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At least 937 records · Page 52

A NASA Airborne Lens Into Air Quality Field Studies of the Last Decade

Field studies add an enhanced perspective to our everyday observing system for air quality with the goals of better understanding the air we breathe and identifying solutions toward a healthier future. Over the last decade, over 10 air quality field studies were conducted around the US with other ranging internationally with support through large agency-led efforts down to the grass-roots collaborative style. This presentation will highlight how NASA airborne observations have fit as one piece of the integrated observing system for air quality during these field studies. Research topics to be discussed are centered around the idea of the transition to geostationary air quality satellite observations. Specific topics include how temporally and spatially resolved measurements help us learn about knowledge gaps in NOx emissions, satellite-proxies for surface air quality, as well as evaluating state-of-the-art chemical transport models and using the enhanced observations as tools for understand what models/satellites can and cannot resolve. Each research topic will aim to discuss how the field measurement strategies that made this work possible as well as specific challenges that still exist to take these results further. Lastly, this presentation will discuss strategies to be carried forward as well as new ones as a peek into future air quality airborne field work.

Laura Judd↗

Effects of Nonaqueous Electrolytes on Primary Li-Air Batteries

The effects of nonaqueous electrolytes on the performance of primary Li-air batteries operated in dry air environment have been investigated. Organic solvents with low volatility and low moisture absorption are necessary to minimize the change of electrolyte compositions and the reaction between Li anode and water during the discharge process. The polarity of aprotic solvents outweighs the viscosity, ion conductivity and oxygen solubility on the performance of Li-air batteries once these latter properties attain certain reasonable level, because the solvent polarity significantly affects the number of tri-phase regions formed by oxygen, electrolyte, and active carbons (with catalyst) in the air electrode. The most feasible electrolyte formulation is the system of LiTFSI in PC/EC mixtures, whose performance is relatively insensitive to PC/EC ratio and salt concentration. The quantity of such electrolyte added to a Li-air cell has notably effects on the discharge performance of the Li-air battery as well, and a maximum in capacity is observed as a function of electrolyte amount. The coordination effect from the additives or co-solvents [tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and crown ethers in this study] also greatly affects the discharge performance of a Li-air battery.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning: Parametric Analysis and Design; Preprint

This paper presents a parametric analysis using a numerical model of a new concept in desiccant and evaporative air conditioning. The concept consists of two stages: a liquid desiccant dehumidifier and a dew-point evaporative cooler. Each stage consists of stacked air channel pairs separated by a plastic sheet. In the first stage, a liquid desiccant film removes moisture from the process(supply-side) air through a membrane. An evaporatively-cooled exhaust airstream on the other side of the plastic sheet cools the desiccant. The second-stage indirect evaporative cooler sensibly cools the dried process air. We analyze the tradeoff between device size and energy efficiency. This tradeoff depends strongly on process air channel thicknesses, the ratio of first-stage to second-stagearea, and the second-stage exhaust air flow rate. A sensitivity analysis reiterates the importance of the process air boundary layers and suggests a need for increasing airside heat and mass transfer enhancements.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Solid oxide fuel cell power plant having a fixed contact oxidation catalyzed section of a multi-section cathode air heat exchanger

The multi-section cathode air heat exchanger (102) includes at least a first heat exchanger section (104), and a fixed contact oxidation catalyzed section (126) secured adjacent each other in a stack association. Cool cathode inlet air flows through cool air channels (110) of the at least first (104) and oxidation catalyzed sections (126). Hot anode exhaust flows through hot air channels (124) of the oxidation catalyzed section (126) and is combusted therein. The combusted anode exhaust then flows through hot air channels (112) of the first section (104) of the cathode air heat exchanger (102). The cool and hot air channels (110, 112) are secured in direct heat exchange relationship with each other so that temperatures of the heat exchanger (102) do not exceed 800.degree. C. to minimize requirements for using expensive, high-temperature alloys.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

