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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Gyroid Structures at Highly Asymmetric Volume Fractions by Blending of ABC Triblock Terpolymer and AB Diblock Copolymer

Here, we investigated, via small angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, the morphologies of binary blend of polyisoprene- b -polystyrene- b -poly(2-vinylpyridine) (ISP) triblock terpolymer and polyisoprene-b-polystyrene (IS) diblock copolymer. An asymmetric ISP with volume fractions ( f ) of 0.12, 0.75, and 0.13 for PI, PS, and P2VP blocks, respectively, showed a new morphology: Coexistence of spheres and cylinders with tetragonal packing. Asymmetric IS with f I = 0.11 and f S =0.89 showed conventional body-centered cubic spherical microdomains. Very interestingly, a binary blend of ISP and IS with overall volume fractions of f I = 0.12, f S = 0.79, and f P = 0.09 exhibited core-shell double gyroid (CSG: Q 230 space group), where PI consists of thin core and PS forms thick shell, while P2VP becomes thin matrix. It is very unusual to form highly asymmetric CSG with the matrix having very small volume fraction (0.09).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Using X-ray Microscopy To Understand How Nanoporous Materials Can Be Used To Reduce the Large Volume Change in Alloy Anodes

Tin metal is an attractive negative electrode material to replace graphite in Li-ion batteries due to its high energy density. However, tin undergoes a large volume change upon alloying with Li, which pulverizes the particles, and ultimately leads to short cycling lifetimes. Nevertheless, nanoporous materials have been shown to extend battery life well past what is observed in nonporous material. Despite the exciting potential of porous alloying anodes to significantly increase the energy density in Li-ion batteries, the fundamental physics of how nanoscale architectures accommodate the electrochemically induced volume changes are poorly understood. Here, operando transmission X-ray microscopy has been used to develop an understanding of the mechanisms that govern the enhanced cycling stability in nanoporous tin. We found that in comparison to dense tin, nanoporous tin undergoes a 6-fold smaller areal expansion after lithiation, as a result of the internal porosity and unique nanoscale architecture. The expansion is also more gradual in nanoporous tin compared to the dense material. The nanoscale resolution of the microscope used in this study is ~30 nm, which allowed us to directly observe the pore structure during lithiation and delithiation. We found that nanoporous tin remains porous during the first insertion and desinsertion cycle. This observation is key, as fully closed pores could lead to mechanical instability, electrolyte inaccessibility, and short lifetimes. Here, while tin was chosen for this study because of its high X-ray contrast, the results of this work should be general to other alloy-type systems, such as Si, that also suffer from volume change based cycling degradation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Increasing Volume in Conjugated Polymers to Facilitate Electrical Doping with Phosphomolybdic Acid

Molecular p-type electrical dopants have been proven useful to fine-tune the optoelectronic properties of bulk organic semiconductors and their interfaces. In this work, the volume in polymer films and its role in solution-based electrical p-type doping using phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) are studied. The polymer film volume was controlled using two approaches. One is based on heating both the PMA solution and the film prior to immersion. The second is based on coating the polymer film with a liquid blend that contains the PMA solution and a swelling solvent. 31 P NMR and FTIR experiments indicate that the Keggin structure appears to be preserved throughout the doping process. Results show that increasing the polymer volume facilitates the infiltration of the PMA Keggin structure, which results in an increased electrical p-type doping level.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Hierarchically Porous Graphitic Carbon with Simultaneously High Surface Area and Colossal Pore Volume Engineered via Ice Templating

Developing hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) materials with competing textural characteristics such as surface area and pore volume in one material is difficult to accomplish—particulalry for an atomically ordered (graphitic) carbon. Herein we describe a synthesis strategy to engineer tunable hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) materials across micro- meso- and macroporous length scales, allowing the fabrication of a graphitic HPC with both very high surface area (> 2500 m2/g) and pore volume (>10 cm3/g), the combination of which has not been seen previously. The mesopore volume alone for these materials is up to 7.91 cm3/g, the highest ever reported. The unique material was explored for use as a supercapaictor electrode and for oil adsorption; two applications that require textural properties that are typicaly exclusive to one another. This design scheme for HPCs can be utilized in broad applications, including electrochemical systems such as batteries and supercapacitors, sorbents, and catalyst supports.

