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At least 919 records · Page 51

Flight performance of the Voyager electrical power system

The Voyager power subsystem is described, and its flight performance to date is discussed. Special attention is given to the performance of the primary power source radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), to the autonomous operation features of the power system, and to the load management strategy developed to maintain an adequate power margin during application of transient loads and as normal degradation reduces RTG capability. It is found that the flight performance of the power system has been without significant problems to date and that RTG performance has exceeded mission requirements.

Packard, L. A.↗

System for Hydrogen Sensing

A low-power, wireless gas-sensing system is designed to safeguard the apparatus to which it is attached, as well as associated personnel. It also ensures the efficiency and operational integrity of the hydrogen-powered apparatus. This sensing system can be operated with lower power consumption (less than 30 nanowatts), but still has a fast response. The detecting signal can be wirelessly transmitted to remote locations, or can be posted on the Web. This system can also be operated by harvesting energy.

Lin, Jenshan↗

EFFECT OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT ON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A series of theoretical calculations have been performed concerning inelastic nuclear interactions between incident high energy protons and silicon. The results of these calculations, summarized here, indicate that, above incident proton energies of about 20 Mev, the primary defect production mechanism is inelastic nuclear interactions. Additional evidence is presented which indicates that the defect structures produced by these inelastic nuclear interactions are significantly more complicated than those produced by electron and lower energy proton induced elastic nuclear interactions. Based on these phenomena, it is shown that high energy proton experimental damage data on silicon photovoltaic devices obtained at low illumination intensities cannot be applied directly to spacecraft photovoltaic power supply systems designed to operate at the illumination levels existing in space.

SILICON↗

Experimental investigation of a variable speed constant frequency electric generating system from a utility perspective

As efforts are accelerated to improve the overall capability and performance of wind electric systems, increased attention to variable speed configurations has developed. A number of potentially viable configurations have emerged. Various attributes of variable speed systems need to be carefully tested to evaluate their performance from the utility points of view. With this purpose, the NASA experimental variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) system has been tested. In order to determine the usefulness of these systems in utility applications, tests are required to resolve issues fundamental to electric utility systems. Legitimate questions exist regarding how variable speed generators will influence the performance of electric utility systems; therefore, tests from a utility perspective, have been performed on the VSCF system and an induction generator at an operating power level of 30 kW on a system rated at 200 kVA and 0.8 power factor.

Herrera, J. I.↗

Balancing Authority Data Reformatted

We collect the data from the electricity balancing authorities (BAs) that operate the grid. A balancing authority ensures, in real time, that power system demand and supply are finely balanced. This balance is needed to maintain the safe and reliable operation of the power system.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

Multi-level optimization with the koopman operator for data-driven, domain-aware, and dynamic system security

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) like the power grid are critically important but also increasingly vulnerable; ensuring reliable system operation in the face of disruptions is becoming more and more challenging. Multi-Level Optimization (MLO) is a powerful way to model adversarial interactions, which naturally makes it applicable to studying CPS security. However, MLO typically does not address underlying system dynamics, and incorporating nonlinear dynamics is generally infeasible. In this paper, we show how to combine MLO with the Koopman Operator (KO) to remedy this. The KO maps nonlinear dynamics to a lifted space in which those dynamics are linear, thus making it ideal for use with MLO. Moreover, the structure of the KO also provides convenient ways to incorporate domain knowledge into the data-driven process of learning the KO representation of a given system. Here we then demonstrate the use of MLO-KO on a small example problem taken from the power grid domain, discuss the scalability and computational cost of MLO-KO, and identify future research directions for this work.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Update on Development of SiC Multi-Chip Power Modules

