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At least 919 records · Page 51

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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Nitric Oxide Production at High Latitudes During an ICME-driven Storm on Dec. 14, 2006

During geomagnetic storms driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), Earth’s upper atmosphere neutral mass density is directly driven by the geomagnetic storm cycle from intense driving and subsequent recovery. The neutral density heating and cooling times are shorter for stronger storms and longer for weaker storms. The influx of energy (Joule Heating and precipitation) into Earth’s upper atmosphere during the storm main phase allows for the enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) at high latitudes, which in turn cools the thermosphere by radiating away excess energy. As a result, greater NO production results in quicker thermospheric cooling. Yet while the production of NO on a global scale has been examined in detail, the space and time evolution of NO is not well-known. In this study, we investigate the effects of a particular ICME-driven storm, which occurred on Dec. 14th, 2006, on the production of NO at high latitudes. We compare NO measurements from the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft to neutral mass density measurements from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) spacecraft and find that the impact of the shock prior to the storm, not just the onset of the storm itself, is responsible for an increase in NO production. We also observe a dawn-dusk asymmetry in high-latitude NO production and discuss how the geometry of the solar wind driver may play a role in creating this asymmetry. Finally, we discuss how the improved hemispheric and local time coverage provided by the GDC and DYNAMIC missions will enable more robust studies of the spatiotemporal evolution of NO during storms. Since NO is an important factor in regulating the neutral density of the thermosphere, such studies will be relevant for more accurate orbital drag calculations.

Kevin Delano↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Calipso Data Product Status

In this poster we review the recent data releases by the CALIPSO project since the last CALIPSO/CloudSat science team meeting and near-term data products scheduled to be publicly available in the coming months. The recent releases include a full suite of new V4.51 Lidar Level 2 data products (June 2023) and corresponding browse images, as well as V4.51 IIR Level 2 (October 2023) data products. Two new Lidar Level 0 data products and both an updated (V2-Antartica) and new (V1-Greenland) version of the Lidar Level 2 Blowing Snow products are scheduled in the fall. A new Lidar Level 2 Ocean product, which provides global observations of subsurface properties, is scheduled for release in the winter. In addition, with the end of the CALIPSO science operations that occurred on August 1, 2023, we will present the last planned efforts for the next two years and summarize the final planned data releases.

Brian Getzewich↗

NASA NTRS2023

Development of High-Resolution Soil Hydraulic Parameters with Use of Earth Observations for Enhancing Root Zone Soil Moisture Product

Regional quantification of energy and water balance fluxes depends inevitably on the estimation of surface and rootzone soil moisture. The simulation of soil moisture depends on the soil retention characteristics, which are difficult to estimate at a regional scale. Thus, the present study proposes a new method to estimate high-resolution Soil Hydraulic Parameters (SHPs) which in turn help to provide high-resolution (spatial and temporal) rootzone soil moisture (RZSM) products. The study is divided into three phases—(I) involves the estimation of finer surface soil moisture (1 km) from the coarse resolution satellite soil moisture. The algorithm utilizes MODIS 1 km Land Surface Temperature (LST) and 1 km Normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) for downscaling 25 km C-band derived soil moisture from AMSR-2 to 1 km surface soil moisture product. At one of the test sites, soil moisture is continuously monitored at 5, 20, and 50 cm depth, while at 44 test sites data were collected randomly for validation. The temporal and spatial correlation for the downscaled product was 70% and 83%, respectively. (II) In the second phase, downscaled soil moisture product is utilized to inversely estimate the SHPs for the van Genuchten model (1980) at 1 km resolution. The numerical experiments were conducted to understand the impact of homogeneous SHPs as compared to the three-layered parameterization of the soil profile. It was seen that the SHPs estimated using the downscaled soil moisture (I-d experiment) performed with similar efficiency as compared to SHPs estimated from the in-situ soil moisture data (I-b experiment) in simulating the soil moisture. The normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) for the two treatments was 0.37 and 0.34, respectively. It was also noted that nRMSE for the treatment with the utilization of default SHPs (I-a) and AMSR-2 soil moisture (I-c) were found to be 0.50 and 0.43, respectively. (III) Finally, the derived SHPs were used to simulate both surface soil moisture and RZSM. The final product, RZSM which is the daily 1 km product also showed a nearly 80% correlation at the test site. The estimated SHPs are seen to improve the mean NSE from 0.10 (I-a experiment) to 0.50 (I-d experiment) for the surface soil moisture simulation. The mean nRMSE for the same was found to improve from 0.50 to 0.31.

soil moisture downscaling↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

FLASHFlux Working Group Status: Assessing FF NOAA-20 Products and Future Upgrades

