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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1994

Modeling of high efficiency solar cells under laser pulse for power beaming applications

Solar cells have been used to convert sunlight to electrical energy for many years and also offer great potential for non-solar energy conversion applications. Their greatly improved performance under monochromatic light compared to sunlight, makes them suitable as photovoltaic (PV) receivers in laser power beaming applications. Laser beamed power to a PV array receiver could provide power to satellites, an orbital transfer vehicle, or a lunar base. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP) solar cells have calculated efficiencies of more than 50 percent under continuous illumination at the optimum wavelength. Currently high power free-electron lasers are being developed which operate in pulsed conditions. Understanding cell behavior under a laser pulse is important in the selection of the solar cell material and the laser. An experiment by NAsA lewis and JPL at the AVLIS laser facility in Livermore, CA presented experimental data on cell performance under pulsed laser illumination. Reference 5 contains an overview of technical issues concerning the use of solar cells for laser power conversion, written before the experiments were performed. As the experimental results showed, the actual effects of pulsed operation are more complicated. Reference 6 discusses simulations of the output of GaAs concentrator solar cells under pulsed laser illumination. The present paper continues this work, and compares the output of Si and GaAs solar cells.

Jain, Raj K.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Revealing Parallel Inter‐ and Intra‐Ligand Charge Transfer Dynamics in [Ru(L) 2 (dppz)] 2+ Molecular Lightswitch with N K‐Edge X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

In photoactive metal complexes the localization of photoexcited charges dictates the site of chemical reactivity, but few studies measure the charge redistribution in these systems with spatial precision. Herein, we track the inter- and intra-ligand charge transfer processes that underpin light-driven charge separation in the well-studied “molecular lightswitch” [Ru(bpy) 2 dppz] 2+ (aqueous [Ruthenium II (2,2′-bipyridine)2(dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine)] 2+ [Cl − ] 2 ) by probing the electronic structure of ligand nitrogen atoms in real-time using ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first principles calculations. We confirm the localization of excited electron density on the phenazine N atoms of dppz and we newly identify two parallel electron transfer pathways to populate this state. Sub-70 fs electron transfer to the phenazine portion of dppz is observed and attributed to intra-ligand electron transfer following Ru-to-dppz metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excitation. This fast charge transfer was not reported in prior ultrafast studies. The slower (ca. 2 ps) charge transfer reported extensively in time-resolved optical absorption and emission studies is reassigned here to inter-ligand electron “hopping” between nearly isoenergetic ligand moieties following Ru-to-bpy MLCT excitation. In conclusion, the results demonstrate much faster charge separation than previously identified in this well-studied system, highlighting how extended azaacene ligand motifs promote the competitive charge transfer processes needed to drive light-driven electron transfer chemistry.

Donor-acceptor systems↗
NASA NTRS1999

Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans

Daily oscillations characterize the release of nearly every hormone. The circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, generates circadian, approximately 24-hour rhythms in many physiologic functions. However, the observed hormonal oscillations do not simply reflect the output of this internal clock. Instead, daily hormonal profiles are the product of a complex interaction between the output of the circadian pacemaker, periodic changes in behavior, light exposure, neuroendocrine feedback mechanisms, gender, age, and the timing of sleep and wakefulness. The interaction of these factors can affect hormonal secretory pulse frequency and amplitude, with each endocrine system differentially affected by these factors. This chapter examines recent advances in understanding the effects on endocrine rhythms of a number of these factors. Sleep exerts a profound effect on endocrine secretion. Sleep is a dynamic process that is characterized by periodic changes in electrophysiologic activity. These electrophysiologic changes, which are used to mark the state and depth of sleep, are associated with periodic, short-term variations in hormonal levels. The secretion of hormones such as renin and human growth hormone are strongly influenced by sleep or wake state, while melatonin and cortisol levels are relatively unaffected by sleep or wake state. In addition, sleep is associated with changes in posture, behavior, and light exposure, each of which is known to affect endocrine secretion. Furthermore, the tight concordance of habitual sleep and wake times with certain circadian phases has made it difficult to distinguish sleep and circadian effects on these hormones. Specific protocols, designed to extract circadian and sleep information semi-independently, have been developed and have yielded important insights into the effects of these regulatory processes. These results may help to account for changes in endocrine rhythms observed in circadian rhythm sleep disorders, including the dyssomnia of shift work and visual impairment. Yet to be fully investigated are the interactions of these factors with age and gender. Characterization of the factors governing hormone secretion is critical to understanding the temporal regulation of endocrine systems and presents many exciting areas for future research.

