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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Ascribe XR v0.1.0

Ascribe XR is an immersive visualization software designed for scientists and engineers working with 3D data sets. Its key features include interactive exploration, multi-user collaboration, and flexible data import capabilities, supporting various formats such as meshes, volumes, and terrain maps. The software utilizes Godot, OpenXR and PC-VR technology to provide an immersive experience. Ascribe XR is used for data analysis, visualization, and collaboration in various fields, enabling users to gain deeper insights into complex data sets. Its advantages over similar technologies include its flexibility, customizability, and ease of use. Ascribe XR's interactive and immersive environment facilitates collaboration and accelerates the discovery process. Compared to traditional 2D visualization tools, Ascribe XR offers a more engaging and intuitive experience, allowing users to explore complex data sets in a more natural and interactive way. Its ability to support multi-user collaboration and flexible data import capabilities make it a versatile tool for various applications. Overall, Ascribe XR provides a unique combination of features, usability, and performance, making it an attractive solution for scientists and engineers working with 3D data sets.

Pandolfi, Ronald [Lawrence Berkeley National Labor↗
DOE OSTI2024

Subsurface H 2 Storage: A Williston Basin Commercial-Scale Resource Study

Poster for the 2024 NETL Resource Sustainability Project Review Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 2-4, 2024. This poster presents a commercial‑scale assessment of subsurface hydrogen storage potential in the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin, evaluating saline formations, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and salt formations. The study integrates laboratory characterization, reservoir simulation, and basinwide analysis to assess storage capacity, injectivity, recovery, and risks related to geochemical, microbial, and wellbore interactions. Results support the feasibility of large‑volume, secure hydrogen storage and provide a framework to guide future hydrogen commercialization and infrastructure development.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2022

A detailed map of Higgs boson interactions by the ATLAS experiment ten years after the discovery

The standard model of particle physics describes the known fundamental particles and forces that make up our Universe, with the exception of gravity. One of the central features of the standard model is a field that permeates all of space and interacts with fundamental particles. The quantum excitation of this field, known as the Higgs field, manifests itself as the Higgs boson, the only fundamental particle with no spin. In 2012, a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson of the standard model was observed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Since then, more than 30 times as many Higgs bosons have been recorded by the ATLAS experiment, enabling much more precise measurements and new tests of the theory. Here, on the basis of this larger dataset, we combine an unprecedented number of production and decay processes of the Higgs boson to scrutinize its interactions with elementary particles. Interactions with gluons, photons, and W and Z bosons—the carriers of the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces—are studied in detail. Interactions with three third-generation matter particles (bottom (b) and top (t) quarks, and tau leptons (τ)) are well measured and indications of interactions with a second-generation particle (muons, μ) are emerging. These tests reveal that the Higgs boson discovered ten years ago is remarkably consistent with the predictions of the theory and provide stringent constraints on many models of new phenomena beyond the standard model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Radiation Effects in Next Generation Used Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Strategies

With the global community committed to significantly expanding nuclear energy capacity, the development of efficient used nuclear fuel (UNF) management strategies has become more critical than ever. These strategies are vital to fostering the widespread adoption of closed fuel cycles, which are essential for sustainable nuclear energy production and security. Achieving this ambitious goal necessitates a comprehensive understanding of radiation effects on next-generation technologies, as radiolysis can often limit the longevity and performance of these systems. This seminar will provide an overview of next-generation UNF reprocessing strategies, highlighting the latest advancements and innovative approaches in the field. Particular attention will be given to two key areas of recent research: 1. Radiation robustness and performance of advanced sulfur chloride-based chlorination technologies. We will explore the efficacy of sulfur chloride-based chlorination processes in the presence of surrogate cladding materials, specifically aluminum. These processes have shown promise in the dissolution, decontamination, and recovery of cladding materials for reuse. Detailed findings on how the composition and performance of these sulfur chloride solvents respond to radiation exposure will be discussed. 2. Impacts of metal ion complexation and direct dissolution conditions on monoamide-based reprocessing strategies. We will delve into the time-resolved and dose accumulation effects of irradiation on the direct dissolution of voloxidized uranium and rhenium using N,N-di-(2-ethylhexyl) butyramide (DEHBA) or N,N-di-(2-ethylhexyl)isobutyramide (DEHiBA) in pre-equilibrated n-dodecane solvent. The implications of these interactions on dissolution efficiency, radiolytic stability, and overall process performance will be examined. These studies aim to underscore the importance of understanding radiation effects in the development of next-generation UNF reprocessing technologies and the global transition towards more sustainable and efficient nuclear energy systems.