The CERES Fast Longwave and SHortwave radiative Flux working provides low latency data products from the CERES measurements within about 5-6 days of real time. This presentation reviews progress made toward evaluating the current data products and shows some examples of users daily averaged data products. Since the last CERES Science Team meeting the FLASHFlux group has updated it's production to use the GEOS-IT reanalysis from the GMAO. In this presentation the comparisons to surface surface measurements are made through December 2023 constrasting old and new versions for the SSF and TISA products. Also, we provide an update on activities to replace the footprint fluxes and also update our current gridded global products with GEO observations. Lastly, present update plans for the next 6-9 months.

radiation budget↗

NASA NTRS2023

Evaluating MODIS Snow Products Using an Extensive Wildlife Camera Network

Snow covers a maximum of 47 million km 2 of Earth's northern hemisphere each winter and is an important component of the planet's energy balance, hydrology cycles, and ecosystems. Monitoring regional and global snow cover has increased in urgency in recent years due to warming temperatures and declines in snow cover extent. Optical satellite instruments provide large-scale observations of snow cover, but cloud cover and dense forest canopy can reduce accuracy in mapping snow cover. Remote camera networks deployed for wildlife monitoring operate below cloud cover and in forests, representing a virtually untapped source of snow cover observations to supplement satellite observations. Using images from 1,181 wildlife cameras deployed by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), we compared snow cover extracted from camera images to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover products during winter months of 2018–2020. Ordinal snow classifications (scale = 0–4) from cameras were closely related to normalized difference snow index (NDSI) values from the MODIS Terra Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 500m (MOD10A1) Collection 6 product (R 2 = 0.70). Tree canopy cover, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and image color mode influenced agreement between camera images and MOD10A1 NDSI values. For MOD10A1F, MOD10A1's corresponding cloud-gap filled product, agreement with cloud-gap filled values decreased from 78.5% to 56.4% in the first three days of cloudy periods and stabilized thereafter. Using our camera data as validation, we derived a threshold to create daily binary maps of snow cover from the MOD10A1 product. The threshold corresponding to snow presence was an NDSI value of 40.50, which closely matched a previously defined global binary threshold of 40 using the MOD10A2 8-day product. These analyses demonstrate the utility of camera trap networks for validation of snow cover products from satellite remote sensing, as well as their potential to identify sources of inaccuracy.

Validation↗

DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of Fission Product Release Predictions using PARFUME with Results from the AGR-2 Irradiation Experiment

The PARFUME (PARticle FUel ModEl) code was used to predict fission product release from tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated fuel particles and compacts during the second irradiation experiment (AGR-2) of the Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program. The PARFUME model for the Advanced Gas reactor (AGR)GR-2 experiment used the fuel compact volume average temperature for each of the 560 days of irradiation to calculate the release of fission products of silver, cesium, and strontium from a representative particle for a select number of AGR -2 compacts. In addition, safety tests were performed on 15 compacts ranging from 1500 to 1800°C to determine fission product release at temperatures that bound reactor accident conditions. PARFUME was used to calculate the fission product release of silver, cesium, strontium, and krypton during these safety tests. Post-irradiation examination (PIE) measurements provided the data on release of fission products from the fuel compacts and fuel particles, and retention of fission products in the compacts outside the silicon carbide (SiC) layer. The predicted fraction release from PARFUME was then compared to PIE measurements.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Micro- and Nano-techniques for the Study of Fission Product Precipitation in SiC Layer

The complexity of fission product distribution and composition within the SiC layer of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particles, irradiation effects on the SiC structure as well as the variable nature of metallic fission product release, has led to the exploration of multiple micro- and nano-characterization techniques. The fine scale of the fission product precipitates necessitates unique learnings and application of electron microscopic techniques with irradiated fuel during the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR)-1 experiment analysis. A summarized discussion on the specific advanced techniques with associated method development for TRISO coated particles is provided followed by the down selected techniques currently considered to provide the highest impact. Techniques considered are electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and Precession electron diffraction (PED). SiC grain boundary characteristics are evaluated due to the mobility of specific fission products through grain boundaries. PED was performed for understanding the role of grain boundary character on fission product transport. One set of comparative analyses between AGR-1 and AGR-2 particles leads to a finding that the AGR-1, high-Ag-retention particle, had statistically more coincidence site lattice (CSL)-related grain boundaries (but fewer low-angle grain boundaries), compared to the AGR-2 particle. This implies that CSL-related grain boundaries may have a direct influence on Ag retention. However, precipitates were found on a relatively small fraction of CSL-related grain boundaries in both particles. In another set of comparison between AGR-1 and AGR-2 particles that were subjected to safety testing, there is significant differences in average SiC grain boundary distributions, but the fission product distributions on these grain boundaries are very similar.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Hierarchical printed product and composition and method for making the same

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a printable composition that can be used to make printed products of a chosen material chemistry that have different levels of porosity within the printed product's structure Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a printed product that has multiple levels of porosity throughout its structure, which can include a macroscale level of porosity, a microscale level of porosity, a nanoscale level of porosity and any combination thereof. These printed products can be made using a 3-D printer and can be made from a single printable composition without the need to add different structural components during the production process. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method for making and using a printed product.