System and method for conditioning intake air to an internal combustion engine

A system for conditioning the intake air to an internal combustion engine includes a means to boost the pressure of the intake air to the engine and a liquid cooled charge air cooler disposed between the output of the boost means and the charge air intake of the engine. Valves in the coolant system can be actuated so as to define a first configuration in which engine cooling is performed by coolant circulating in a first coolant loop at one temperature, and charge air cooling is performed by coolant flowing in a second coolant loop at a lower temperature. The valves can be actuated so as to define a second configuration in which coolant that has flowed through the engine can be routed through the charge air cooler. The temperature of intake air to the engine can be controlled over a wide range of engine operation.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Modelling moisture sources due to air leakage with the HAMT extension for EnergyPlus

The moisture performance of building envelope components is one of the main challenges of energy efficient buildings. The combined Heat and Moisture Transfer (HAMT) model in EnergyPlus can provide moisture profiles through multiple material layers of an envelope assembly using a coupled, one-dimensional, finite volume model simulating the movement and storage of heat and moisture. Currently only a limited assessment of the effects of moisture sources inside an assembly to determine impacts on durability, indoor air quality, and energy performance is possible. This paper discusses different strategies to model moisture sources in building components due to air leakage. Models that enable air leakage to result in a moisture sink/source at an arbitrary location extend the existing mass transfer equation with a source term that includes water vapor deposit from air flow through an assembly. New sub-models with different levels of complexity to calculate the air flow through the assembly are developed. The air flow can be user defined, it can be computed as a result of the stack height and a user defined ventilation overpressure or completely derived from an air-flow network. We explain the model enhancements, discuss the required inputs for every option together with related limitations, showcase the model application and make the source code publicly available for external use.

Antretter, Florian↗

Environmental control and air distribution system and method of using the same

An indoor environmental control and air distribution system for a building includes: an air handling unit; a manifold connected to the air handling unit having a chamber formed by a plurality of walls and a plurality of orifices formed through at least one of the walls; air distribution conduits each independently having a first end connected to the orifices of the manifold and a second end extending out from the manifold into different zones throughout the building; and an airflow modulating device having one or more airflow regulating dampers independently configured to move into at least two positions in which each position provides a different percentage of total air volume to each air distribution conduit. A method of using the indoor environmental control and air distribution system is also included.

Poerschke, Andrew↗

Air Dehumidification using Ionic Liquid-Based Fiber Bundle Membrane Contactor

Air dehumidification is essential since excess moisture in the buildings causes discomfort to the occupants, encourages the production of air pathogens such as mold or mildew, and causes corrosion and rotting that degrade building materials. Existing moisture removal processes are mainly focused on condensation and desiccant (liquid or solid) techniques with direct contact between air and desiccant. However, these methods are energy-intensive, or desiccant might be lost or cause corrosion in the process. The main objective of this study is to investigate an ionic liquid-based liquid desiccant absorber based on a membrane fiber bundle. The novel system consists of membrane contactors containing bundles of 10,000 polypropylene fibers. The fiber bundles have 0.3 micron diameter, with ionic liquid flowing inside, and air flowing outside. The fibers provide a high contact area among phases: 1.4 m2 contact surface area in a 0.00015 m3 volume. The ionic liquid as a sorbent stipulates the selectivity for air, prevents the loss of solvent in the operation due to negligible volatility, provides fast diffusion due to low viscosity compared to common ionic liquids, and has high affinity and solubility in water. The dehumidification capacity of the membrane technology was experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the ionic-liquid based membrane system can effectively remove excess moisture from the air. The novel fiber bundle dehumidification system has a system volume of 0.00798 m3 (7.98 L) and active heat and mass transfer surface area of 8.4 m2. It achieved an average dehumidification of 320 ± 25 W with a volumetric air flowrate of 3.1 m3/min (108 ft3/min).

Turnaoglu, Tugba↗

Air-buoyant structures and vehicles

Air-buoyant structures, and vehicles incorporating air-buoyant structures, are provided. Hollow, air-buoyant structures may include a shell of ultra-low density aerogel material, foam material, or vapor-expanded material that is strong and stiff enough to withstand atmospheric pressure and lightweight enough to achieve buoyancy in air under evacuation. The shell may be reinforced with a suitable reinforcing material, such as helical nanofibers. The air-buoyant structures may also include vacuum pumps and valves operably connected to or integrated with the hollow shell. The vacuum pumps and valves may be configured to pump air out of the hollow shell and allow air back into the hollow shell to control buoyancy.

Beaux, II, Miles Frank↗

What does it take to “see” air leakage through a building envelope?

