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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Estimates for the Green's function and parameters of exponential dichotomy of a hyperbolic operator semigroup and linear relations

By applying Lyapunov's equation, the method of similar operators, and the methods of harmonic analysis, we obtain estimates for the parameters of exponential dichotomy and for the Green's function constructed for a hyperbolic operator semigroup and a hyperbolic linear relation. Estimates are obtained using quantities which are determined by the resolvent of the infinitesimal operator of the operator semigroup and of the linear relation. Bibliography: 51 titles.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Prediction of trivalent actinide amino(poly)carboxylate complex stability constants using linear free energy relationships with the lanthanide series

Prediction of Trivalent Actinide Amino(poly)carboxylate Complex Stability Constants Using Linear Free Energy Relationships with the Lanthanide Series Alternative title: LFER Based Prediction of An(III) APC Stability Constants There is a gap in the literature regarding the complexation of amino(poly)carboxylate (APC) ligands with trivalent actinides (An(III))). The chemistry of the An(III) is nearly identical to that of the trivalent lanthanides Lns, but the An(III) express a slight enhancement when binding APC ligands. Presented in this report is a simple method of predicting the stability constants of the An(III), Pu, Am, Cm, Bk and Cf by using linear free energy relationships (LFER) of the An and the lanthanide (Ln) series for 91 APCs. This method produced An stability constants within uncertainty to available literature values for most ligands.

Uhnak, Nic E.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Developing a space-filling mixture experiment design when the components are subject to linear and nonlinear constraints

This article presents a case study of developing a space-filling design (SFD) for a constrained mixture experiment when the experimental region is specified by single-component constraints (SCCs), linear multiple-component constraints (LMCCs), and nonlinear multiple-component constraints (NMCCs). Traditional methods and software for designing constrained mixture experiments with SCCs and LMCCs (using either optimal design or SFD approaches) are not directly applicable because of the NMCCs. A SFD algorithm in the JMP software was modified to accommodate the nonlinear MCCs; the modification is described in this article. The case study involves high-level waste (HLW) glass that is subject to the formation of nepheline crystals as the glass cools. This can significantly reduce the durability of HLW glass (which is undesirable). The goal of the study was to develop a SFD for the HLW glass compositional region where nepheline may form, and generate data for modeling nepheline formation as a function of HLW glass composition. The HLW glass composition region was specified in terms of eight components with SCCs, two LMCCs, and two NMCCs. The NMCCs were based on a nonlinear logistic regression model for a binary-response nepheline response that was developed from previous data. This article discusses the HLW glass example, the constraints specifying the experimental composition region, and how an existing algorithm for generating SFDs was modified to accommodate the NMCCs. The methodology discussed in this article can be applied to any example in which the experimental region is specified by one or more nonlinear constraints in addition to linear constraints on mixture components and/or non-mixture variables.

Mixture experiment, space-filling experimental des↗
DOE OSTI2016

Implicit Monte Carlo with a linear discontinuous finite element material solution and piecewise non-constant opacity

Here, the non-linear thermal radiative-transfer equations can be solved in various ways. One popular way is the Fleck and Cummings Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) method. The IMC method was originally formulated with piecewise-constant material properties. For domains with a coarse spatial grid and large temperature gradients, an error known as numerical teleportation may cause artificially non-causal energy propagation and consequently an inaccurate material temperature. Source tilting is a technique to reduce teleportation error by constructing sub-spatial-cell (or sub-cell) emission profiles from which IMC particles are sampled. Several source tilting schemes exist, but some allow teleportation error to persist. We examine the effect of source tilting in problems with a temperature-dependent opacity. Within each cell, the opacity is evaluated continuously from a temperature profile implied by the source tilt. For IMC, this is a new approach to modeling the opacity. We find that applying both source tilting along with a source tilt-dependent opacity can introduce another dominant error that overly inhibits thermal wavefronts. We show that we can mitigate both teleportation and under-propagation errors if we discretize the temperature equation with a linear discontinuous (LD) trial space. Our method is for opacities ~ 1/T 3 , but we formulate and test a slight extension for opacities ~ 1/T 3.5 , where T is temperature. We find our method avoids errors that can be incurred by IMC with continuous source tilt constructions and piecewise-constant material temperature updates.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Linear corotation torques in non-barotropic disks

A fully analytic expression for the linear corotation torque to first order in eccentricity for planets in non-barotropic protoplanetary disks is derived, taking into account the effect of disk entropy gradients. This torque formula is applicable to both the co-orbital, corotation torques and the non-co-orbital, corotation torques—for planets in orbits with non-zero eccentricity—in disks where the thermal diffusivity and viscosity are sufficient to maintain the linearity of these interactions. While the co-orbital, corotation torque is important for migration of planets in Type I migration, the non-co-orbital, corotation torque plays an important role in the eccentricity evolution of giant planets that have opened gaps in the disk. The presence of an entropy gradient in the disk can significantly modify the corotation torque in both these cases.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Validity of the Taylor hypothesis for linear kinetic waves in the weakly collisional solar wind