Non-NASA Center↗
DOE OSTI2023

Thermal Properties of Polymer Hole-Transport Layers Influence the Efficiency Roll-off and Stability of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

While the performance of metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has rapidly improved in recent years, their stability remains a bottleneck to commercial realization. Here, we show that the thermal stability of polymer hole-transport layers (HTLs) used in PeLEDs represents an important factor influencing the external quantum efficiency (EQE) roll-off and device lifetime. We demonstrate a reduced EQE roll-off, a higher breakdown current density of approximately 6 A cm -2 , a maximum radiance of 760 W sr -1 m -2 , and a longer device lifetime for PeLEDs using polymer HTLs with high glass-transition temperatures. Furthermore, for devices driven by nanosecond electrical pulses, a record high radiance of 1.23 MW sr -1 m -2 and an EQE of approximately 1.92% at 14.6 kA cm -2 are achieved. Thermally stable polymer HTLs enable stable operation of PeLEDs that can sustain more than 11.7 million electrical pulses at 1 kA cm -2 before device failure.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Characterization of UV optical components for photon detector calibration in liquid argon TPCs

Large liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs)require stable and well-characterized delivery of ultraviolet (UV)light for in situ calibration of photosensors at cryogenictemperatures. This article reports bench-top and cryogenicmeasurements of the optical components used in a UV lightcalibration system, including multi-mode fused-silica fibers,SMA-to-SMA connectors, optical fiber feedthroughs, andlight-diffuser assemblies. Light loss in several fiber types and SMAconnectors was measured across wavelengths from275–970 mm. In addition,light-loss measurements of the tested fibers after severalliquid-nitrogen thermal cycles showed no statistically significantdegradation relative to baseline measurements, and high-rate pulsedexposure (30–90 million pulses from a275 nm LED) likewise showed nomeasurable aging in jacketed fibers. A compact, palm-sized,3D-printed PEEK diffuser housing with stacked UV-grade fused-silicadiffusers yields Lambertian emission and the most uniform angulardistribution. Optical components exhibiting improved UV transmissionwere deployed successfully in multiple DUNE small- and large-scaleprototypes, demonstrating reliable operation of UV light calibrationsystem. These findings inform component selection and calibrationprocedures for achieving reliable, uniform UV light delivery inlarge-scale cryogenic detectors such as DUNE.

Behera, B. [South Dakota Sch. Mines Tech.] (ORCID:↗
NASA NTRS2011

Pulsed Lidar for Measurement of C02 Concentrations for the ASCENDS Mission - Update