Progress has been made in a continuing effort to develop multi-chip power modules (SiC MCPMs). This effort at an earlier stage was reported in 'SiC Multi-Chip Power Modules as Power-System Building Blocks' (LEW-18008-1), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 2 (February 2007), page 28. The following recapitulation of information from the cited prior article is prerequisite to a meaningful summary of the progress made since then: 1) SiC MCPMs are, more specifically, electronic power-supply modules containing multiple silicon carbide power integrated-circuit chips and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) control integrated-circuit chips. SiC MCPMs are being developed as building blocks of advanced expandable, reconfigurable, fault-tolerant power-supply systems. Exploiting the ability of SiC semiconductor devices to operate at temperatures, breakdown voltages, and current densities significantly greater than those of conventional Si devices, the designs of SiC MCPMs and of systems comprising multiple SiC MCPMs are expected to afford a greater degree of miniaturization through stacking of modules with reduced requirements for heat sinking; 2) The stacked SiC MCPMs in a given system can be electrically connected in series, parallel, or a series/parallel combination to increase the overall power-handling capability of the system. In addition to power connections, the modules have communication connections. The SOI controllers in the modules communicate with each other as nodes of a decentralized control network, in which no single controller exerts overall command of the system. Control functions effected via the network include synchronization of switching of power devices and rapid reconfiguration of power connections to enable the power system to continue to supply power to a load in the event of failure of one of the modules; and, 3) In addition to serving as building blocks of reliable power-supply systems, SiC MCPMs could be augmented with external control circuitry to make them perform additional power-handling functions as needed for specific applications. Because identical SiC MCPM building blocks could be utilized in such a variety of ways, the cost and difficulty of designing new, highly reliable power systems would be reduced considerably. This concludes the information from the cited prior article. The main activity since the previously reported stage of development was the design, fabrication, and testing a 120- VDC-to-28-VDC modular power-converter system composed of eight SiC MCPMs in a 4 (parallel)-by-2 (series) matrix configuration, with normally-off controllable power switches. The SiC MCPM power modules include closed-loop control subsystems and are capable of operating at high power density or high temperature. The system was tested under various configurations, load conditions, load-transient conditions, and failure-recovery conditions. Planned future work includes refinement of the demonstrated modular system concept and development of a new converter hardware topology that would enable sharing of currents without the need for communication among modules. Toward these ends, it is also planned to develop a new converter control algorithm that would provide for improved sharing of current and power under all conditions, and to implement advanced packaging concepts that would enable operation at higher power density.

Lostetter, Alexander↗

Power Flow Geometry and Approximation

Here, the power flow equations are important in numerous power systems problems of practical interest which consider alternating current power flow (ACPF) physics. Perhaps the most well studied being the alternating current optimal power flow problem (ACOPF), seeking to optimize the operation of an electric power system. Due to their non-linearity, problems which include the power flow equations are typically challenging, particularly in optimization. Interestingly, the set of solutions to the power flow equations forms a smooth manifold. As a result, differential geometry can be used to describe and analyze this set of equations. This approach has proven effective in several engineering applications (e.g., solving ACOPF and analyzing the solution space boundary). Central to the success of this approach is an understanding of the power flow manifold's geometry. In this work, we develop the geometric and topological properties of this manifold using concepts from differential geometry. After demonstrating the convenience of this manifold's representation as a function's graph, computational methods are emphasized: we develop retractions, error bounds for linear approximation, and formulas for evaluating the Riemannian metric (including associated objects such as geodesics and the curvature tensor). Scalar curvature and the second fundamental form play a new role in quantifying the quality of linear approximations, like the popular direct current approximation. All functions are implemented in Julia and available in an online repository. Proofs are included for completeness.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Regional Real-Time PV Spinning Reserve Estimator

Curtailed photovoltaic (PV) generation is a zero-marginal-cost spinning reserve that can be used for a number of active power control services. Unlike traditional spinning reserve providers, however, i.e., fossil-fueled generators, which have well-defined operating characteristics, e.g., available headroom or potential high limit (PHL), PV plants have by nature variable and uncertain operating characteristics. To ensure the effective coordination between PV plants and the system operator during an active power control event, accurate knowledge of the PV PHL is essential. It ensures that enough headroom is reserved by the PV plants to deliver the award services in real time and informs feasible dispatch decisions made by the market operator. To tackle this challenge, a novel reference-control grouping-based PV plant reserve estimation method has been proposed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory under past projects funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office. The estimation method separates inverters within a plant into two groups: a control group and a reference group. While the reference group is reserved to operate at its PHL, the control group can be curtailed to provide the grid services. Real-time outputs from the reference inverters are used to estimate the PHL for the whole plant based on the ratio between capacities of the reference group and of the plant. This work further enhances the methodology by (1) improving the model accuracy through machine learning; (2) automating the reference inverter selection through correlation analysis; (3) considering estimation look-ahead windows; and (4) applying to regional spinning reserve estimation. Significant performance improvement has been observed based on real-world data collected by CAISO, Southern Company, and Terabase Energy. Compared with the original scaling method, the newly proposed machine learning-based approach reduces the estimation errors by 30% and 13% at the plant level and region level, respectively. Results obtained from this project are intended to be used by grid operators, market operators, balancing authorities, and PV plant owners and operators to facilitate PV participation in ancillary service markets. Regulators, policymakers, and system planners can also consider the results of this work in their decision-making processes. In addition to the performance improvement on the existing reference-control based grouping method, we also investigated how the variability of PV generation from a single PV inverter can be used to represent the variability of PV generation at the plant level.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