The interpretation of single-point spacecraft measurements of solar wind turbulence is complicated by the fact that the measurements are made in a frame of reference in relative motion with respect to the turbulent plasma. The Taylor hypothesis—that temporal fluctuations measured by a stationary probe in a rapidly flowing fluid are dominated by the advection of spatial structures in the fluid rest frame—is often assumed to simplify the analysis. But measurements of turbulence in upcoming missions, such as Solar Probe Plus, threaten to violate the Taylor hypothesis, either due to slow flow of the plasma with respect to the spacecraft or to the dispersive nature of the plasma fluctuations at small scales. Assuming that the frequency of the turbulent fluctuations is characterized by the frequency of the linear waves supported by the plasma, we evaluate the validity of the Taylor hypothesis for the linear kinetic wave modes in the weakly collisional solar wind. The analysis predicts that a dissipation range of solar wind turbulence supported by whistler waves is likely to violate the Taylor hypothesis, while one supported by kinetic Alfvén waves is not.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Linear analysis on the growth of non-spherical perturbations in supersonic accretion flows

We analyzed the growth of non-spherical perturbations in supersonic accretion flows. We have in mind an application to the post-bounce phase of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). Such non-spherical perturbations have been suggested by a series of papers by Arnett, who has numerically investigated violent convections in the outer layers of pre-collapse stars. Moreover, Couch and Ott demonstrated in their numerical simulations that such perturbations may lead to a successful supernova even for a progenitor that fails to explode without fluctuations. This study investigated the linear growth of perturbations during the infall onto a stalled shock wave. The linearized equations are solved as an initial and boundary value problem with the use of a Laplace transform. The background is a Bondi accretion flow whose parameters are chosen to mimic the 15 M {sub ☉} progenitor model by Woosley and Heger, which is supposed to be a typical progenitor of CCSNe. We found that the perturbations that are given at a large radius grow as they flow down to the shock radius; the density perturbations can be amplified by a factor of 30, for example. We analytically show that the growth rate is proportional to l, the index of the spherical harmonics. We also found that the perturbations oscillate in time with frequencies that are similar to those of the standing accretion shock instability. This may have an implication for shock revival in CCSNe, which will be investigated in our forthcoming paper in more detail.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

CONDUCTION IN LOW MACH NUMBER FLOWS. I. LINEAR AND WEAKLY NONLINEAR REGIMES

Thermal conduction is an important energy transfer and damping mechanism in astrophysical flows. Fourier's law, in which the heat flux is proportional to the negative temperature gradient, leading to temperature diffusion, is a well-known empirical model of thermal conduction. However, entropy diffusion has emerged as an alternative thermal conduction model, despite not ensuring the monotonicity of entropy. This paper investigates the differences between temperature and entropy diffusion for both linear internal gravity waves and weakly nonlinear convection. In addition to simulating the two thermal conduction models with the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations, we also study their effects in the reduced ''soundproof'' anelastic and pseudoincompressible (PI) equations. We find that in the linear and weakly nonlinear regime, temperature and entropy diffusion give quantitatively similar results, although there are some larger errors in the PI equations with temperature diffusion due to inaccuracies in the equation of state. Extrapolating our weakly nonlinear results, we speculate that differences between temperature and entropy diffusion might become more important for strongly turbulent convection.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

OPTICAL I-BAND LINEAR POLARIMETRY OF THE MAGNETAR 4U 0142+61 WITH SUBARU

Magnetars are known to have optical and/or infrared (IR) emission, but the origin of the emission is not well understood. In order to fully study their emission properties, we have carried out for the first time optical linear polarimetry of the magnetar 4U 0142+61, which has been determined from different observations to have a complicated broadband spectrum over optical and IR wavelengths. From our I-band imaging polarimetric observation, conducted with the 8.2-m Subaru telescope, we determine the degree of linear polarization to be P = 1.0 ± 3.4%, or P ≤ 5.6% (90% confidence level). Considering models that were suggested for optical emission from magnetars, we discuss the implications of our result. The upper limit measurement indicates that, differing from radio pulsars, magnetars probably would not have strongly polarized optical emission if the emission arises from their magnetosphere as suggested.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Impact of a large density gradient on linear and nonlinear edge-localized mode simulations

