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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 937 records · Page 52
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Measurement of Ionic and Electronic Conductivities of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia by an Embedded Electrode Method

A new technique is presented for the measurement of ionic and electronic conductivities in predominantly oxygen ion conducting materials such as 8YSZ. Cylindrical disc samples of 8YSZ with an embedded Pt wire electrode in the center and two surface porous Pt electrodes were fabricated. When a DC electrical potential is applied across one surface electrode and the embedded electrode, oxygen ions migrate through the YSZ toward the embedded electrode, while electrons transport in the external circuit. In this manner, neutral oxygen is electrochemically pumped to the embedded electrode raising the local oxygen chemical potential. Under the pressure built up, oxygen permeation occurs from the embedded electrode, through the YSZ sample, to the outer surfaces of the sample. In steady state, the electrochemical oxygen flux to the embedded electrode under applied voltage is exactly balanced by out permeation of oxygen governed by the electronic conductivity. Here, using this technique both the ionic and the electronic conductivities of YSZ were measured at a temperature as low as 500°C.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2007

Norbornene-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Cells

Norbornene-based polymers have shown promise as solid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable electrochemical cells. These polymers are characterized as single-ion conductors. Single-ion-conducting polymers that can be used in lithium cells have long been sought. Single-ion conductors are preferred to multiple-ion conductors as solid electrolytes because concentration gradients associated with multiple-ion conduction lead to concentration polarization. By minimizing concentration polarization, one can enhance charge and discharge rates. Norbornene sulfonic acid esters have been synthesized by a ring-opening metathesis polymerization technique, using ruthenium-based catalysts. The resulting polymer structures (see figure) include sulfonate ionomers attached to the backbones of the polymer molecules. These molecules are single-ion conductors in that they conduct mobile Li+ ions only; the SO3 anions in these polymers, being tethered to the backbones, do not contribute to ionic conduction. This molecular system is especially attractive in that it is highly amenable to modification through functionalization of the backbone or copolymerization with various monomers. Polymers of this type have been blended with poly(ethylene oxide) to lend mechanical integrity to free-standing films, and the films have been fabricated into solid polymer electrolytes. These electrolytes have been demonstrated to exhibit conductivity of 2 10(exp -5)S/cm (which is high, relative to the conductivities of other solid electrolytes) at ambient temperature, plus acceptably high stability. This type of norbornene-based polymeric solid electrolyte is in the early stages of development. Inasmuch as the method of synthesis of these polymers is inherently flexible and techniques for the fabrication of the polymers into solid electrolytes are amenable to optimization, there is reason to anticipate further improvements.

Cheung, Iris↗
DOE OSTI2016

Flexocoupling impact on size effects of piezoresponse and conductance in mixed-type ferroelectric semiconductors under applied pressure

Here, we explore the role of flexoelectric effect in functional properties of nanoscale ferroelectric films with mixed electronic-ionic conductivity. Using a coupled Ginzburg-Landau model, we calculate spontaneous polarization, effective piezoresponse, elastic strain and compliance, carrier concentration, and piezoconductance as a function of thickness and applied pressure. In the absence of flexoelectric coupling, the studied physical quantities manifest well-explored size-induced phase transitions, including transition to paraelectric phase below critical thickness. Similarly, in the absence of external pressure flexoelectric coupling affects properties of these films only weakly. However, the combined effect of flexoelectric coupling and external pressure induces polarizations at the film surfaces, which cause the electric built-in field that destroys the thickness-induced phase transition to paraelectric phase and induces the electretlike state with irreversible spontaneous polarization below critical thickness. Interestingly, the built-in field leads to noticeable increase of the average strain and elastic compliance in this thickness range. We further illustrate that the changes of the electron concentration by several orders of magnitude under positive or negative pressures can lead to the occurrence of high- or low-conductivity states, i.e., the nonvolatile piezoresistive switching, in which the swing can be controlled by the film thickness and flexoelectric coupling. The obtained theoretical results can be of fundamental interest for ferroic systems, and can provide a theoretical model for explanation of a set of recent experimental results on resistive switching and transient polar states in these systems.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

3D Ion-Conducting, Scalable, and Mechanically Reinforced Ceramic Film for High Voltage Solid-State Batteries

