we combine simultaneous observations of ionspheric drifts and magnetic perturbations from many different instruments into consistent patterns of high-latitude electrodynamics, focusing on the period of northward IMF. By combining satellite data with ground-based observations, we have generated one of the most comprehensive data sets yet assembled and used it to produce convection maps for both hemispheres. We present evidence that a lobe convection cell was embedded within normal merging convection during a period when the IMF B(sub y) and B(sub z) components were large and positive. As the IMF became predominantly northward, a strong reversed convection pattern (afternoon-to-morning potential drop of around 100 kV) appeared in the southern (summer) polar cap, while convection in the northern (winter) hemisphere became weak and disordered with a dawn-to-dust potential drop of the order of 30 kV. These patterns persisted for about 3 hours, until the IMF rotated significantly toward the west. We interpret this behavior in terms of a recently proposed merging model for northward IMF under solstice conditions, for which lobe field lines from the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun (summer hemisphere) drape over the dayside magnetosphere, producing reverse convection in the summer hemisphere and impeding direct contact between the solar wind and field lines connected to the winter polar cap. The positive IMF B(sub x) component present at this time could have contributed to the observed hemispheric asymmetry. Reverse convection in the summer hemisphere broke down rapidly after the ratio absolute value of B(sub y)/B(sub z) exceeded unity, while convection in the winter hemisphere strengthened. A dominant dawn-to-dusk potential drop was established in both hemispheres when the magnitude of B(sub y) exceeded that of B(sub z) with potential drops of the order of 100 kV, even while B(sub z) remained northward. The latter transition to southward B(sub z) produced a gradual intensification of the convection, but a greater qualitative change occurred at the transition through absolute value of B(sub y)/B(sub z) = 1 than at at the transition through B(sub z) = 0. The various convection patterns we derive under northward IMF conditions illustrate all possibilities previously discussed in the literature: nearly single-cell and multicell, distorted and symmetric, ordered and unordered, and sunward and antisunward.

Knipp, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Effects of plasmaspheric ion heating due to ionospheric and magnetospheric sources

In an initial study, the He(+) observations from the Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer on Dynamics Explorer 1 (RIMS/DE 1) was examined for more than 120 transits of the plasmasphere in the fall of 1981. The He(+) to H(+) ratio was determined as it varied spatially over portions of the DE 1 orbit, and its variation with solar and magnetic activities and with local time, focusing specifically on the inner plasmasphere. These variations were compared along the L = 2 field line with calculations made by the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) code. In a recently submitted paper, the He(+) to H(+) density ratio was examined for all the available data from 1981 to 1984 from the RIMS on DE 1. There are two basic characteristics of the ratio: one is that the ratio decreases with radial distance in the plasmasphere, and the other is the strong dependence of the density ratio on solar activity. In addition to the He(+)/H(+) ratio research, a phenomenon has been studied in the topside ionosphere which relates to the thermal coupling of the ionosphere to the plasmasphere. There is little or no correlation with magnetic and solar activity here. Another study has been directed toward the relation of plasma properties to the density gradients forming the plasmapause. The study has followed a two-pronged approach. First, the observations have been analyzed to determine what happens to the plasma properties across these boundary layers (density gradients). Second, comparisons were made with FLIP model calculations to determine how well the model is able to treat these conditions. Among the significant lessons learned in these studies are two that bear directly on the direction of future investigations in this area. First, composition cannot be viewed independently of thermal structure. Second, solar and magnetic activity effects are real; but the causal relationship between activity and effects is frequently quite complicated because several different processes appear to be operating in different ways and on different time scales. Under these circumstances, large correlation coefficients should not be expected and are not generally found.

Comfort, Richard H.↗