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At least 919 records · Page 51

Inspection of Spray on Foam Insulation (SOFI) Using Microwave and Millimeter Wave Synthetic Aperture Focusing and Holography

The Space Shuttle Columbia s catastrophic failure is thought to have been caused by a dislodged piece of external tank spray on foam insulation (SOFI) striking and significantly damaging the left wing of the orbiter, which may have been due to a flawed section of SOFI. Microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods have shown great potential detecting anomalies in SOFI such as small air voids using a horn and lens in a (real) focused configuration. Synthetic focusing methods may also be used to detect air voids in SOFI and may additionally offer the ability to locate the defect in three dimensions. To this end, two different methods were investigated; namely, frequency domain synthetic aperture focusing technique (FD-SAFT) and wide-band microwave holography. To illustrate the performance of these methods they were applied to two different SOFI samples. The results of these investigations demonstrate the capabilities of these methods for SOFI inspection.

Case, J. T.↗

A Novel 24 GHz One-Shot, Rapid and Portable Microwave Imaging System

Development of microwave and millimeter wave imaging systems has received significant attention in the past decade. Signals at these frequencies penetrate inside of dielectric materials and have relatively small wavelengths. Thus. imaging systems at these frequencies can produce images of the dielectric and geometrical distributions of objects. Although there are many different approaches for imaging at these frequencies. they each have their respective advantageous and limiting features (hardware. reconstruction algorithms). One method involves electronically scanning a given spatial domain while recording the coherent scattered field distribution from an object. Consequently. different reconstruction or imaging techniques may be used to produce an image (dielectric distribution and geometrical features) of the object. The ability to perform this accurate~v and fast can lead to the development of a rapid imaging system that can be used in the same manner as a video camera. This paper describes the design of such a system. operating at 2-1 GHz. using modulated scatterer technique applied to 30 resonant slots in a prescribed measurement domain.

Ghasr, M. T.↗

Fiber optic frequency transfer link

A reference frequency distribution system is disclosed for transmitting a reference frequency from a reference unit to a remote unit while keeping the reference frequency at the reference unit and the remote unit in phase. A fiber optic cable connects the reference unit to the remote unit. A frequency source at the reference unit produces a reference frequency having an adjustable phase. A fiber optic transmitter at the reference unit modulates a light beam with the reference frequency and transmits the light beam into the fiber optic cable. A 50/50 reflector at the remote unit reflects a first portion of the light beam from the reference unit back into the fiber optic cable to the reference unit. A first fiber optic receiver disposed at the remote unit receives a second portion of the light beam and demodulates the reference frequency to be used at the remote unit. A second fiber optic receiver disposed at the reference unit receives the first portion of the light beam and demodulates a reference frequency component. A phase conjugator is connected to the frequency source for comparing the phase of the reference frequency component to the phase of the reference frequency modulating the light beam being transmitted from the reference unit to maintain a conjugate (anti-symmetric) relationship between the reference frequency component and the reference frequency modulating the light beam where virtually no phase difference exists between the phase of the reference frequency component and the phase of the reference frequency modulating the light beam.

Primas, Lori E.↗

Testing of an Annular Linear Induction Pump for the Fission Surface Power Technology Demonstration Unit