Concerning the safety aspects of Li+ ion batteries, an epoxy-reinforced thin ceramic film (ERTCF) is prepared by firing and sintering a slurry-casted composite powder film. The ERTCF is composed of Li + ion conduction channels and is made of high amounts of sintered ceramic Li 1+ x Ti 2-x Al x (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) and epoxy polymer with enhanced mechanical properties for solid-state batteries. The two- and three-dimensional characterizations are conducted not only for showing continuous Li+ ion channels thorough LATP ceramic channels with over 10-4 S cm-1 of ionic conductivity but also to investigate small amounts of epoxy polymer with enhanced mechanical properties. Solid-state Li + ion cells are fabricated using the ERTCF and they show initial charge–discharge capacities of 139/133 mAh g -1 . Furthermore, the scope of the ERTCF is expanded to high-voltage (>8 V) solid-state Li + ion batteries through a bipolar stacked cell design. Hence, it is expected that the present investigation will significantly contribute in the preparation of the next generation reinforced thin ceramic film electrolytes for high-voltage solid-state batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Synthesis, structural, magnetic and electrical properties of Co{sub 1−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (x = 0.0, 0.2) nanoparticles

Graphical abstract: The variations of imaginary part of dielectric permittivity (ε″) of TEG@Co{sub 1−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanocomposite as a function of temperature and frequency for (A) x = 0.0 and (B) x = 0.2. Display Omitted Highlights: ► Nearly monodisperse Zn{sub x}Co{sub 1−x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanocomposite were prepared via hydrothermal method. ► The ac conductivity showed a temperature dependent behavior at low frequencies. ► dc conductivity of Co{sub 0.8}Zn{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticle are found to obey the Arrhenius plot. ► Also these materials may be used in electronic devices and microwave devices. -- Abstract: Co{sub 1−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel nanoparticles with Zn concentrations of x = 0.0, 0.2 were prepared by a hydrothermal route in the presence of triethylene glycol (TEG). The structural, magnetic, electrical and dielectric properties of the prepared nanoparticles were studied. The XRD results confirmed the formation of single spinel ferrite structure with crystallite size 9 and 10 nm for x = 0.0 and 0.2 compositions respectively. The lattice parameter (a) increased with increasing Zn concentration. Temperature and frequency dependent electrical and dielectric properties of the prepared ferrites have also been investigated. Our findings show that overall conductivity of Co{sub 0.8}Zn{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticle is lower than that of CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} and roughly in the range of 10{sup −11}–10{sup −7} S cm{sup −1} depending strongly temperature and frequency owing to the formation of stable electric bonds between the Zn{sup 2+} and Fe{sup 2+} ions, which localizes Fe{sup 2+} charge carriers. The ac conductivity showed a temperature dependent behavior at low frequencies and temperature independent behavior at high frequencies, which is an indication of ionic conductivity. dc conductivity of Co{sub 0.8}Zn{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticle are found to obey the Arrhenius plot and can be classified into two regions over with activation energy of 0.113 and 0.163 eV in the ranges of 20–40 °C and 70–120 °C, respectively when CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} has an activation energy of 0.245 eV.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Defects clustering and ordering in di- and trivalently doped ceria

Graphical abstract: Display Omitted Highlights: ► Defect structures in trivalently and divalently doped ceria has been elucidated. ► Dumbbell structure is a universal basic vacancy structure in fluorite oxides. ► Electrostatic attraction dominates elastic interaction in doped ceria. ► Provide a physical picture of conductivity behavior in aliovalently doped ceria. -- Abstract: The formation and growth of defect clusters in CeO{sub 2}-M{sub 2}O{sub 3} (M = La{sup 3+}, Pr{sup 3+}, Sm{sup 3+}, Gd{sup 3+}, Dy{sup 3+}, Y{sup 3+}, Yb{sup 3+}) and CeO{sub 2}-DO (N = Cd{sup 2+}, Ca{sup 2+}, Sr{sup 2+}, Ba{sup 2+}) binary solid solutions have been comparatively studied by atomistic simulations based on energy minimization of atomic interactions. The calculation ensemble, including both divalent and trivalent dopants, shows a similar energetic tendency for defect species (dopants and associated oxygen vacancies) to aggregate and grow. The dumbbell structure has been verified as a universal vacancy structure in oxygen deficient fluorite lattice. Nevertheless, it also demonstrates different tendencies of dopant–vacancy associations that depend on dopant valence and radius. The dopant is site-selective in trivalent defect clusters correlated with dopant size. While in divalent solid solutions, clusters adopt similar dopant–vacancy locations. Furthermore, all clusters in divalently doped ceria have stronger dopant–vacancy associations/interactions compared to those in trivalent ones. As a consequence, the correlation of the dopant size as well as valence effects on oxygen-ion conductivity has been illustrated based on an ordered defect cluster model. This study thereby offers insight into the physical picture of ionic conductivity behavior experimentally obtained in aliovalently doped ceria.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Influence of Local Distortions on Proton Mobility in Acceptor Doped Perovskites