Unwanted air leakage in buildings can cause health and comfort issues for the building occupants and contribute to rot and mold growth in building materials. Leakage also contributes to unnecessary energy consumption ~4 quads (1172 TWh) per year in the buildings sector in the United States. Finding and repairing leaks through the building envelope can improve the energy efficiency, comfort, air-quality, and moisture durability of the building stock. Typical methods of locating air leakage, such as infrared imaging or smoke tracing, rely on concurrent blower door operation which also measures the total leakage rate of the building. These methods can be disruptive to occupants and can’t measure the contribution of individual leaks to prioritize sealing efforts. ORNL is working on a refraction-based fluid flow imaging technique that can measure the leakage rate of individual leaks from the outside of the building. The working principle of this device is based on the refraction of light caused by the exfiltration because there is a small difference in density between the exfiltration and ambient air. We will discuss the operation of the air leak detector and key variables that affect its performance. We will also present preliminary results showing the visualization capability of this new air leak detector under different conditions. Experiments were completed with different claddings, air temperatures, and lighting conditions.

Boudreaux, Philip↗

Environmental control and air distribution system and method of using the same

An indoor environmental control and air distribution system for a building includes: an air handling unit; a manifold connected to the air handling unit having a chamber formed by a plurality of walls and a plurality of orifices formed through at least one of the walls; air distribution conduits each independently having a first end connected to the orifices of the manifold and a second end extending out from the manifold into different zones throughout the building; and an airflow modulating device having one or more airflow regulating dampers independently configured to move into at least two positions in which each position provides a different percentage of total air volume to each air distribution conduit. A method of using the indoor environmental control and air distribution system is also included.

Poerschke, Andrew↗

Novel Air System for 300 kW Heavy Duty Fuel Cell

Hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles for heavy duty trucks is a potential path for reducing heavy duty vehicle emissions in the future. The air handling system delivers the proper amount of air (oxygen) to react with fuel (hydrogen) in the fuel cell to produce power. Air delivery requires significant power and is the largest parasitic loss for a 300 kW fuel cell. Today’s systems use an electric motor to power an air compressor that supplies oxygen to the fuel cell stack. In addition to parasitic power loss, hydrogen fuel cell systems often have reliability issues associated with the air handling system. Reliability is of significant concern for heavy duty applications (especially long-haul applications). This project aims to improve both the electrical power consumption and reliability of hydrogen fuel cell air handling systems to meet the needs of heavy duty on-highway vehicle applications. The air handling is provided by a twin vortices series (TVS) compressor in addition to adding a TVS expander to recover waste heat energy back into the compressor. The final configuration includes a 600 V, 39 kW motor connected with a single shaft to the compressor and expander. This configuration reduced the total electrical power consumption from 48.6 kW to 37 kW at full load, 27 kW to 9 kW at half load and 0.44 kW to 0.22 kW at idle. The response time requirement was to be less than 2 seconds while the final demonstration yielded 0.62 sec. The study includes additional technologies including water dosing into the compressor, a recuperator and elimination of the intercooler.

Reich, Evan [Eaton Corporation, Southfield, MI (Un↗

Economic implications of incorporating emission controls to mitigate air pollutants emitted from a modeled hydrocarbon-fuel biorefinery in the United States

The implementation of the US Renewable Fuel Standard is expected to increase the construction and operation of new biofuel facilities. Allowing this industry to grow without adversely affecting air quality is an important sustainability goal sought by multiple stakeholders. However, little is known about how the emission controls potentially required to comply with air quality regulations might impact biorefinery cost and deployment strategies such as siting and sizing. In this study, we use a baseline design for a lignocellulosic hydrocarbon biofuel production process to assess how the integration of emission controls impacts the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of the biofuel produced. We evaluate the change in MFSP for two cases as compared to the baseline design by incorporating (i) emission controls that ensure compliance with applicable federal air regulations and (ii) advanced control options that could be used to achieve potential best available control technology (BACT) emission limits. Our results indicate that compliance with federal air regulations can be achieved with minimal impact on biofuel cost (~$0.02 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) higher than the baseline price of $5.10 GGE -1 ). However, if air emissions must be further reduced to meet potential BACT emission limits, the cost could increase nontrivially. For example, the MFSP could increase to $5.50 GGE -1 by adopting advanced emission controls to meet potential boiler BACT limits. Finally, given tradeoffs among emission control costs, permitting requirements, and economies of scale, these results could help inform decisions about biorefinery siting and sizing and mitigate risks associated with air permitting.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Health impacts quantification of ambient air pollutants using AirQ model approach in Hamadan, Iran