Lee, Matthew N.↗

DOE OSTI2022

M2CT-22IN1202096 Design for Carbon Conversion Product Pathways with Nuclear Power Plant Integration

Coal is a globally abundant resource that historically has been used for power generation via combustion. As the power industry replaces coal with cleaner methods of generation, energy-rich coal could be used in other chemical and fuel applications. This study presents a coal utilization option in which coal combustion is replaced with a carbon-free nuclear power plant and the coal is upgraded to valuable products for a variety of markets. Coal is prepared for conversion first by the pyrolysis process, which will optimize solid, liquid, and gaseous products based on the market size and potential product value, maximizing the monetary value of coal. This process is designed using bituminous coal from the Appalachian region as a basis to provide a pathway to preserve or transition coal-related jobs and create new jobs associated with the clean energy transition. Process modeling in the AspenOne Suite will be used to determine each component’s sensitivities, costs, inputs, and outputs. Dispatch modeling in the FORCE toolset will optimize the entire system and calculate the NPV for the refinery lifetime. Advanced and light-water reactors are considerations to supply the heat, steam, and electricity to the process. This paper focuses on the technical and market analysis used to determine the optimal processes and product pathways for the carbon refinery. Product pathways are on activated carbon, formic acid synthesis, and methanol synthesis for further upgrading to marketable chemical and polymer products.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

DOE OSTI2022

M2CT-22IN1202096 Design for Carbon Conversion Product Pathways with Nuclear Power Plant Integration

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

DOE OSTI2022

Design for Carbon Conversion Product Pathways with Nuclear Power Plant Integration (PCC)

Coal is a globally abundant resource that historically has been used for power generation via combustion. As the power industry replaces coal with cleaner methods of generation, energy rich coal could be used in other chemical and fuel applications. This study presents a coal utilization option in which coal combustion is replaced with a carbon-free nuclear power plant and the coal is upgraded to valuable products for a variety of markets. Coal is prepared for conversion first by the pyrolysis process, which will optimize solid, liquid, and gaseous products based on the market size and potential product value, maximizing the monetary value of coal. This process is designed using bituminous coal from the Appalachian region as a basis to provide a pathway to preserve or transition coal-related jobs and create new jobs associated with the clean energy transition. Process modeling will be used to determine each component’s sensitivities, costs, inputs, and outputs Advanced and light-water reactors are considerations to supply the heat, steam, and electricity to the process. This paper focuses on the technical and market analysis used to determine the optimal processes and product pathways for the carbon refinery. Product pathways are on activated carbon, formic acid synthesis, and methanol synthesis for further upgrading to marketable chemical and polymer products.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

DOE OSTI2023

Direct Conversion of Delignified Biomass into Non-Volatile Products Using Thermophilic Bacteria

Butyric acid (BA) can be used as a platform intermediate for diesel and sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) as well as a precursor for diverse commodity chemicals for the production of polymers, fibers, solvents, and preservatives. This work presents a co-culture-based bioprocess for the production of BA from corn stover by two thermophilic bacteria, Clostridium thermocellum, a well-known efficient degrader of insoluble and oligomeric cellulosic substrates, and Clostridium thermobutyricum, a highly efficient BA producer from monomeric sugars. First, we tested the capability of C. thermocellum to deconstruct three different biomass streams from the NREL pilot plant pretreatment process -raw, deacetylated, and deacetylated and mechanically refined corn stover (DMR)-, and up to 82% solids deconstruction and 91% carbohydrate utilization were obtained when using DMR solids. Then, the sugar utilization and by-product formation capabilities on various substrates by C. thermobutyricum were compared to evaluate its potential as a co-culture partner for C. thermocellum. Model carbon sources -glucose and xylose- were compared to a mixture of substrates present in soluble DMR hydrolysate streams, and the highest cell density as well as the maximum BA titer (8.3 g/L) were observed on DMR hydrolysate. Finally, clostridial co-cultivations on DMR solids were performed to investigate the inoculation time for both organisms that enhances BA production; while C. thermocellum was always inoculated at the beginning of the cultivation, C. thermobutyricum was inoculated at 0, 36, or 72h. It was found that BA production begins immediately upon inoculation of C. thermobutyricum regardless of the inoculation time. However, higher solids deconstruction and carbohydrate utilization results (83.7 and 95.6%, respectively) were obtained when both organisms were inoculated at the beginning of the fermentation. Under those conditions, up to 2.6 g/L of BA were obtained from DMR solids after 120h of cultivation. This work provides relevant information for the sustainable production of BA using thermophilic bacteria.