Optimizing proton conduction in solids remains the most promising solution for achieving intermediate temperature (~750–1000 K) solid oxide fuel cell devices, and enabling selective membranes for H 2 separation. Proton conduction, a thermally activated process, exhibits its highest rates in yttrium (Y) acceptor doped BaZrO 3 at an optimal doping level of 20% Y. The presence of extended defects such as grain boundaries has typically generated a wide variability in reported conductivity values. This has hindered a fundamental mechanistic understanding of how (acceptor) doping levels correlate with the activation energy of protons to produce an optimal doping level for fast proton transport. While isolated dopants have been suggested as the primary source of proton trapping, our results indicate that it is the local dopant-density that matters. Here in this work, we show that increasing the local dopant density promotes localized lattice distortions in the presence of point defects such as oxygen-vacancies or proton interstitials. An increasing distortion amplitude traps the point defects more strongly in the form of polarons, forming defect-clusters at higher concentrations. This leads to a monotonic increase in the activation energy (and hence a decrease in proton mobility) as observed in our measurements. The optimum doping level can now be explained as a competition between increasing proton concentration with doping levels and increasing activation energy due to defect-clusters formed by defect-polarons. Based on our findings, we demonstrate how to improve proton conductivity in doped BaZrO 3 , by inhibiting this dopant-lattice polaronic interaction. Finally, this approach should be generally applicable for ionic conduction in perovskite oxides such as oxygen-ion conduction in solid-oxide fuel cells and alkali-ion conduction in solid-state batteries where carriers might get trapped as defect-polarons.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

In-situ polymerized and crosslinked electrolytes with interchangeable Li/Na transport for battery applications

The next generation of batteries requires electrolytes with high conductivity, mechanical stability, good adhesion with electrodes, wide electrochemical windows, and scalability. The present study introduces a concept of doped quasi single-ion conducting copolymers based on methacrylate-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) and vinyl ethylene carbonate which at room temperature are mechanically robust and display ionic conductivities of ~0.1 mS/cm. These electrolytes can be polymerized/crosslinked in-situ, making them easily implementable in current battery manufacturing technologies. They also allow for switching between Li + and Na + transport using simple chemistry procedures. To demonstrate their potential for battery applications, the newly developed Li conductors have been tested in symmetric cells, exhibiting overall impedance below 350 Ohm and plating/stripping stability up to 1 mA/cm 2 . Moreover, lithium metal batteries incorporating this electrolyte and high-voltage Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) cathodes show good capacity retention (~79%) during charging and discharging for 80 cycles at C/10 rate and a Coulombic efficiency close to 100% in the entire measurement range. The compositional, mechanical and electrochemical versatility of these electrolytes opens new venues for the design of polymer-based batteries capable of fast charging and extended cycle life, aligning with the current global green energy storage strategies.

Polymer electrolytes↗
DOE OSTI2014

Lithium-cation conductivity and crystal structure of lithium diphosphate

The electrical conductivity of lithium diphosphate Li{sub 4}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} has been measured and jump-like increasing of ionic conductivity at 913 K has been found. The crystal structure of Li{sub 4}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} has been refined using high temperature neutron diffraction at 300–1050 K. At 913 K low temperature triclinic form of Li{sub 4}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} transforms into high temperature monoclinic one, space group P2{sub 1}/n, a=8.8261(4) Å, b=5.2028(4) Å, c=13.3119(2) Å, β=104.372(6)°. The migration maps of Li{sup +} cations based on experimental data implemented into program package TOPOS have been explored. It was found that lithium cations in both low- and high temperature forms of Li{sub 4}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} migrate in three dimensions. Cross sections of the migrations channels extend as the temperature rises, but at the phase transition point have a sharp growth showing a strong “crystal structure – ion conductivity” correlation. -- Graphical abstract: Crystal structure of Li{sub 4}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} at 950 K. Red balls represent oxygen atoms; black lines show Li{sup +} ion migration channels in the layers perpendicular to [001] direction. Highlights: • Structure of Li{sub 4}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} has been refined using high temperature neutron diffraction. • At 913 K triclinic form of Li{sub 4}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} transforms into high temperature monoclinic one. • The migration maps of Li{sup +} implemented into program package TOPOS have been explored. • Cross sections of the migrations channels at the phase transition have a sharp growth.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Improved Li storage performance in SnO 2 nanocrystals by a synergetic doping

Tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) is a widely investigated lithium (Li) storage material because of its easy preparation, two-step storage mechanism and high specific capacity for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this contribution, a phase-pure cobalt-doped SnO 2 (Co/SnO 2 ) and a cobalt and nitrogen co-doped SnO 2 (Co-N/SnO 2 ) nanocrystals are prepared to explore their Li storage behaviors. It is found that the morphology, specific surface area, and electrochemical properties could be largely modulated in the doped and co-doped SnO 2 nanocrystals. Gavalnostatic cycling results indicate that the Co-N/SnO 2 electrode delivers a specific capacity as high as 716 mAh g –1 after 50 cycles, and the same outstanding rate performance can be observed in subsequent cycles due to the ionic/electronic conductivity enhancement by co-doping effect. Further, microstructure observation indicates the existence of intermediate phase of Li 3 N with high ionic conductivity upon cycling, which probably accounts for the improvements of Co-N/SnO 2 electrodes. Furthermore, we find that the method of synergetic doping into SnO 2 with Co and N, with which the electrochemical performances is enhanced remarkably, undoubtedly, will have an important influence on the material itself and community of LIBs as well.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Structuring, stochastic behavior, and charge storage capacity of redox-active microemulsions formulated with mixtures of toluene and ionic liquid as oil phase

Oil/water microemulsions (µEs) are promising electrolytes for redox flow batteries (RFBs) as they simultaneously improve charge capacity and ionic conductivity. Here, we report the successful formulation of bicontinuous µEs where the oil phase is a solution of trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ionic liquid in toluene with redox-active ferrocene. We examined the effect of supporting electrolyte anion (NO 3 – , Cl – , ClO 4 – ) on the structure, reactivity, transport, and electrolytic performance of redox-active µEs. Neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance showed that the domain size increased as Cl – > NO 3 – > ClO 4 – while the ferrocene diffusion coefficient increased as NO 3 – > Cl – > ClO 4 – . Scanning electrochemical microscopy indicated anion-dependent current fluctuations during electrolysis, with ClO 4 – exhibiting the least high-frequency oscillations, which correlate to the highest charge and discharge capacity and reversibility. All ionic liquid containing systems improved the performance of toluene-based µEs, highlighting new design principles for these electrolytes.

diffusion↗
DOE OSTI2014

Membrane Separator for Redox Flow Batteries that Utilize Anion Radical Mediators.

A Na + ion conducting polyethylene oxide membrane is developed for an organic electrolyte redox flow battery that utilizes anion radical mediators. To achieve high specific ionic conductivity, tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether (TEGDME) is used as a plasticizer to reduce crystallinity and increase the free volume of the gel film. This membrane is physically and chemically stable in TEGDME electrolyte that contains highly reactive biphenyl anion radical mediators.

Delnick, Frank M.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Designing lithium halide solid electrolytes

All-solid-state lithium batteries have attracted widespread attention for next-generation energy storage, potentially providing enhanced safety and cycling stability. The performance of such batteries relies on solid electrolyte materials; hence many structures/phases are being investigated with increasing compositional complexity. Among the various solid electrolytes, lithium halides show promising ionic conductivity and cathode compatibility, however, there are no effective guidelines when moving toward complex compositions that go beyond ab -initio modeling. Here, we show that ionic potential, the ratio of charge number and ion radius, can effectively capture the key interactions within halide materials, making it possible to guide the design of the representative crystal structures. This is demonstrated by the preparation of a family of complex layered halides that combine an enhanced conductivity with a favorable isometric morphology, induced by the high configurational entropy. This work provides insights into the characteristics of complex halide phases and presents a methodology for designing solid materials.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structural and electrical properties of nanostructured Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7}

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Nanostructured pyrophosphate Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} were synthesized and characterized by XRD and SEM. • The ac-conductivity at different values of temperature for Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} nanomaterials shows frequency independence in the lower frequency range. • Obvious improvements of the electrical conductivity and the electrochemical properties are achieved comparatively Mn{sub 2}P{sub 2}O{sub 7}. • The electrochemical behaviors of Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} were studied using cyclic voltammetry. - Abstract: The nanostructured pyrophosphate Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} was prepared. The synthesis technique was based on the hydrothermal method at 150 °C using poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG-10000) as surfactant with further calcination at 500 °C. A structural analysis of Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} compound was carried out by applying X-ray diffraction (XRD) and using the Rietveld method. Morphological characterizations were performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A comparative study of the electrical conductivity of Mn{sub 2}P{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} nanomaterials was carried out by impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range 500–680 °C. The activation energies for MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} were 2.00 and 0.88 eV, respectively. Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} nanomaterial presents a good electric conductivity compared to Mn{sub 2}P{sub 2}O{sub 7}, due to the substitution effect. The improvement of the electronic and ionic conductivity makes the Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} nanomaterial possible electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. The electrochemical behaviors of Ni{sub 0.25}Co{sub 0.75}MnP{sub 2}O{sub 7} were studied using cyclic voltammetry.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Mixed conduction and grain boundary effect in lithium niobate under high pressure