Here, the impact of a large density gradient on edge-localized modes (ELMs) is studied linearly and nonlinearly by employing both two-fluid and gyro-fluid simulations. In two-fluid simulations, the ion diamagnetic stabilization on high-n modes disappears when the large density gradient is taken into account. But gyro-fluid simulations show that the finite Larmor radius (FLR) effect can effectively stabilize high-n modes, so the ion diamagnetic effect alone is not sufficient to represent the FLR stabilizing effect. We further demonstrate that additional gyroviscous terms must be kept in the two-fluid model to recover the linear results from the gyro-fluid model. Nonlinear simulations show that the density variation significantly weakens the E × B shearing at the top of the pedestal and thus leads to more energy loss during ELMs. The turbulence spectrum after an ELM crash is measured and has the relation of $P(k_{z})\propto k_{z}^{-3.3}$ .

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Electromagnetic particle simulation of the effect of toroidicity on linear mode conversion and absorption of lower hybrid waves

Effects of toroidicity on linear mode conversion and absorption of lower hybrid (LH) waves in fusion plasmas have been studied using electromagnetic particle simulation. The simulation confirms that the toroidicity induces an upshift of parallel refractive index when LH waves propagate from the tokamak edge toward the core, which affects the radial position for the mode conversion between slow and fast LH waves. Furthermore, moving LH antenna launch position from low field side toward high field side leads to a larger upshift of the parallel refractive index, which helps the slow LH wave penetration into the tokamak core. The broadening of the poloidal spectrum of the wave-packet due to wave diffraction is also verified in the simulation. Both the upshift and broadening effects of the parallel spectrum of the wave-packet modify the parallel phase velocity and thus the linear absorption of LH waves by electron Landau resonance.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Triple interference, non-linear Talbot effect and gravitization of the quantum

Recently we have discussed a new approach to the problem of quantum gravity in which the quantum mechanical structures that are traditionally fixed, such as the Fubini–Study metric in the Hilbert space of states, become dynamical and so implement the idea of gravitizing the quantum. Here, in this paper we elaborate on a specific test of this new approach to quantum gravity using triple interference in a varying gravitational field. Our discussion is driven by a profound analogy with recent triple-path interference experiments performed in the context of non-linear optics. We emphasize that the triple interference experiment in a varying gravitational field would deeply influence the present understanding of the kinematics of quantum gravity and quantum gravity phenomenology. We also discuss the non-linear Talbot effect as another striking phenomenological probe of gravitization of the geometry of quantum theory.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effect of magnetic field ripple on parallel electron transport during microwave plasma heating in the Proto-MPEX linear plasma device

The Prototype Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) is a linear plasma device located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to develop the plasma source concept for the Materials Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX). Recent experiments have demonstrated the heating of electrons in a high-density deuterium plasma (n e ~ 5 × 10 19 m -3 ) via electron Bernstein waves and source plasma production via helicon waves in this linear configuration. Moreover, experimental observations suggest that the magnetic ripple adversely affects the parallel transport of the heated electrons toward the target where material samples are to be exposed to the plasma. In order to understand the transport process during microwave application, a test-particle Monte-Carlo (MC) code has been developed that incorporates the effects of Coulomb collisions, magnetic mirror adiabatic trapping and electron cyclotron interaction via a quasilinear RF heating operator. MC calculations indicate that the absence of 2nd turning points along the trajectory of cyclotron heated electrons significantly reduces adiabatic trapping and maximizes power transport to the Target surface. Thermalization of cyclotron heating electrons is analyzed with the MC code and it is found that for conditions relevant to ProtoMPEX, a significant fraction of the absorbed heating power is coupled to the Target surface via ballistic fast electrons; however, under certain conditions, up to 60% of the absorbed RF power can be dissipated via thermalization of the fast electrons on the background plasma. Results are compared with experimental measurements. Finally, the implications of the results are discussed in the context of the upcoming MPEX device.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulation of plasma transport in MPS-LD linear plasma device by using BOUT++

Here a linear plasma device (LPD) module based on the 2D transport module under the BOUT++ framework is developed in this paper to simulate plasma transport in the LPD. The LPD module includes three parts, i.e. magnetic field calculation, simulation mesh generation and plasma transport setup. The magnetic field is calculated with the circular current loop using the location and current information of each coil. The mesh generation code can produce a simulation mesh for LPD by employing the magnetic field. The plasma transport model is based on the reduced Braginskii equations, which consist of the continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equation. The fluid neutral model is applied for neutral particle simulation. Deuterium (D) and helium (He) ions and atoms can be simulated by the model. The first attempt to simulate plasma transport in the new LPD, called multiple plasma simulation linear plasma device (MPS-LD), is presented using the developed model. The D plasma transport in the MPS-LD is simulated and benchmarked against the two-point model, showing the validation of the BOUT++ simulation. The effects of radial transport on the heat load to the target are studied, which illustrates the significant impact of the radial diffusivities $D_⟂$ and $\mathcal{X}_{⟂i,e}$ on the plasma. Moreover, the He impurity injection process during the discharge is studied with emphasis on plasma–impurity interactions. The simulation results show that He injection can reduce the plasma energy load to the target significantly, and the efficiency depends on the He source density and injection velocity. The present work provides an alternative and flexible simulation tool for plasma transport in LPDs.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