We have been developing a laser-based sounding technique for the remote measurement of the tropospheric CO2 concentrations from orbit for NASA is ASCENDS mission. The mission's goals are to provide measurements of tropospheric CO2 abundance with global-coverage, a few hundred km spatial and monthly temporal resolution. These are needed to better understand CO2 fluxes and the processes that regulate CO2 storage by the land and oceans. For the lIP, we are developing and demonstrating the lidar techniques and key lidar technology that will permit measurements of the CO2 column abundance in the lower troposphere from aircraft. Our final goal is to demonstrate the key capabilities needed for a space lidar and mission approach for the ASCENDS mission. We use a pulsed lidar technique, which is much less sensitive to errors from cloud and atmospheric scattering and to noise from solar background. It allows continuous measurements of CO2 mixing ratio in the lower troposphere during day and night. Our approach uses the 1570nm CO2 band and a two-wavelength laser absorption spectrometer, which continuously measures at nadir from a circular polar orbit. It directs the narrow co-aligned laser beams from the instrument's lasers toward nadir, and measures the energy of the laser echoes reflected from land and water surfaces. It uses a pair of tunable laser transmitters, which allowing measurement of the extinction from a single selected CO2 absorption line in the 1570 nm band and from a line pair in the Oxygen A-band near 765 nm. These regions have temperature insensitive absorption lines are free from interference from other gases. The lasers pulse at 10KHz, use tunable diode seed lasers followed by laser amplifiers, and have MHz spectral widths. During the measurement the lasers are stepped across the selected lines at a kHz rate. The receiver uses a 1-m class telescope and photon sensitive detectors and measures the background light and energies of the laser echoes from the surface. The extinction and column densities for the CO2 and O2 gases are estimated from the ratio of the on and off line echo pulse energies via the integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) technique. Our technique exploits the atmospheric pressure broadening of the lines to weight the measurement sensitivity to the atmospheric column below 5 km. Pulsed laser signals, time gated receiver are used to isolate the surface laser echo signals and to exclude photons scattered from clouds and aerosols. We have successfully demonstrated many key aspects of the approach and lidar technology in the laboratory. We have demonstrated CO2 column measurements in airborne flights during the summers of 2009 and 2010. These included measurements from 3-l3 km altitudes made over a variety of surfaces and through thin and broken clouds. We demonstrated initial airborne measurements of O2 column density to 10 km altitudes during the summer 2010 flights. More details approach, key technologies, and demonstration measurements will be given in the presentation.

Abshire, James↗
DOE OSTI2026

Leafweb: Leaf Gas Exchange and Pulse-Amplitude Modulated Fluorometry for C4 Species, June 2026 Release

This dataset contains leaf gas exchange and Pulse-Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry for 98 C4 species. The C4 photosynthetic pathway employs specialized CO2 concentration mechanisms and Kranz anatomy to enrich CO2 concentration around Rubisco, the enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation in the Calvin-Benson cycle to suppress photorespiration and increase the use efficiencies of light, nitrogen, and water as compared to the C3 photosynthetic pathways. Large-scale C4 photosynthetic datasets are relatively scarce, which has affected C4 photosynthesis research. To improve C4 photosynthetic data availability, Leafweb organized an effort to systematically collect, compile, standardize, and organize measurements of leaf gas exchange and/or Pulse-Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry of C4 species. This derived a C4 photosynthetic dataset containing measurements made by independent researchers in multiple countries in various environments (field, garden, or greenhouse). It covers three biochemical subtypes – the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malic enzyme (NAD-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK) subtypes. This dataset is useful for using Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning and mechanistic models to study C4 photosynthesis and compare across different biochemical subtypes. This dataset contains 3 compressed (*.zip) folders containing 1,892 data files in comma-separate values (*.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: one data dictionary and a file-level metadata file in comma-separate values (*.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

Zhou, Haoran [Tianjin University, China]↗
DOE OSTI2021

Post-landing major element quantification using SuperCam laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