bacterial co-culture↗

DOE OSTI2023

Investigating Combinations of Alkali Metal Oxides and Hydrogenation Catalysts for Reactive Capture of CO2 to Useful C1 Products

As the world endures environmental crises associated with climate change and the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from anthropogenic CO2 emission, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are increasingly necessary. Reactive carbon capture (RCC) technologies, in which capture and conversion of CO2 occur in a single reactor, are more energetically and economically attractive by avoiding the need to purify, compress, and transport the captured CO2. To this end, dual function materials (DFMs) - composed of sorbents and catalysts co-dispersed on the same high surface area carrier - have been developed. The sorbent component allows for selective capture of CO2 from a gas stream and the catalyst component subsequently performs the in-situ conversion of the adsorbed CO2 upon introduction of a reactive gas (typically H2). The end product of the most established DFM, comprised of Ru and/or Ni with an alkaline sorbent, is methane via the CO2 methanation reaction. While renewable methane would be an excellent transition fuel, fossil methane is inexpensive (averaging $2.57/MMBTU in pre-pandemic 2019) and the economics of renewable methane utilization are noncompetitive. This requires the design and investigation of DFMs that enable CO2 capture and conversion to more valuable and more useful C1 products like CO or methanol (average price of methanol was $20.61/MMBTU in pre-pandemic 2019). These products can then be further upgraded to high energy density synthetic fuels, and related carbonaceous products, for more sustainable alternatives in industries that are difficult to decarbonize, specifically heavy duty vehicles and aviation. Herein, we report various sorbent + catalyst combinations to achieve the production of useful C1 products through reactive capture of CO2.

carbon capture↗

DOE OSTI2024

Decarbonizing Hydrogen Production: Assessing A Net-Negative Pathway

Hydrogen is gaining prominence as a key factor in the world's transition to a cleaner energy future. The International Energy Agency (IEA)'s Global Hydrogen Review 2023 reports that the number of low-emission hydrogen production projects is increasing rapidly. The potential for growth in new applications such as heavy industry, transportation, and power generation is significant. The IEA urges more decisive action to spur demand for low-emission hydrogen to achieve climate goals. While hydrogen is produced through various industrial methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, low-carbon hydrogen is critical for mitigating climate change and is incentivized by the Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit (45V). To this end, we have evaluated a commercial technology that can produce low- or negative-carbon hydrogen via ethanol catalytic oxidative reforming. This study assessed life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (carbon intensity or CI) associated with the hydrogen production technology. A total of 24 scenarios were evaluated, encompassing (a) Gen1 versus Gen2 ethanol inputs, (b) carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) of upstream fermentation CO2, and (c) oxygen sourcing via air separation unit (ASU) versus purchased or on-site production of oxygen as a byproduct of hydrogen electrolysis with a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Key findings include that the base case CI for hydrogen production using Gen2 ethanol from corn stover is lower than Gen1 dry mill corn ethanol. The study also points out that the CI for hydrogen production using PEM-O2 is lower than that using ASU-O2, whether the PEM-O2 is produced on-site or off-site (importing). When sourcing oxygen from on-site PEM-O2, the Gen1 and Gen2 ethanol-derived hydrogen exhibit favorable net-negative CI values for all evaluated scenarios, especially if the upstream ethanol CCS is included. As a reference, the 45V regulatory threshold for generating clean hydrogen tax credits is a CI below 0.45 kg CO2e/kg hydrogen.