Highlights: • AirQ model was used to evaluate health impacts of criteria air pollutants on the citizens of Hamadan. • Attributable proportion was estimated for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. • Cardiovascular mortality has more contribution in total death number. • We provide for first time mortality data of Hamadan people relating to air pollution. • Negative linear correlations were observed between PM, including PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5}, and wind speed. Iranian western cities, including Hamadan, have been experiencing Middle East Dust Storms (MEDS) phenomenon problems in recent years, so the air quality is getting worse every year in these cities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the human health impacts of criteria air pollutants including PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5}, NO{sub 2}, SO{sub 2}, CO and O{sub 3} on the citizens of Hamadan using AirQ model software 2.2.3. Considering the determined baseline incidence (BI) and relative risk (RR) rate, the attributable proportion (AP) of deaths due to cardiovascular and respiratory mortality attributed to PM{sub 2.5}, PM{sub 10}, O{sub 3}, NO{sub 2}, and CO pollutants was estimated to be 4.42%, 3.37%, 1.75%, 1.74% and 0.92% (95% CI) of the total mortality and the excess death cases were respectively estimated to be 131.9, 100.4, 52.1, 51.9 and 27.3 persons. In addition, cardiovascular mortality brings more contribution than respiratory mortality in total death number. The results of our study also showed that PM{sub 2.5} poses the greatest health effects on the citizens. Analyzing the average seasonal concentrations of studied pollutants (PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5}, and NO{sub 2}) and the mean seasonal temperature values revealed a positive linear correlation. Significant negative correlations were observed between the studied pollutants (PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5} and NO{sub 2}) and relative humidity, and between PM and wind speed. This study, therefore, provides additional data in decision-makings for the development of strategies for reduction of ambient air pollution which will result in improvements of air quality.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

The burden of overall and cause-specific respiratory morbidity due to ambient air pollution in Sichuan Basin, China: A multi-city time-series analysis

Highlights: • We assess the burden of respiratory HAs due to air pollution in Southwest China. • Risks of respiratory HAs were elevated following increased PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5}, NO{sub 2} and SO{sub 2}. • The effect estimates might be modified by age, season and region. • 1.84% of respiratory HAs were attributed to PM{sub 10}, 1.73% to PM{sub 2.5} and 0.34% to SO{sub 2}. Few studies have investigated the respiratory morbidity burden due to ambient air pollution in China, especially in a multi-city setting. This study aimed to estimate the short-term effects of ambient air pollutants (PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5}, NO{sub 2} and SO{sub 2}) on hospital admissions (HAs) for overall and cause-specific respiratory diseases, as well as the associated burden in 17 cities of Sichuan Basin, China during 2015–2016. Firstly, city-specific effect estimates for each pollutant on respiratory HAs were obtained using generalized additive model with quasi-Poisson link, and then random- or fixed-effects meta-analysis was applied to pool the effect estimates at the regional level. Subgroup analyses by sex, age, season and region were also performed. A total of 757,712 respiratory HAs were collected from all the tertiary and secondary hospitals located in the 17 cities. Risks of HAs for overall and cause-specific respiratory diseases were elevated following increased PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5}, NO{sub 2} and SO{sub 2} exposure. An increase of 10 μg/m{sup 3} in PM{sub 10} at lag01, PM{sub 2.5} at lag01, NO{sub 2} at lag0 and SO{sub 2} at lag02 was associated with a 0.43% (95% CI: 0.33%, 0.53%), 0.53% (95% CI: 0.39%, 0.68%), 2.36% (95% CI: 1.75%, 2.98%) and 2.54% (95% CI: 1.51%, 3.59%) increases in total respiratory HAs, respectively. Children (≤ 14 years) and elderly (≥ 65 years) appeared to be more vulnerable to the effects of ambient air pollutants. Comparing to the WHO's air quality guidelines, we estimated that 1.84% (95%CI: 1.42%, 2.25%), 1.73% (95%CI: 1.27%, 2.19%) and 0.34% (95%CI: 0.21%, 0.48%) of respiratory HAs were due to PM{sub 10}, PM{sub 2.5} and SO{sub 2} exposure, respectively. This study suggests that air pollution might be an important trigger of respiratory admissions, and result in substantial burden of HAs for respiratory diseases in Sichuan Basin.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Life-cycle-assessment of the historical development of air pollution control and energy recovery in waste incineration