The SuperCam instrument on the Perseverance Mars 2020 rover uses a pulsed 1064 nm laser to ablate targets at a distance and conduct laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) by analyzing the light from the resulting plasma. SuperCam LIBS spectra are preprocessed to remove ambient light, noise, and the continuum signal present in LIBS observations. Prior to quantification, spectra are masked to remove noisier spectrometer regions and spectra are normalized to minimize signal fluctuations and effects of target distance. In some cases, the spectra are also standardized or binned prior to quantification. To determine quantitative elemental compositions of diverse geologic materials at Jezero crater, Mars, we use a suite of 1198 laboratory spectra of 334 well-characterized reference samples. The samples were selected to span a wide range of compositions and include typical silicate rocks, pure minerals (e.g., silicates, sulfates, carbonates, oxides), more unusual compositions (e.g., Mn ore and sodalite), and replicates of the sintered SuperCam calibration targets (SCCTs) onboard the rover. For each major element (SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , FeO T , MgO, CaO, Na 2 O, K 2 O), the database was subdivided into five “folds” with similar distributions of the element of interest. One fold was held out as an independent test set, and the remaining four folds were used to optimize multivariate regression models relating the spectrum to the composition. We considered a variety of models, and selected several for further investigation for each element, based primarily on the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) on the test set, when analyzed at 3 m. In cases with several models of comparable performance at 3 m, we incorporated the SCCT performance at different distances to choose the preferred model. Shortly after landing on Mars and collecting initial spectra of geologic targets, we selected one model per element. Subsequently, with additional data from geologic targets, some models were revised to ensure results that are more consistent with geochemical constraints. The calibration discussed here is a snapshot of an ongoing effort to deliver the most accurate chemical compositions with SuperCam LIBS.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantum Interferometric Pathway Selectivity in Difference-Frequency-Generation Spectroscopy

Even-order spectroscopies such as sum-frequency generation (SFG) and difference-frequency generation (DFG) can serve as direct probes of molecular chirality. Such signals are usually given by the sum of several interaction pathways that carry different information about matter. Here we focus on DFG, involving impulsive optical–optical–IR interactions, where the last IR pulse probes vibrational transitions in the ground or excited electronic state manifolds, depending on the interaction pathway. Spectroscopy with classical light can use phase matching to select the two pathways. In this theoretical study, we propose a novel quantum interferometric protocol that uses entangled photons to isolate individual pathways. Importantly, this additional selectivity originates from engineering the state of light using a Zou–Wang–Mandel interferometer combined with coincidence detection.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Greater than Five-Order-of-Magnitude Postcompression Temporal Contrast Improvement with an Ionization Plasma Grating

High-intensity lasers require suppression of prepulses and other nonideal temporal structure to avoid target disruption before the arrival of the main pulse. Here, to address this, we demonstrate that ionization gratings act as a controllable optical switch for high-power light with a temporal contrast improvement of at least 3 ×10 5 and a switching time less than 500 fs. We also show that a grating system can run for hours at 10 Hz without degradation. The contrast improvement from an ionization grating compares favorably to that achievable with plasma mirrors.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

In-orbit operation of Resolve Filter Wheel and modulated X-ray source

The Resolve soft X-ray spectrometer is a high spectral resolution microcalorimeter spectrometer for the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission. In the beam of Resolve, there is a filter wheel containing X-ray filters. In the beam, there is also an active calibration source, the modulated X-ray source (MXS), which can provide pulsed X-rays to facilitate gain calibration. The filter wheel consists of six filter positions. Two open positions, one 55 Fe source to aid in spectrometer characterization during the commissioning phase, and three transmission filters: a neutral density filter, an optical blocking filter, and a beryllium filter. The X-ray intensity, pulse period, and pulse separation of an MXS are highly configurable. Furthermore, the switch-on time is synchronized with the spacecraft’s internal clock to give accurate start and end times of the pulses. One of the issues raised during ground testing was the susceptibility of an MXS at high voltage to ambient light. Although measures were taken to mitigate the light leak, the efficacy of those measures must be verified in orbit. Along with an overview of issues raised during ground testing, we will discuss the calibration source and the filter performance in-flight and compare with the transmission curves present in the Resolve calibration database.