38 - RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCL↗
DOE OSTI2025

CarbStor: Development, Analysis and Modification of Carbon Storing Model Soil Communities

Soil microbial communities carry out a number of key processes including plant growth promotion, bioremediation and cycling of nutrients. Carbon cycling is among the most important of these nutrients that are metabolized and processed by the soil microbial community. Many of the carbon inputs are converted to alternative organic forms of carbon that can be used by plants or act as biomass for microbial growth. However, inorganic forms of carbon can also be produced by soil microbial communities including calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Production of calcium carbonate is beneficial for the ecosystem in several ways: it can stabilize soils and improve soil health, especially denser soils with high clay content, it can act as a method of bioremediation, it can serve as an alternative carbon source for plants and it can be a way to store carbon in soil in a stable, inorganic manner for the long term. While the chemistry surrounding individual species carrying out this process is well known what is lacking is an understanding of how species interact in a community to drive carbonate production. As all microbial species in soil exist in a community setting gaining this knowledge is critical to our predicting and controlling this microbial phenotype to greatly improve soil health. The CarbStor project is focused on developing, analyzing and modifying defined microbial soil consortia that express phenotypes at both the species and community level to convert carbon into recalcitrant stable sources such as precipitated carbonate or microbial necromass. To take full advantage of the soil community for this process we will need to fill several key knowledge gaps (KG), three of which are the focus of CarbStor. KG1: Whether and to what degree microbial communities can be developed that produce precipitated carbon via microbial metabolism. KG2: What interspecies interactions drive the individual member phenotypes in defined communities that lead to carbon precipitation. KG3: How can these interactions be modified to enhance carbon sequestration beyond what native communities are capable of. We hypothesize that in a carbon sequestering community only a subset of species will express phenotypes related to carbon storage processes. We also hypothesize that these phenotypes are expressed as a result of interactions with other species in the community that are not involved in carbon storage processes and that these interactions can be harnessed to enhance community carbon sequestration.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Momentum-exchange interactions in a Bragg atom interferometer suppress Doppler dephasing

Large ensembles of laser-cooled atoms interacting through infinite-range photon-mediated interactions are powerful platforms for quantum simulation and sensing. Here we realize momentum-exchange interactions in which pairs of atoms exchange their momentum states by collective emission and absorption of photons from a common cavity mode, a process equivalent to a spin-exchange or XX collective Heisenberg interaction. The momentum-exchange interaction leads to an observed all-to-all Ising-like interaction in a matter-wave interferometer. A many-body energy gap also emerges, effectively binding interferometer matter-wave packets together to suppress Doppler dephasing in analogy to Mössbauer spectroscopy. The tunable momentum-exchange interaction expands the capabilities of quantum interaction–enhanced matter-wave interferometry and may enable the realization of exotic behaviors, including simulations of superconductors and dynamical gauge fields.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ultrafast electron microscopy for probing magnetic dynamics

Abstract The spatial features of ultrafast changes in magnetic textures carry detailed information on microscopic couplings and energy transport mechanisms. Electrons excel in imaging such picosecond or shorter processes at nanometer length scales. We review the range of physical interactions that produce ultrafast magnetic contrast with electrons, and specifically highlight the recent emergence of ultrafast Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. From the fundamental processes involved in demagnetization at extremely short timescales to skyrmion-based devices, we show that ultrafast electron imaging will be a vital tool in solving pressing problems in magnetism and magnetic materials where nanoscale inhomogeneity, microscopic field measurement, non-equilibrium behavior or dynamics are involved. Graphic abstract

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Addressing Uncertainty in MultiSector Dynamics Research

MultiSector Dynamics (MSD) research explores the dynamics and co-evolutionary pathways of human and Earth systems and the emerging interdependent sectors of energy, water, agriculture, and transportation among others. The interactions between these sectors are central to MSD science, as they capture how processes and feedbacks across Earth, environmental, infrastructure, and societal systems shape transitions, socioeconomic risks, and the provision of services. By definition, MSD research requires deep integration across diverse scientific disciplines, ranging from the natural to the social sciences and engineering. All these disciplines apply a variety of numerical simulation models to study and understand their underlying systems of focus. The utility of these models hinges on the fidelity with which they represent the real systems and their ability to produce novel insights about systems and their interactions. The coupled human-natural systems typically represented are shaped by a multitude of interdependent human and natural processes which, when modeled, translate to highly complex, non-linear, interacting behaviors. This ever-increasing complexity massively expands the uncertainty space of a model and can be found in model inputs, processes and parameters. This is further amplified when several models are combined to answer multisectoral questions, as additional uncertainty regarding coupling relationships and interactions is introduced.