Results of performance testing of an annular linear induction pump that has been designed for integration into a fission surface power technology demonstration unit are presented. The pump electromagnetically pushes liquid metal (NaK) through a specially-designed apparatus that permits quantification of pump performance over a range of operating conditions. Testing was conducted for frequencies of 40, 55, and 70 Hz, liquid metal temperatures of 125, 325, and 525 C, and input voltages from 30 to 120 V. Pump performance spanned a range of flow rates from roughly 0.3 to 3.1 L/s (4.8 to 49 gpm), and pressure heads of <1 to 104 kPa (<0.15 to 15 psi). The maximum efficiency measured during testing was 5.4%. At the technology demonstration unit operating temperature of 525 C the pump operated over a narrower envelope, with flow rates from 0.3 to 2.75 L/s (4.8 to 43.6 gpm), developed pressure heads from <1 to 55 kPa (<0.15 to 8 psi), and a maximum efficiency of 3.5%. The pump was supplied with three-phase power at 40 and 55 Hz using a variable-frequency motor drive, while power at 55 and 70 Hz was supplied using a variable-frequency power supply. Measured performance of the pump at 55 Hz using either supply exhibited good quantitative agreement. For a given temperature, the peak in efficiency occurred at different flow rates as the frequency was changed, but the maximum value of efficiency was relative insensitive within 0.3% over the frequency range tested, including a scan from 45 to 78 Hz. The objectives of the FSP technology project are as follows:5 • Develop FSP concepts that meet expected surface power requirements at reasonable cost with added benefits over other options. • Establish a nonnuclear hardware-based technical foundation for FSP design concepts to reduce overall development risk. • Reduce the cost uncertainties for FSP and establish greater credibility for flight system cost estimates. • Generate the key nonnuclear products to allow Agency decision makers to consider FSP as a viable option for potential future flight development. The pump must be compatible with the liquid NaK coolant and have adequate performance to enable a viable flight system. Idaho National Laboratory (INL) was tasked with the design and fabrication of an ALIP suitable for the FSP reference mission. Under the program, a quarter-scale FSP technology demonstration is under construction to test the end-to-end conversion of simulated nuclear thermal power to usable electrical power intended to raise the entire FSP system to Technology Readiness Level 6. An ALIP for this TDU was fabricated under the direction of the INL and shipped to NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) for testing at representative operating conditions. This pump was designed to meet the requirements of the TDU experiment. The ALIP test circuit (ATC) at MSFC, previously used to conduct performance evaluation on another ALIP6 was used to test the present TDU pump for the FSP Technology Development program.

Polzin, K. A.↗

Latitude variation of recurrent fluxes in the outer solar system

Recurrent low energy (greater than or = to 0.5 MeV) proton flux enhancements, reliable indicators of corotating plasma interaction regions, were observed on the Voyager 1 and 2 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft in the heliographic latitude range 2 deg S to 23 N and the heliocentric radial range 11 to 20 AU. After a period of rather high correlation between fluxes at different latitudes in early 1983, distinct differences developed in the fluxes during an overall flux decrease. The flux intensities returned to higher levels in early 1984 and differences in both the recurrence frequency and flux intensity persisted into 1985, as Voyager 1 traveled to 23 AU and 25 N latitude. Intercomparison of data from the three spacecraft indicates that the flux differences are most likely due to latitudinal rather than radial or temporal variations.

Christon, S. P.↗

Sensors for Pointing Moving Instruments Toward Each Other

Optoelectronic sensor systems are being developed for use in maintaining fixed relative orientations of two scientific-instrument platforms that are in relative motion. In the original intended application, the platforms would be two spacecraft flying in formation and separated by a long baseline. In principle, sensor systems of this type could also be used in terrestrial applications for maintaining alignments between moving instrument platforms. The sensor system would utilize beacon laser beams that would be transmitted by the platforms in the normal course of scientific measurements. The frequency of the returned laser beam would differ by about 5 MHz. On each platform, the transmitted laser beam and the laser beam bounced off the other platform would be focused onto a quadrant photodetector, where the interference between the laser beams would give rise to sinusoidal (beat-frequency) signals on all four quadrants. The differences among the phases of the beat-frequency signals in the quadrants would depend on, and would be used to determine the angle between, the wave fronts of the outgoing and incoming laser beams.

Liebe, Carl↗

Rotation of the coronal magnetic field

The coronal magnetic field rotates differently than the photosphere. The field configuration of the corona can be calculated from the observed photosphpere field using a potential field model. Correlation of the field patterns at different latitudes with a lag near one solar rotation shows much less differential rotation than observed in the photospheric field; however, the peak is very broad and determines the rotation rate rather poorly. Consideration of longer lags reveals a more complex rotational structure and indicates different rotation rates in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Spectral analysis of the equatorial dipole component of the coronal field reveals an organization into just a few discrete rotation frequencies which are apparently present simultaneously. Spectral analysis of the field at different latitudes shows that the frequencies are present simultaneously. Spectra analysis of the field at different latitudes shows that the frequencies are present simultaneously, but in different hemispheres, and that the Southern Hemisphere fields rotate more slowly than those in the north in solar cycle 21.