Incineration of municipal solid waste is a debated waste management technology. In some countries it is the main waste management option whereas in other countries it has been disregarded. The main discussion point on waste incineration is the release of air emissions from the combustion of the waste, but also the energy recovery efficiency has a large importance. The historical development of air pollution control in waste incineration was studied through life-cycle-assessment modelling of eight different air pollution control technologies. The results showed a drastic reduction in the release of air emissions and consequently a significant reduction in the potential environmental impacts of waste incineration. Improvements of a factor 0.85-174 were obtained in the different impact potentials as technology developed from no emission control at all, to the best available emission control technologies of today (2010). The importance of efficient energy recovery was studied through seven different combinations of heat and electricity recovery, which were modelled to substitute energy produced from either coal or natural gas. The best air pollution control technology was used at the incinerator. It was found that when substituting coal based energy production total net savings were obtained in both the standard and toxic impact categories. However, if the substituted energy production was based on natural gas, only the most efficient recovery options yielded net savings with respect to the standard impacts. With regards to the toxic impact categories, emissions from the waste incineration process were always larger than those from the avoided energy production based on natural gas. The results shows that the potential environmental impacts from air emissions have decreased drastically during the last 35 years and that these impacts can be partly or fully offset by recovering energy which otherwise should have been produced from fossil fuels like coal or natural gas.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Relationship between recycling rate and air pollution: Waste management in the state of Massachusetts

Highlights: • This study examines the relationship between recycling rate of solid waste and air pollution. • Fixed effects Stochastic Frontier Analysis model with panel data are employed. • The case study is a waste municipality survey in the state of Massachusetts during 2009–2012. • The findings support that a negative relationship between air pollution and recycling. - Abstract: This study examines the relationship between recycling rate of solid waste and air pollution using data from a waste municipality survey in the state of Massachusetts during the period 2009–2012. Two econometric approaches are applied. The first approach is a fixed effects model, while the second is a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) with fixed effects model. The advantage of the first approach is the ability of controlling for stable time invariant characteristics of the municipalities, thereby eliminating potentially large sources of bias. The second approach is applied in order to estimate the technical efficiency and rank of each municipality accordingly. The regressions control for various demographic, economic and recycling services, such as income per capita, population density, unemployment, trash services, Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) program and meteorological data. The findings support that a negative relationship between particulate particles in the air 2.5 μm or less in size (PM{sub 2.5}) and recycling rate is presented. In addition, the pollution is increased with increases on income per capita up to $23,000–$26,000, while after this point income contributes positively on air quality. Finally, based on the efficiency derived by the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model, the municipalities which provide both drop off and curbside services for trash, food and yard waste and the PAYT program present better performance regarding the air quality.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Small Break Air Ingress Experiment

The small break air-ingress experiment, described in this report, is designed to investigate air-ingress phenomena postulated to occur in pipes in a very high temperature gas-cooled reactor (VHTRs). During this experiment, air-ingress rates were measured for various flow and break conditions through small holes drilled into a pipe of the experimental apparatus. The holes were drilled at right angles to the pipe wall such that a direction vector drawn from the pipe centerline to the center of each hole was at right angles with respect to the pipe centerline. Thus the orientation of each hole was obtained by measuring the included angle between the direction vector of each hole with respect to a reference line anchored on the pipe centerline and pointing in the direction of the gravitational force. Using this reference system, the influence of several important parameters on the air ingress flow rate were measured including break orientation, break size, and flow velocity . The approach used to study the influence of these parameters on air ingress is based on measuring the changes in oxygen concentrations at various locations in the helium flow circulation system as a function of time using oxygen sensors (or detectors) to estimate the air-ingress rates through the holes. The test-section is constructed of a stainless steel pipe which had small holes drilled at the desired locations.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