IM3, Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis, multise↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nucleation, growth, and superlattice formation of nanocrystals observed in liquid cell transmission electron microscopy

This work reviews the advancements and prospects of liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and analysis methods in understanding the nucleation, growth, etching, and assembly dynamics of nanocrystals. The bonding of atoms into nanoscale crystallites produces materials with nonadditive properties unique to their size and geometry. The recent application of in situ liquid cell TEM to nanocrystal development has initiated a paradigm shift, (1) from trial-and-error synthesis to a mechanistic understanding of the “synthetic reactions” responsible for the emergence of crystallites from a disordered soup of reactive species (e.g., ions, atoms, molecules) and shape-defined growth or etching; and (2) from post-processing characterization of the nanocrystals’ superlattice assemblies to in situ imaging and mapping of the fundamental interactions and energy landscape governing their collective phase behaviors. Imaging nanocrystal formation and assembly processes on the single-particle level in solution immediately impacts many existing fields, including materials science, nanochemistry, colloidal science, biology, environmental science, electrochemistry, mineralization, soft condensed-matter physics, and device fabrication.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Large-scale real-time signal processing in physics experiments: the ALICE TPC FPGA pipeline

For LHC Run 3, the ALICE Time Projection Chamber was upgraded to operate in continuous readout mode. Interaction rates of up to 50 kHz in Pb-Pb collisions require real-time processing of more than 3 TB s -1 of raw detector data. This requirement is met by a custom FPGA-based processing pipeline that performs the complete front-end data treatment fully in-stream, including common-mode correction, pedestal subtraction, ion-tail filtering, zero suppression, and dense data packing. A central element of the design is a highly parallel common-mode correction algorithm operating directly on the streaming data. It robustly identifies signal-free readout channels on a time-bin basis and applies pad-dependent scaling to compensate for local variations in capacitive coupling in the GEM readout. In combination with pedestal subtraction and ion-tail filtering, this enables accurate baseline restoration under extreme high-occupancy conditions, preventing signal loss while efficiently suppressing noise prior to zero suppression. The pipeline operates continuously at the full detector bandwidth and reduces the raw input rate of approximately 3 TB s -1 to about 900 GBps for Pb-Pb collisions at the target interaction rate. Overall, it represents a large-scale FPGA-based real-time signal-processing implementation for high-energy physics detector readout.

Digital signal processing (DSP)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effects of lead and lean in multi-axis directed energy deposition

Here, the present study examines the effect of varying laser incidence angles on textural, microstructural, and geometric characteristics of directed energy deposition (DED) processed materials, providing a more comprehensive outlook on participating laser-matter interaction phenomena and ultimately devising strategies to ameliorate print performance. In this study, single-layer, single-/multi-track specimens were processed to examine the effect of non-orthogonal angular configurations on bead morphology, microstructure, phase composition, and textural representation of DED-processed 316L stainless steel materials. It was observed that bead size decreased at increasing lead and lean angles. Asymmetry in the distribution of the bead morphology as a function of lead angle indicates better catchment for acute lead angle configurations over obtuse configurations. No significant differences in phase composition, texture, and microstructure were observed in moderate off-axis configurations. When the penetration depth for the deposits was below 20 μm, columnar structures dominated the microstructure of the deposited material. At deeper penetration depths, columnar and equiaxed structures were observed at the bead-substrate interface and center of the bead, respectively. Compared to powder-blown DED, wire-DED dilution profiles were found to be asymmetric in both orthogonal and non-orthogonal wire DED samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Perspectives on Systematic Cloud Microphysics Scheme Development With Machine Learning