Estevez, Luis↗
DOE OSTI2017

Colossal Volume Contraction in Strong Polar Perovskites of Pb(Ti,V)O 3

The unique physical property of negative thermal expansion (NTE) is not only interesting for scientific research but also important for practical applications. Chemical modification generally tends to weaken NTE. It remains a challenge to obtain enhanced NTE from currently available materials. Herein, we successfully achieve enhanced NTE in Pb(Ti 1-x V x )O 3 by improving its ferroelectricity. With the chemical substitution of vanadium, lattice tetragonality (c/a) is highly promoted, which is attributed to strong spontaneous polarization, evidenced by the enhanced covalent interaction in the V/Ti-O and Pb-O2 bonds from first principles calculations. As a consequence, Pb(Ti 0.9 V 0.1 )O 3 exhibits a nonlinear and much stronger NTE over a wide temperature range with a volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion α v = -3.76 X 10 -5 /ºC (25-550 ºC). Interestingly, an intrinsic giant volume contraction (~3.7%) was obtained at the composition of Pb(Ti 0.7 V 0.3 )O 3 during the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition, which represents the highest value ever reported. Such volume contraction is well correlated to the effect of spontaneous volume ferroelectrostriction. This study extends the scope of the NTE family and provides an effective approach to explore new materials with large NTE, such as through adjusting the NTE-related ferroelectric property in the family of ferroelectrics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Characterization of the intragranular water regime within subsurface sediments: Pore volume, surface area, and mass transfer limitations

Although 'intragranular' pore space within grain aggregates, grain fractures, and mineral 24 surface coatings may contain a relatively small fraction of the total porosity within a porous 25 medium, it often contains a significant fraction of the reactive surface area, and can thus strongly 26 affect the transport of sorbing solutes. In this work, we demonstrate a batch experiment 27 procedure using tritium and bromide as high-resolution diffusive tracers to characterize the 28 intragranular pore space. The method was tested using uranium-contaminated sediments from 29 the vadose and capillary fringe zones beneath the former 300A process ponds at the Hanford site 30 (Washington State, USA). Sediments were contacted with tracers in artificial groundwater, 31 followed by replacement of bulk solution with tracer-free groundwater and monitoring of tracer 32 release. From these data, intragranular pore volumes were calculated and mass transfer rates 33 were quantified using a multirate first-order mass transfer model. Tritium-hydrogen exchange 34 on surface hydroxyls was accounted for by conducting additional tracer experiments on sediment 35 that was vacuum dried after reaction. The complementary ('wet' and 'dry') techniques allowed 36 for the simultaneous determination of intragranular porosity and surface area using tritium. The 37 Hanford 300A samples exhibited intragranular pore volumes of {approx}1% of the solid volume and 38 intragranular surface areas of {approx}20-30% of the total surface area. Comparison with N2 gas 39 adsorption suggests that this pore space includes both 'micropores' (< 2 nm diameter) and 40 'mesopores' (> 2 nm). Intragranular porosity estimates obtained using bromide were 41 significantly smaller, likely due to anion exclusion of Br- from pores with negatively charged 42 surfaces.

300A↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microseismicity cloud can be substantially larger than the associated stimulated fracture volume: the case of the Paralana Enhanced Geothermal System