BIOMASS FUELS,HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2021

Greenhouse production contributes to pesticide occurrences in Swedish streams

Greenhouse and other covered cultivation systems have increased globally over the past several decades, leading to considerably improved product quality and productivity per land area unit. However, there is a paucity in information regarding the environmental impacts of covered production systems, especially regarding pesticides entering the surrounding environment. Aiming to address this knowledge gap, we collected grab samples downstream of greenhouses from seven Swedish streams every 14 days during a 12 month period. In three of the streams, samples were also taken upstream of the greenhouses and in four of the streams time-integrated samples were collected by TIMFIE samplers in the period between grab sampling occasions. The samples were analyzed for 28 substances (27 that were permitted for use in greenhouse production systems in Sweden and one degradation product to a permitted substance). Pesticide use journals were collected from the greenhouse producers for the 12 month period. The results were examined for indications of greenhouse contributions to detection frequencies, maximum and average concentrations, and potential ecotoxicicity in several ways: (1) comparing locations downstream of greenhouses with registered use of a substance with those without registered use, (2) comparing results from this study with those from the Swedish environmental monitoring program of pesticides in surface water from catchments with no greenhouses from the same period and region, (3) comparing concentration trends with registered pesticide application times in the greenhouses, and (4) comparing up- and downstream concentrations. The results strongly suggest that greenhouse applications do contribute to pesticide occurrences, maximum and median concentrations for most of the pesticides included in this study, and to potential toxicity to aquatic organisms for several of them, most notably imidacloprid, acetamiprid, carbendazim, and pirimicarb.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

HypoRiPPAtlas as an Atlas of hypothetical natural products for mass spectrometry database search

Abstract Recent analyses of public microbial genomes have found over a million biosynthetic gene clusters, the natural products of the majority of which remain unknown. Additionally, GNPS harbors billions of mass spectra of natural products without known structures and biosynthetic genes. We bridge the gap between large-scale genome mining and mass spectral datasets for natural product discovery by developing HypoRiPPAtlas, an Atlas of hypothetical natural product structures, which is ready-to-use for in silico database search of tandem mass spectra. HypoRiPPAtlas is constructed by mining genomes using seq2ripp, a machine-learning tool for the prediction of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). In HypoRiPPAtlas, we identify RiPPs in microbes and plants. HypoRiPPAtlas could be extended to other natural product classes in the future by implementing corresponding biosynthetic logic. This study paves the way for large-scale explorations of biosynthetic pathways and chemical structures of microbial and plant RiPP classes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Biomass Pyrolysis Oil as a Novel Insect Growth Regulator Mimic for a Variety of Stored Product Beetles

Abstract As fumigants face increasing regulatory restrictions, resistance, and consumer pushback, it is vital to expand the integrated pest management (IPM) chemical toolkit for stored products. The production of biomass derived insecticides (e.g., bio-oil fraction) from byproducts of biofuel production may be a promising alternative source of chemistries for controlling stored product insects. These potential insecticidal bio-oils were fractionated based on boiling points (ranging from 115 to 230°C in one series and 245–250°C in another). Fractions were analyzed using GC-MS, and were found to be unique in composition. The lethality of these fractions was tested on Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Fractions were tested at concentrations ranging from 5–260 mg/ml to screen for efficacy against adults for durations of 2–8 hr sprayed on concrete arenas. In addition, a separate assay evaluated adult emergence of larvae after 6 wk with supplemental food in arenas, while repellency was evaluated against four stored product insect species in a laminar wind tunnel. A greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions life cycle assessment was also performed, which found the use of the bio-oil fraction could reduce GHG emissions associated with the insecticide supply chain by 25–61% relative to a fossil-fuel based insecticide or pyrethroid. While adults were largely unaffected, we found that larval emergence was significantly suppressed compared to controls by roughly half or more. We also determined that there was minimal repellency to most fractions by most species. We conclude that the use of bio-oil fractions is a climate-friendly choice that may support IPM programs.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurements of ϒ states production in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 500 GeV with STAR: Cross sections, ratios, and multiplicity dependence

We report measurements of ϒ⁡(1⁢𝑆), ϒ⁡(2⁢𝑆) and ϒ⁡(3⁢𝑆) production in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =500 GeV by the STAR experiment in year 2011, corresponding to an integrated luminosity ℒ int = 13 pb −1 . The results provide precise cross sections, transverse momentum (𝑝 T ) and rapidity (𝑦) spectra, as well as cross section ratios for 𝑝 T < 10 GeV/c and |𝑦| < 1. The dependence of the ϒ yield on charged particle multiplicity has also been measured, offering new insights into the mechanisms of quarkonium production. The data are compared to various theoretical models: the color evaporation model (CEM) accurately describes the ϒ⁡(1⁢𝑆) production, while the color glass condensate+nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (CGC+NRQCD) model overestimates the data, particularly at low 𝑝 T . Conversely, the color singlet model (CSM) underestimates the rapidity dependence. These discrepancies highlight the need for further development in understanding the production dynamics of heavy quarkonia in high-energy hadronic collisions. The trend in the multiplicity dependence is consistent with CGC/saturation and string percolation models or ϒ production happening in multiple parton interactions modeled by PYTHIA 8.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