Cloud microphysics—the collection of processes that govern the small‐scale formation, evolution, and interactions of liquid droplets and ice crystals in clouds and precipitation—remains a major source of uncertainty in weather and climate models. Although too small in scale to be explicitly resolved in any large‐eddy simulation, weather, or climate model, the representation of cloud microphysical processes has significant impact at the climate scale. Current microphysical schemes are limited by both parametric uncertainty, linked to uncertainty in physical parameter values, and structural uncertainty, arising from incomplete physical understanding of the processes at play or approximations made for computational efficiency. Recent advances in the application of machine learning (ML) to the physical sciences show significant potential for minimizing these limitations by leveraging high‐fidelity simulations and observations. Here we outline the challenges that must be addressed to apply ML toward cloud microphysics scheme development. This perspectives paper synthesizes recent progress in using data‐driven methods, including ML, to improve cloud microphysics parameterizations and highlights opportunities to address key uncertainties. We discuss the roles of aleatoric (irreducible, or statistical) and epistemic (reducible, or systematic) errors in contributing to microphysics parameterization uncertainty. ML can leverage observations to improve microphysical schemes via bottom‐up and top‐down constraints. Methods such as differentiable programming and ML‐enhanced sampling strategies and the creation of large scale benchmark data sets promise to bridge the gap between observations and models and to improve the consistency of cloud microphysical representation across temporal and spatial scales.

Lamb, Kara D. [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (Unite↗
DOE OSTI2025

Molecular basis for human respiratory syncytial virus transcriptional regulator NS1 interactions with MED25

The Mediator complex facilitates interactions between transcription factors and RNA polymerase II, a process that is required for host gene transcription, including in response to viral infections. Among the many subunits in the Mediator complex, the MED25 subunit has been shown to be a target for viral activators during infection. Here we provide the molecular basis for the interaction between human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) nonstructural 1 protein (NS1) and the activator interaction domain (ACID) of MED25. The X-ray crystal structure of the complex revealed that NS1 straddles and binds two faces of MED25 ACID. This interaction is distinct from previously known viral activators. Importantly, our data support the conformational flexibility of viral transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis identified the ATF3 transcription factor and a role for NS1/Mediator/ATF3 interaction in host gene regulation in hRSV infections. Our findings provide a molecular basis for hRSV NS1-based regulation of host gene transcription and reveal how viruses exploit the conformational heterogeneity at fuzzy transcription activator interfaces.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Linear Boltzmann transport for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Inelastic processes and jet modification

A linear Boltzmann transport (LBT) Monte Carlo model has been developed to describe jet propagation and interaction with the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. A complete set of elastic-scattering processes and medium-induced gluon emissions based on the higher-twist formalism are incorporated for both jet shower and medium recoil partons. It has been employed to describe experimental data on large transverse momentum hadron and jet spectra, correlation and jet substructures in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Here, we document in detail the structure of the model and validation of the Monte Carlo implementations of the physics processes in LBT, in particular, the inelastic process of medium-induced gluon radiation. We carry out a comprehensive examination of the jet-medium interaction as implemented in LBT through energy loss and momentum broadening of a single hard parton, the energy and transverse momentum transfer from leading partons to medium-induced gluons and jet-induced medium excitation, and medium modification of reconstructed jets in a static and uniform medium. With realistic and event-by-event hydrodynamic medium in heavy-ion collisions, we compute and compare with experimental data on the jet cone-size dependence of the single inclusive jet suppression at both the BNL Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the dijet asymmetry at the LHC and γ-jet correlation at RHIC. Effects of medium-induced gluon emissions and jet-induced medium excitation on jet observables are systematically examined. Rescatterings of the radiated gluons and recoil partons with the QGP are found essential to account for the enhancement of soft particle yield toward the edge of the jet cone.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Additive manufacturing of nickel-based superalloys: A state-of-the-art review on process-structure-defect-property relationship

Fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) has significantly grown to fabricate Nickel-based superalloys with design freedom across multiple length scales. Several phenomena such as feedstock/energy source/melt pool interactions, solidification and phase transformations occur during fusion-based AM processes of Nickel-based superalloys, which determine the ultimate microstructure and mechanical performance of the built parts. In this review, here we elaborate a comprehensive discussion on AM Nickel-based superalloys and influential factors including feedstock characteristics (powder morphology, chemistry, contamination, flowability, recycling) and AM processing (parameters, and powder spreading/wall/balling/spattering effects) on their microstructure (micro-segregation, phases formations and grain structures), defect generation (sub-surface/internal defects, microcracks, surface roughness, and residual stress). Furthermore, the mechanical properties of AM Nickel-based superalloys such as tensile, creep and fatigue at room/elevated temperatures are analyzed in accordance with the initial, and post processing effects. Additionally, the commonly utilized modeling approaches in literature to predict the microstructure and mechanical behavior of these alloys are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and mitigation approaches for future research are identified considering the gaps in the AM Nickel-based superalloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Reactive Transport Modeling of Shale–Fluid Interactions after Imbibition of Fracturing Fluids