New linear stability parameter to describe low-β electromagnetic microinstabilities driven by passing electrons in axisymmetric toroidal geometry

In magnetic confinement fusion devices, the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic field energy, β, can become sufficiently large that electromagnetic microinstabilities become unstable, driving turbulence that distorts or reconnects the equilibrium magnetic field. In this paper, a theory is proposed for electromagnetic, electron-driven linear instabilities that have current layers localised to mode-rational surfaces and binormal wavelengths comparable to the ion gyroradius. The model retains axisymmetric toroidal geometry with arbitrary shaping, and consists of orbit-averaged equations for the mode-rational surface layer, with a ballooning space kinetic matching condition for passing electrons. The matching condition connects the current layer to the large scale electromagnetic fluctuations, and is derived in the limit that β is comparable to the square root of the electron-to-ion-mass ratio. Electromagnetic fluctuations only enter through the matching condition, allowing for the identification of an effective β that includes the effects of equilibrium flux surface shaping. The scaling predictions made by the asymptotic theory are tested with comparisons to results from linear simulations of micro-tearing and electrostatic microinstabilities in MAST discharge #6252, showing excellent agreement. In particular, it is demonstrated that the effective β can explain the dependence of the local micro-tearing mode (MTM) growth rate on the ballooning parameter θ 0 – possibly providing a route to optimise local flux surfaces for reduced MTM-driven transport.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Macroscopic trends of linear tearing stability in cylindrical current profiles

Abstract The likelihood of realising tokamak power-plants will be greatly improved by the discovery of high-gain equilibria that resist the formation of small islands and hence avoid the disruptive neoclassical tearing mode. We propose a series of studies to understand how simple tokamak design can leverage aspects of tearing onset physics to maximise passive resistance to island formation. Here we investigate the variation that current profiles can bring about in preventing tearing onset through the cylindrical linear tearing stability parameter Δ ′ . A database of 159148 realistic pilot-plant current profiles was generated with Monte Carlo sampling, and the distribution of Δ ′ values was linked with interpretable profile characteristics. In agreement with prior theoretical and experimental studies, Δ ′ was found to be strongly correlated with the existence and steepness of a local toroidal current well or hill, with the former destabilising and the latter stabilising. In the absence of these two cases, the remaining Δ ′ values were linearly bounded by the toroidal current gradient at the rational surface.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental realization of linearly polarized x-ray detected ferromagnetic resonance

We present the first theoretical and experimental evidence of time-resolved dynamic x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) measurements of GHz magnetic precessions driven by ferromagnetic resonance in both metallic and insulating thin films. Our findings show a dynamic XMLD in both ferromagnetic Ni 80 Fe 20 and ferrimagnetic Ni 0.65 Zn 0.35 Al 0.8 Fe 1.2 O 4 for different measurement geometries and linear polarizations. A detailed analysis of the observed signals reveals the importance of separating different harmonic components in the dynamic signal in order to identify the XMLD response without the influence of competing contributions. In particular, RF magnetic resonance elicits a large dynamic XMLD response at the fundamental frequency under experimental geometries with oblique x-ray polarization. The geometric range and experimental sensitivity can be improved by isolating the 2ω Fourier component of the dynamic response. These results illustrate the potential of dynamic XMLD and represent a milestone accomplishment toward the study of GHz spin dynamics in systems beyond ferromagnetic order.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

On the non-linear scale of cosmological perturbation theory

We discuss the convergence of cosmological perturbation theory. We prove that the polynomial enhancement of the non-linear corrections expected from the effects of soft modes is absent in equal-time correlators like the power or bispectrum. We first show this at leading order by resumming the most important corrections of soft modes to an arbitrary skeleton of hard fluctuations. We derive the same result in the eikonal approximation, which also allows us to show the absence of enhancement at any order. We complement the proof by an explicit calculation of the power spectrum at two-loop order, and by further numerical checks at higher orders. Using these insights, we argue that the modification of the power spectrum from soft modes corresponds at most to logarithmic corrections at any order in perturbation theory. Finally, we discuss the asymptotic behavior in the large and small momentum regimes and identify the expansion parameter pertinent to non-linear corrections.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