The charge transport behavior of lithium niobate has been investigated by in situ impedance measurement up to 40.6 GPa. The Li{sup +} ionic conduction plays a dominant role in the transport process. The relaxation process is described by the Maxwell-Wagner relaxation arising at the interfaces between grains and grain boundaries. The grain boundary microstructure rearranges after the phase transition, which improves the bulk dielectric performance. The theoretical calculations show that the decrease of bulk permittivity with increasing pressure in the Pnma phase is caused by the pressure-induced enhancement of electron localization around O atoms, which limits the polarization of Nb-O electric dipoles.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Nanoconfined Grain Boundaries Increase the Conductivity of Polycrystalline Molecular Crystals

Soft-solid molecular crystals consist of crystalline grains and fluid grain boundaries (GBs) that enhance the grain binding and transport of Li + ions between the grains. The total ionic conductivity consists of ion migration in both the grains and GBs. To unravel these contributions in adiponitrile (Adpn):LiPF 6 molecular crystals, the GB volume fraction was varied by changing the size of the crystals and the Adpn:LiPF 6 molar ratio. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that ion motion was subdiffusive in the grains and “well-diffusive” in the GBs, with GBs characterized as disordered nanoconfined regions of higher charge carrier concentration (∼1 M) than in saturated Adpn:LiPF 6 solutions (0.04 M), and Li + ions predominantly solvated by cyano groups with few contact ion pairs. The diffusivity in the GBs is at least an order of magnitude higher than that in the crystalline grains. The emergent picture is the grains as a reservoir of ions that migrate to faster-conducting GBs.

Crystals↗
DOE OSTI2017

Electrochemical Window of the Li-Ion Solid Electrolyte Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12

The recent discovery of fast ion-conducting solid electrolytes could enable solid-state and other advanced battery chemistries with higher energy densities and enhanced safety. In addition to high ionic conductivity, a viable electrolyte should also exhibit an electrochemical window that is wide enough to suppress undesirable electronic transport (i.e., self-discharge and/or short circuiting) arising from charge injection or extraction from the electrodes. Here, direct current chronoamperometry, alternating current electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and optical absorption band gap measurements are combined with first-principles calculations to systematically characterize the electrochemical window of the promising superionic conductor Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO). Negligible electronic current was measured within LLZO for a wide range of voltages relevant for high-voltage cathodes. This auspicious behavior is consistent with both the large band gap (~6 eV) predicted for LLZO and the absolute positions of its band edges. These features imply that a wide electrochemical window is an intrinsic property of LLZO, facilitating its use in next-generation batteries.

Thompson, Travis↗
DOE OSTI2023

Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes Get More Localized

Liquid electrolytes in batteries are typically treated as macroscopically homogeneous ionic transport media, despite having complex chemical composition and atomistic solvation structures, thus leaving a knowledge gap of microstructural characteristics. A promising electrolyte system design has recently been developed with the title of a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE). These electrolytes are a summation of three components – a charge-carrying salt, a solvent that solvates the salt, and a diluent that is sparingly interactive with the salt in terms of ion solvation. This creates the perception of a high-concentration electrolyte (HCE) with high anion-cation interactions that supports a salt-derived, stable solid-electrolyte interphase, while an LHCE improves bulk electrolyte properties, such as ionic conductivity and viscosity, when compared to an HCE. Much trial by error design of this LHCE concept has been supported by simulations to confirm ionic interactions, cycling data to confirm cell stability, and post-mortem analysis to provide evidence of mechanisms. However, a systematic design to extend the capabilities of LHCEs is still to be desired. Here, we analyzed a specific LHCE mixture to dictate the best viable mixture that extends the localization of solvation structures while maintaining viable cell-level capabilities. We seek to observe and understand solvent-to-salt interactions that impact electrolyte performance. These interactions range from single-ion solvation, multidentate interactions (i.e., solvation-driven clustering), to more widespread network-level interactions. With the support of both experimental and computational analysis of different electrolyte features, we have begun a methodology of formulating the most ideal LHCE mixtures for improving the cyclability of high-capacity battery chemistries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