Injection of hydraulic fracturing fluid (HFF) into shale formations for unconventional oil/gas production results in chemical reactions in the shale matrix. Our recent experimental study determined the depths to which different types of reactions between the shale matrix and the HFF extended. In the present study, we built continuum-scale reactive transport models to understand the coupling of chemical reactions and the transport of aqueous species in these shale–HFF systems. Calibration of the model with our previous experimental results reveals that it takes hours to months for the shale matrix to completely neutralize the imbibed acids, depending primarily upon the carbonate content of the shale. Both the HFF pH and pore pH affect the location of barite precipitation, resulting in unique barite precipitation profiles extending millimeters into calcite-rich Eagle Ford shale but only tens of micrometers into low-carbonate Marcellus shale. In addition, dissolved oxygen and extracted bitumen are key to reproducing the experimental observation of Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide formation in the shale matrix as a result of pyrite dissolution in the shales. A comparison between the modeling results of porosity in the present study to experimentally measured permeabilities in our previous study suggests that chemical reactions occurring at a greater depth than the observable reaction zone might have impacted permeability. Our model serves as a benchmark for efficiently modeling water–rock interactions in similar systems where bulk rock samples react with a solution in batch reactors. Important reactive transport processes were ascertained via modeling, which allows for quantitative prediction of shale–HFF interactions in shale matrices given the shale and HFF compositions.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dehydrogenation vs Apparent Hydrogenation: Unraveling the Mechanisms of He and O 2 Plasma Etching on Colloidal Nanocrystal Films

Removing organic ligands from colloidal nanoparticles is critical for fabricating solid-state devices, yet accurately quantifying this removal remains a significant analytical challenge. Here, we establish a robust and accessible method for this quantification by calibrating Raman spectroscopy against precise ion beam analysis (IBA) for nanoparticle assemblies (CNAs) processed by helium (He) and oxygen (O 2 ) plasmas. We demonstrate that the calibration curves are remarkably independent of plasma power and pressure, depending critically only on the choice of feed gas. He plasma induces rapid dehydrogenation and cross-linking, evidenced by a much faster decrease in the C–H Raman signal relative to the actual carbon loss. Conversely, O 2 plasma leads to a surprising “apparent hydrogenation”, where the carbon backbone is removed significantly faster than the C–H signal diminishes. This counterintuitive effect is explained by a serial mechanism of oxidative fragmentation; β-scission cleaves the alkyl chains, and subsequent stabilization steps enrich the remaining film with hydrogen-rich methyl-terminated fragments, while carbon is efficiently removed as volatile CO. This work provides calibrated functions that enable the rapid determination of absolute carbon content in processed CNAs using simple Raman spectroscopy with uncertainties of ∼8% for O 2 and ∼12% for He plasma, offering a vital tool for both process diagnostics and fundamental studies of plasma–matter interactions in colloidal nanocrystal films.

Animal feed↗
DOE OSTI2025

Physics Prospects for a near-term Proton-Proton Collider

Hadron colliders at the energy frontier offer significant discovery potential through precise measurements of Standard Model processes and direct searches for new particles and interactions. A future hadron collider would enhance the exploration of particle physics at the electroweak scale and beyond, potentially uniting the community around a common project. The LHC has already demonstrated precision measurement and new physics search capabilities well beyond its original design goals and the HL-LHC will continue to usher in new advancements. This document highlights the physics potential of an FCC-hh machine to directly follow the HL-LHC. In order to reduce the timeline and costs, the physics impact of lower collider energies, down to $\sim 50$~TeV, is evaluated. Lower centre-of-mass energy could leverage advanced magnet technology to reduce both the cost and time to the next hadron collider. Such a machine offers a breadth of physics potential and would make key advancements in Higgs measurements, direct particle production searches, and high-energy tests of Standard Model processes. Most projected results from such a hadron-hadron collider are superior to or competitive with other proposed accelerator projects and this option offers unparalleled physics breadth. The FCC program should lay out a decision-making process that evaluates in detail options for proceeding directly to a hadron collider, including the possibility of reducing energy targets and staging the magnet installation to spread out the cost profile.

FOS: Physical sciences↗