Here, the goal of hydraulic stimulation is to increase formation permeability in the near vicinity of a well. However, there remain technical challenges around measuring the outcome of this operation. During two Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) stimulations in South Australia, Paralana in 2011 and Habanero in 2003, extensive catalogs of microseismicity were recovered. It is often assumed that shear failure of existing fractures is the main mechanism behind both the induced earthquakes and any permeability enhancement. This underpins a common notion, that the seismically active volume is also the stimulated reservoir. In this paper, we compute the density of earthquake hypocenters and provide evidence that, under certain conditions, this spatiotemporal quantity is a reasonable proxy for pore pressure increase. We then apply an inverse modeling approach that uses the earthquake observations and a modified reservoir simulator to estimate the parameters of a permeability evolution relation. The regime implied by the data indicates that most permeability enhancement occurred very near to the wellbore and was not coincident with the bulk of the seismicity, whose volume was about two orders of magnitude larger. Thus, we conclude that, in some cases, it is possible for permeability enhancement and induced seismicity to be decoupled, in which case the seismically active volume is a poor indicator of the stimulated reservoir. Our results raise serious questions about the effectiveness of hydroshearing as a stimulation mechanism in EGS. Finally, this study extends our understanding of the complex processes linking earthquakes, fluid pressure, and permeability in both natural and engineered settings.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Time–series Analysis of Volume Change at Brady Hot Springs, Nevada, USA using Geodetic Data from 2003 – 2018

Brady Hot Springs geothermal field has exhibited subsidence, as measured by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Previous studies have examined both the temporal evolution of the deformation from 2004 through 2016 and the spatial extent of the deformation, directly relating the observed subsidence to volumetric changes below the surface. We extend the modeling at Brady to analyze a data set of interferometric pairs spanning from the end of 2003 through 2018. We examine spatial and temporal trends in the observed deformation by time–series analysis of each of the 1656 cubic voxels in a parameterized elastic dislocation model to identify areas where the subsurface volume changes as a function of time. Joint time–series analysis of Global Positioning System and InSAR pairs confirm significant changes in rates of volume change during time intervals when well operations were varied. Here, the rate of subsidence increases with increased injection, consistent with the identification of thermal contraction of the rock matrix as the dominant driving mechanism. Conversely, the modeled volume increases when pumping ceases, suggesting thermal expansion of the rock matrix.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Strong North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Volume and Density Decrease in Year 1999

Abstract A strong decrease of volume and density of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) in 1999 was analyzed in a regional high‐resolution (0.1°) numerical ocean circulation model simulation. Both shoaling of the bottom and deepening of the top of the NPSTMW layer contributed equally to volume decrease. They were locally governed by different physical processes, but both seem to be associated with basin‐wide changes in wind. A westward propagating negative thermocline depth anomaly that developed in the Central Pacific when the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index changed from a positive to a negative phase in 1998 caused shoaling of the bottom of the NPSTMW layer. Deepening of the top of the NPSTMW layer was due to an increase in the near surface stratification, caused by an increase in wind‐driven lateral heat transport convergence by the Kuroshio Extension jet starting in 1997. Both processes increased the potential vorticity in the NPSTMW region, decreasing the volume of water in the NPSTMW density range that satisfied the low potential vorticity constraint that is part of the definition of “mode water.” The strong near‐surface density decrease provided preconditioning for preferential surface formation of a lighter variety of NPSTMW, further decreasing its density. It also resulted in decrease of the outcrop window in the NPSTMW density range, strongly reducing its formation rate in 1998 and 1999 despite strong surface heat loss.

Cerovečki, I.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Reducing experimental uncertainty in the calculation of cavity swelling in a transmission electron microscope through crystallographically aided void volume tracking

Accurate measurement of cavity swelling in a transmission electron microscope is essential to define material performance under irradiation, and the conventionally applied spherical assumption for the calculation of cavity volumes in irradiated materials can result in errors ranging between a 25% underestimation and 72% overestimation of volume purely based on the assumption of shape. This assumption is undeniably expedient for calculation but does not sufficiently account for the 3D nature of polyhedral cavities and their shape projection in the transmission electron microscope, and therefore presents too large of an associated uncertainty in swelling determination for faceted cavities. This uncertainty has been defined for many common cavity shapes in FCC and BCC crystal systems, and has been tabulated across the cubic fundamental region. A revised methodology for crystallographically aided void volume tracking, or CAVV-T, is presented and demonstrated on a specimen of neutron irradiated Ni. In-depth discussion on the application of this technique is provided along with resources to allow for conversion between the spherical assumption and this revised method. This work seeks to increase experimental confidence in the characterization and quantification of critical aspects of irradiation damage in materials by applying a crystallographically-resolved approach for cavity swelling calculation.