Hoeksema, J. T.↗

Multispacecraft observations of the harmonic structure of Pc 3-4 magnetic pulsations

Harmonically related Pc 3-4 pulsations (7-100 mHz) are observed simultaneously by the three geosynchronous satellites ATS 6, SMS 1, and SMS 2, which are separated 20 deg from one another. At a given instant the frequency of the same harmonic is different from one spacecraft to another and each spacecraft observes a decrease in the fundamental frequency as it moves from morning (15 mHz) to afternoon (10 mHz). This frequency behavior is explained in terms of standing Alfven waves, for which the frequency is determined by the local magnetic field and plasma density. Occurrence of harmonic Pc 3-4 waves only during daytime hours (0400-2000 LT) and their frequency characteristics suggest a broadband energy source located on the dayside. Possible azimuthal wave number m and azimuthal phase velocity V(phi) of the second through fourth harmonics are determined from an unusual interval during which identical harmonic frequencies were observed at SMS 1 and ATS 6. Under the assumption of tailward propagation of constant-phase fronts at the same velocity for all these harmonics, V(phi) of about 1700 km/s is obtained.

Takahashi, K.↗

A measurement of the cosmic microwave background temperature at 7.5 GHz

The temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation at a frequency of 7.5 GHz (4 cm wavelength) is measured, obtaining a brightness temperature of T(CMB) = 2.70 +/- 0.08 K (68 percent confidence level). The measurement was made from a site near the geographical South Pole during the austral spring of 1989 and was part of an international collaboration to measure the CMB spectrum at low frequencies with a variety of radiometers from several different sites. This recent result is in agreement with the 1988 measurement at the same frequency, which was made from a different site with significantly different systematic errors. The combined result of the 1988 and 1989 measurements is 2.64 +/- 0.06 K.

Levin, S.↗

Low-Frequency Coherence Break in the Soft X-Ray State of GRS 1915+105

We present results from the analysis of X-ray power density spectra and coherence when GRS 1915+105 is in soft states. We use three data sets that belong to mu, phi, and delta classes as found in the work of Belloni et al. We find that the power density spectra appear t o be complex, with several features between 0.01 and 10 Hz. The coherence deviates from unity above a characteristic frequency. We discuss our results from different models. The corona size in the sphere-disk model implied by this break frequency is on the order of 10(exp 4) GM/c(exp 2), which is unphysical. Our results are more consistent with the prediction of the model of a planar corona sustained by magnetic flares, in which the characteristic frequency is associated with the longest timescale of an individual flare, which is about 8 s.

Ji, Jian-Feng↗

Observations of intermediate degree solar oscillations - 1989 April-June

Frequencies, splittings, and line widths from 85 d of full disk Doppler observations of solar p-modes taken between April 4 and June 30, 1989 are presented. Comparison of the present mode parameters with published Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) results yields good agreement in general and is thus a confirmation of their work using an independent instrument and set of analysis routines. Average differences in p-mode frequencies measured by the two experiments in spring-summer 1989 are explained as a result of differences in the exact periods of data collection during a time of rapidly changing solar activity. It is shown that the present a(1) splitting coefficients for p-modes with nu/L less than 45 micro-Hz suffer from a significant systematic error. Evidence is presented to the effect that a detector distortion or alignment problem, not a problem with the power spectra analysis, is the most likely explanation of this a(1) anomaly.

Bachmann, Kurt T.↗

An upper limit on the hardness of the nonthermal electron spectra produced during the flash phase of solar flares.

The observations of impulsive solar-flare X-rays above 10 keV made with OGO-5 satellite have been analyzed in order to study the variation of the nonthermal electron spectrum from one flare to another. The X-ray spectrum at the maxima of 129 impulsive X-ray bursts is represented by KE to the minus-gamma power photons per sq cm per sec per keV, and the frequency of occurrence of bursts with different values of gamma is studied. It is found that for gamma less than 4.0 the frequency of bursts rapidly decreases with the decrease in the value of gamma. The probability of occurrence of a burst with gamma less than 2.3 is extremely small.

Kane, S. R.↗

Investigation of a quadrupole ultra-high vacuum ion pump

The new nonmagnetic ion pump resembles the quadrupole ionization gage. The dimensions are larger, and hyperbolically shaped electrodes replace the four rods. Their surfaces follow y sq. = 36 + x sq. (x, y in centimeters). The electrodes, 55 cm long, are positioned lengthwise in a tube. At one end a cathode emits electrons; at the other end a narrowly wound flat spiral of tungsten clad with titanium on cathode potential can be heated for titanium evaporation. Electrons accelerated by a dc potential of the surface electrodes oscillate between the ends on rotational trajectories, if a high frequency potential superimposed on the dc potential is properly adjusted. Pumping speeds (4-100 liter/sec) for different gases at different peak voltages (1000-3000V) at corresponding frequencies (57-100 MHz), and at different pressures 0.00001 to the minus 9 power Torr were observed. The lowest pressure reached was below 10 to the minus 10 power Torr.