X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission/Resolve↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ultrafast Laser-Excited Optical Emission of Xe under Loose-Focusing Conditions

The optical filament-based radioxenon sensing can potentially overcome the constraints of conventional detection techniques that are relevant for nuclear security applications. This study investigates the spectral signatures of pure xenon (Xe) when excited by ultrafast laser filaments at near-atmosphericpressure and in short and loose-focusing conditions. The two focusing conditions lead to laser intensity differences of several orders of magnitude and different plasma transient behavior. The gaseous sample was excited at atmospheric pressure using ∼7 mJ pulses with a 35 fs pulse duration at 800 nm wavelength. The optical signatures were studied by time-resolved spectrometry and imaging in orthogonal light collection configurations in the ∼400 nm (VIS) and ∼800 nm (NIR) spectral regions. The most prominent spectral lines of atomic Xe are observable in both focusing conditions. An on-axis light collection from an atmospheric air–Xe plasma mixture demonstrates the potential of femtosecond filamentation for the remote sensing of noble gases.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterization of a modified printed optical particle spectrometer for high-frequency and high-precision laboratory and field measurements

Abstract. The printed optical particle spectrometer (POPS) is a lightweight, low-cost instrument for measurements of aerosol number concentrations and size distributions. This work reports on modifications of the Handix Scientific commercial version of the POPS to facilitate its use in multi-instrument aerosol sampling systems. The flow system is modified by replacing the internal pump with a needle valve and a vacuum pump. The instrument is integrated into closed-flow systems by routing the sheath flow from filtered inlet air. A high-precision multichannel analyzer (MCA) card is added to sample the analog pulse signal. The MCA card is polled at 10 Hz frequency using an external data acquisition system and improves upon the count-rate limitation associated with the POPS internal data acquisition system. The times required to change the concentration between 90 % and 10 % and vice versa for a step change in concentration were measured to be 0.17 and 0.41 s at a flow rate of 5 cm3 s−1. This yields a sampling frequency of ∼ 1–2 Hz, below which the amplitude of measured fluctuations is captured with > 70 % efficiency. The modified POPS was integrated into the dual tandem differential mobility analyzer system to explore the coalescence of dimer particles. Results show that the pulse-height response increases upon dimer coalescence. The magnitude of the increase is broadly consistent with the change in light-scattering amplitude predicted by the T-matrix method. It is anticipated that this modified version of the POPS will extend the utilization of the technique for a range of field and laboratory applications.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1983

The period history of the X-ray pulsar in MSH 15-52

New and refined mesurements of the pulse period of the X-ray pulsar in the supernova remnant MSH 15-52 are presented. The data were obtained with the Monitor proportional Counter on board the HEAO 2 observatory. The period measurements were obtained by analyzing pulse arrival times determined by cross-correlating sample pulse profiles with a master template. The period history for the source and a representative 0.15 s X-ray light curve are shown. The X-ray measurements alone lead to a refined value of the period derivative of (1.5382 + or -0.0024) x 10 to the -12th s/s, while including the results of more recent radio observations leads to a value of (1.54029 + or -0.00095) x 10 to the -12th s/s. These results indicate a hard-point source surrounded by diffuse nebular emission.

Weisskopf, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Cheap, Easy-To-Read Frequency Monitor For Pulsed Laser

Electronic circuit provides bar-graph display of difference between carrier frequency of pulsed laser transmitter and frequency of another laser serving as local oscillator in receiver. Display device linear array of light-emitting diodes (LED's), each representing 1-MHz portion of beat-frequency range from 20 to 40 MHz. Middle LED and neighbors green; LED's representing edges of passband yellow; LED's of frequencies outside passband red. Operator determines approximate relative frequency of transmitter at a glance by observing color and position of illuminated LED.

Esporoles, Carlos↗
NASA NTRS1998

LASE validation experiment: preliminary processing of relative humidity from LASE derived water vapor in the middle to upper troposphere

Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) is the first fully engineered, autonomous airborne DIAL (Differentials Absorption Lidar) system to measure water vapor, aerosols, and clouds throughout the troposphere. This system uses a double-pulsed Ti:sapphire laser, which is pumped by a frequency-doubled flashlamp-pumped Nd: YAG laser, to transmit light in the 815 mn absorption band of water vapor. LASE operates by locking to a strong water vapor line and electronically tuning to any spectral position on the absorption line to choose the suitable absorption cross-section for optimum measurements over a range of concentrations in the atmosphere. During the LASE Validation Experiment, which was conducted over Wallops Island during September, 1995, LASE operated on either the strong water line for measurements in middle to upper troposphere, or on the weak water line for measurements made in the middle to lower troposphere including the boundary layer. Comparisons with water vapor measurements made by airborne dew point and frost point hygrometers, NASA/GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) Raman Lidar, and radiosondes showed the LASE water vapor mixing ratio measurements to have an accuracy of better than 6% or 0.01 g/kg, whichever is larger, throughout the troposphere. In addition to measuring water vapor mixing ratio profiles, LASE simultaneously measures aerosol backscattering profiles at the off-line wavelength near 815 nm from which atmospheric scattering ratio (ASR) profiles are calculated. ASR is defined as the ratio of total (aerosol + molecular) atmospheric scattering to molecular scattering. Assuming a region with very low aerosol loading can be identified, such as that typically found just below the tropopause, then the ASR can be determined. The ASR profiles are calculated by normalizing the scattering in the region containing enhanced aerosols to the expected scattering by the "clean" atmosphere at that altitude. Images of the total ASR clearly depict cloud regions, including multiple cloud layers, thin upper level cirrus, etc., throughout the troposphere. New data products that are being derived from the LASE aerosol and water measurements include: 1) aerosol extinction coefficient, 2) aerosol optical thickness, 3) precipitable water vapor, and 4) relative humidity (RH). These products can be compared with airborne in-situ, and ground and satellite remote sensing measurements,. This paper presents a preliminary examination of RH profiles in the middle to upper troposphere that are generated from LASE measured water vapor mixing ratio profiles coupled with rawinsonde profiles of temperature and pressure.

Brackett, Vincent G.↗
NASA NTRS2013

High-Power Single-Mode 2.65-micron InGaAsSb/AlInGaAsSb Diode Lasers

Central to the advancement of both satellite and in-situ science are improvements in continuous-wave and pulsed infrared laser systems coupled with integrated miniaturized optics and electronics, allowing for the use of powerful, single-mode light sources aboard both satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle platforms. There is a technological gap in supplying adequate laser sources to address the mid-infrared spectral window for spectroscopic characterization of important atmospheric gases. For high-power applications between 2 to 3 micron, commercial laser technologies are unsuitable because of limitations in output power. For instance, existing InP-based laser systems developed for fiber-based telecommunications cannot be extended to wavelengths longer than 2 micron. For emission wavelengths shorter than 3 micron, intersubband devices, such as infrared quantum cascade lasers, become inefficient due to band-offset limitations. To date, successfully demonstrated singlemode GaSb-based laser diodes emitting between 2 and 3 micron have employed lossy metal Bragg gratings for distributed- feedback coupling, which limits output power due to optical absorption. By optimizing both the quantum well design and the grating fabrication process, index-coupled distributed-feedback 2.65-micron lasers capable of emitting in excess of 25 mW at room temperature have been demonstrated. Specifically, lasers at 3,777/cm (2.65 micron) have been realized to interact with strong absorption lines of HDO and other isotopologues of H2O. With minor modifications of the optical cavity and quantum well designs, lasers can be fabricated at any wavelength within the 2-to-3-micron spectral window with similar performance. At the time of this reporting, lasers with this output power and wavelength accuracy are not commercially available. Monolithic ridge-waveguide GaSb lasers were fabricated that utilize secondorder lateral Bragg gratings to generate single-mode emission from InGaAsSb/ AlInGaAsSb multi-quantum well structures. The device fabrication utilizes etched index-coupled gratings in the top AlGaAsSb cladding of the laser chip along the ridge waveguide, whereas commercial lasers that emit close to this wavelength include loss-coupled metal gratings that limit the output power of the laser. Semiconductor-laser-based spectrometers can be used to replace gas sensors currently used in industry and government. With the availability of high-power laser sources at mid-infrared wavelengths, sensors can target strong fundamental gas absorption lines to maximize instrument sensitivity.

Frez, Clifford F.↗