Haag IV, James V. [Pacific Northwest National Labo↗
DOE OSTI2011

Continuous protein production in nanoporous, picoliter volume containers

Protein production is fundamental to understanding the function of biological systems and is the technological cornerstone for the manufacture of biological therapeutics. A growing amount of genetic information has highlighted the need to rapidly screen protein activity1 while protein-based biologics are emerging as an important class of pharmaceuticals2. Cell-free protein synthesis is a practical approach for engineering and rapidly producing functional proteins3. However, it is typically carried out in fairly large volumes, when compared to a natural cell. Here we show continuous cell free protein synthesis in arrays of nanoporous, picoliter volume containers. A multiscale fabrication process allows for the monolithic integration of the containers and an addressable microfluidic network. Synthesis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in the nanoporous containers continues beyond 24 hours and yields more than twice the amount of protein, on a per volume basis, than conventional scale batch reactions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Free Volume Related Fluorescence Properties of Electron Irradiated Chalcone Doped PMMA Films

Effect of electron irradiation on free volume related fluorescence properties of chalcone doped Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) composite films have been studied using Positron Annihilation and Fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. In this polymer composite, enhancement of fluorescence at lower doses and reduction at higher doses has been observed under electron irradiation. From Positron annihilation studies suggests that at lower doses of irradiation induced crosslinking which affect the free volume properties and inturn hinders the chalcone molecular rotation. At higher doses chain scission process affect matrix relaxation. Under the restricted condition the chromophore molecules likely to emit enhanced fluorescence and its mobility is directly related to the free volume around it.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Low-Pressure Small-Radius Hydrogen Discharge as a Volume-Production Based Source of Negative Ions

The two-dimensional model of low-pressure discharges presented in the study provides description of hydrogen discharge maintenance in a free-fall regime with account for the volume produced negative ions in the discharge. The factors determining the spatial distribution of the plasma parameters, including that of the negative ions, in discharges with a localized rf power deposition and, respectively, with regions with remote plasma maintenance, are discussed. In agreement with previous one-dimensional models of hydrogen discharges maintained in a free-fall regime, the results show that small radius discharges sustain high density of volume-produced negative ions in the discharge center. This accumulation of the negative ions in the central part of the discharge where the rf power deposition is localized results from substantial influx of negative ions produced all over the discharge volume, i.e. from a nonlocal behavior of the discharge strongly predominating over the local balance of the ions associated with the elementary processes (collisions).

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Characterization of stable brush-shaped large-volume plasma generated at ambient air

A brush-shaped, large-volume plasma was generated at ambient pressure with a dc power supply and flowing argon gas, as well as a narrow outlet slit. Based on the V-I curve and emission profiles obtained in our experiment, the plasma shows some typical glow discharge characteristics. The electron density in the positive column close to the anode is about 1.4x10{sup 14}cm{sup -3} high, which is desirable for generating abundant amounts of reactive species in the plasma. Emission spectroscopy diagnosis indicates that many reactive species, such as excited argon atoms, excited oxygen atoms, excited nitrogen molecules, OH and C{sub 2} radicals, etc., generated within the plasma are distributed symmetrically and uniformly, which is preferable to some chemical reactions in practical applications. Spectral measurement also shows that the concentration of some excited argon atoms increases with the argon flow rate when the applied voltage is unvaried, while that of these excited argon atoms declines with the discharge current in the normal/subnormal glow discharge mode with the argon flow rate fixed. The plasma size is about 15 mm x 1 mm x 19 mm (L, W, H), when 38-W of discharge power is used. Such a laminar brush-shaped large-volume plasma device ensures not only efficient utilization of the plasma gas, but also effective processing of objects with large volume and complicated structure that are susceptible to high temperatures.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Equation of state of bcc-Mo by static volume compression to 410 GPa