Schwarz, H. J.↗

An exploratory study of finite difference grids for transonic unsteady aerodynamics

A pulse-transfer function technique for calculating unsteady aerodynamic forces for a wide range of reduced frequencies is implemented in a finite difference program solving the complete unsteady transonic small perturbation equation. Forces are calculated for a two-dimensional linear flat plate case utilizing the default grids from several currently used finite difference programs. The forces are compared to exact theoretical values and grid generated boundary and internal reflections are demonstrated. Grids designed to alleviate the reflections are presented and forces for a 6% thick parabolic arc airfoil are calculated to investigate non-linear transonic effects.

Seidel, D. A.↗

UTC Dissemination to the Real-Time User

The current definition of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) dates from 1972. The duration of a UTC second is defined in terms of the frequency of a hyperfine transition in the ground state of cesium. This standard frequency is realized in a number of different laboratories using ensembles of commercial cesium clocks and a few primary frequency standards. The data from all of these devices are transmitted periodically to the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in Sevres, France, where they are combined in a statistical procedure to produce International Atomic Time (TAI). The time of this scale is adjusted as needed ('coordinated') by adding or dropping integer seconds so as to keep it within plus or minus 0.9 s of UT1, a time scale based on the observation of the transit times of stars and corrected for the predicted seasonal variations in these observations. When the leap seconds are included into TAI, the result is called UTC. The difference between TAI and UTC is therefore an exact integer number of seconds. This difference is currently 29 s and will become 30 s at 0 UTC on 1 January 1996.

Levine, Judah↗

A new method of time difference measurement: The time difference method by dual phase coincidence points detection

In the high accurate measurement of periodic signals, the greatest common factor frequency and its characteristics have special functions. A method of time difference measurement - the time difference method by dual 'phase coincidence points' detection is described. This method utilizes the characteristics of the greatest common factor frequency to measure time or phase difference between periodic signals. It can suit a very wide frequency range. Measurement precision and potential accuracy of several picoseconds were demonstrated with this new method. The instrument based on this method is very simple, and the demand for the common oscillator is low. This method and instrument can be used widely.

Zhou, Wei↗

Radar estimates of soil moisture over the Konza Prairie

Radar-backscatter measurements were made to estimate soil moisture. The helicopter-mounted radar was flown along selected transects that coincided with soil-moisture measurements. The radar operated at microwave frequencies of 5.3 and 9.6 GHz and at selected incidence angles between 0 and 60 degrees. Vertical polarization was used for two days and horizontal polarization was used for three days. The scattering-coefficient data from different days were grouped by frequency and antenna angles and then related to soil moisture along the flight paths using linear regression. A measure of linearity for the regression ranged between 0.9 and 0.5. The larger coefficients were for X-band measurements made at large antenna-incidence angles, and the smaller coefficients were for C-band measurements made at incidences angles near vertical.

Gogineni, S.↗

Absolute ages from crater statistics: Using radiometric ages of Martian samples for determining the Martian cratering chronology

In the absence of dates derived from rock samples, impact crater frequencies are commonly used to date Martian surface units. All models for absolute dating rely on the lunar cratering chronology and on the validity of its extrapolation to Martian conditions. Starting from somewhat different lunar chronologies, rather different Martian cratering chronologies are found in the literature. Currently favored models are compared. The differences at old ages are significant, the differences at younger ages are considerable and give absolute ages for the same crater frequencies as different as a factor of 3. The total uncertainty could be much higher, though, since the ratio of lunar to Martian cratering rate which is of basic importance in the models is believed to be known no better than within a factor of 2. Thus, it is of crucial importance for understanding the the evolution of Mars and determining the sequence of events to establish an unambiguous Martian cratering chronology from crater statistics in combination with clean radiometric ages of returned Martian samples. For the dating goal, rocks should be as pristine as possible from a geologically simple area with a one-stage emplacement history of the local formation. A minimum of at least one highland site for old ages, two intermediate-aged sites, and one very young site is needed.

Neukum, G.↗