Unit cell volumes of Mo and Pt have been measured simultaneously to ≈400 GPa by x-ray powder diffraction using a diamond anvil cell and synchrotron radiation source. The body-centered cubic (bcc) phase of Mo was found to be stable up to 410 GPa. The equation of state (EOS) of bcc-Mo was determined on the basis of Pt pressure scale. A fit of Vinet EOS to the volume compression data gave K{sub 0} = 262.3(4.6) GPa, K{sub 0}′ = 4.55(16) with one atmosphere atomic volume V{sub 0} = 31.155(24) A{sup 3}. The EOS was in good agreement with the previous ultrasonic data within pressure difference of 2.5%–3.3% in the multimegabar range, though the EOS of Mo proposed from a shock compression experiment gave lower pressure by 7.2%–11.3% than the present EOS. The agreement would suggest that the Pt pressure scale provides an accurate pressure value in an ultra-high pressure range.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Giant volume magnetostriction in the Y{sub 2}Fe{sub 17} single crystal at room temperature

An investigation of the Y{sub 2}Fe{sub 17} compound belonging to the class of intermetallic alloys of rare-earth and 3d-transition metals is presented. The magnetization, magnetostriction, and thermal expansion of the Y{sub 2}Fe{sub 17} single crystal were studied. The forced magnetostriction and magnetostriction constants were investigated in the temperature range of the magnetic ordering close to the room temperature. The giant field induced volume magnetostriction was discovered in the room temperature region in the magnetic field up to 1.2 T. The contributions of both anisotropic single-ion and isotropic pair exchange interactions to the volume magnetostriction and magnetostriction constants were determined. The experimental results were interpreted within the framework of the Standard Theory of Magnetostriction and the Landau thermodynamic theory. It was found out that the giant values of the volume magnetostriction were caused by the strong dependence of the 3d-electron Coulomb charge repulsion on the deformations and width of the 3d-electron energy band.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Excitation of surface and volume plasmons in a metal nanosphere by fast electrons

Collective multipole oscillations (surface and volume plasmons) excited in a metal nanosphere by moving electron and corresponding inelastic scattering spectra are studied based on the hydrodynamic approach. Along with the bulk (dielectric) losses traditionally taken into account, the surface and radiative ones are also considered as the physical mechanisms responsible for the plasmon damping. The second and third mechanisms are found to be essential for the surface plasmons (at small or large cluster radii, respectively) and depend very differently on the multipole mode order. The differential equations are obtained which describe the temporal evolution of every particular mode as that one of a linear oscillator excited by the given external force, and the electron energy loss spectra are calculated. The changes in spectrum shape with the impact parameter and with the electron passage time are analyzed; the first of them is found to be in good enough agreement with the data of scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments. It is shown that, in the general case, a pronounced contribution to the formation of the loss spectrum is given by the both surface and volume plasmons with low and high multipole indices. In particular, at long electron passage time, the integral (averaged over the impact parameter) loss spectrum which is calculated for the free-electron cluster model contains two main peaks: a broad peak from merging of many high-order multipole resonances of the surface plasmons and a narrower peak of nearly the same height from merged volume plasmons excited by the electrons that travel through the central region of the cluster. Comparatively complex dependences of the calculated excitation coefficients and damping constants of various plasmons on the order of the excited multipole result in wide diversity of possible types of the loss spectrum even for the same cluster material and should be taken into account in interpretation of corresponding electron energy loss spectroscopy experiments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Three-dimensional reconstruction of x-ray emission volumes in magnetized liner inertial fusion from sparse projection data using a learned basis

The ability to visualize x-ray and neutron emission from fusion plasmas in 3D is critical to understand the origin of the complex shapes of the plasmas in experiments. Unfortunately, this remains challenging in experiments that study a fusion concept known as Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) due to a small number of available diagnostic views. Here, we present a basis function-expansion approach to reconstruct MagLIF stagnation plasmas from a sparse set of x-ray emission images. A set of natural basis functions is “learned” from training volumes containing quasi-helical structures whose projections are qualitatively similar to those observed in experimental images. Tests on several known volumes demonstrate that the learned basis outperforms both a cylindrical harmonic basis and a simple voxel basis with additional regularization, according to several metrics. Two-view reconstructions with the learned basis can estimate emission volumes to within 11% and those with three views recover morphology to a high degree of accuracy. The technique is applied to experimental data, producing the first 3D reconstruction of a MagLIF stagnation column from multiple views, providing additional indications of liner instabilities imprinting onto the emitting plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