The TMI Regenerative Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Energy storage and production in space requires rugged, reliable hardware which minimizes weight, volume, and maintenance while maximizing power output and usable energy storage. Systems generally consist of photovoltaic solar arrays which operate (during sunlight cycles) to provide system power and regenerate fuel (hydrogen) via water electrolysis and (during dark cycles) fuel cells convert hydrogen into electricity. Common configurations use two separate systems (fuel cell and electrolyzer) in conjunction with photovoltaic cells. Reliability, power to weight and power to volume ratios could be greatly improved if both power production (fuel cells) and power storage (electrolysis) functions can be integrated into a single unit. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based design integrates fuel cell and electrolyzer functions and potentially simplifies system requirements. The integrated fuel cell/electrolyzer design also utilizes innovative gas storage concepts and operates like a rechargeable 'hydrogen-oxygen battery'. Preliminary research has been completed on improved H2/H20 electrode (SOFC anode/electrolyzer cathode) materials for regenerative fuel cells. Tests have shown improved cell performance in both fuel and electrolysis modes in reversible fuel cell tests. Regenerative fuel cell efficiencies, ratio of power out (fuel cell mode) to power in (electrolyzer mode), improved from 50 percent using conventional electrode materials to over 80 percent. The new materials will allow a single SOFC system to operate as both the electolyzer and fuel cell. Preliminary system designs have also been developed to show the technical feasibility of using the design for space applications requiring high energy storage efficiencies and high specific energy. Small space systems also have potential for dual-use, terrestrial applications.

Cable, Thomas L.↗

Runtime Systems for Energy Efficiency in Advanced Computing Systems

As heterogeneous systems become increasingly popular for both mobile and high-performance computing, conventional efficiency techniques such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) fail to account for the tightly coupled and varied nature of systems on a chip (SoCs). In this work, we explore the impact of system unaware DVFS techniques on a mobile SoC under three benchmark suites: Chai, Rodinia, and Antutu. We then analyze performance trends across the suites to identify a set of consistent operating points that optimally balance power and performance across the system. The consistent operating points are then constructed into a dependency graph which can be leveraged to produce a more effective, SoC-wide governor.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Electrical power systems for Space Station

Major challenges in power system development are described. Evolutionary growth, operational lifetime, and other design requirements are discussed. A pictorial view of weight-optimized power system applications shows which systems are best for missions of various lengths and required power level. Following definition of the major elements of the electrical power system, an overview of element options and a brief technology assessment are presented. Selected trade-study results show end-to-end system efficiencies, required photovoltaic power capability as a function of energy storage system efficiency, and comparisons with other systems such as a solar dynamic power system.

Simon, W. E.↗

Propulsion Options For Interstellar Exploration

NASA is considering missions to explore near-interstellar space (40 - 250 Astronomical Units) early in the next decade as the first step toward a vigorous interstellar exploration program. A key enabling technology for such an ambitious science and exploration effort is a propulsion system capable of providing fast trip times, yet which has low enough mass to allow for the use of inexpensive launch vehicles. Advanced propulsion technologies that might support the First interstellar precursor mission by the end of the first decade of the new millennium include solar sails and nuclear electric propulsion. Solar sails and electric propulsion are two technology areas that may hold promise for the next generation of interstellar precursor missions as well - perhaps a thousand astronomical units traveled in a professional lifetime. Future missions to far beyond the Heliosphere will require the development of propulsion technologies that are only at the conceptual stage today. For years, the scientific community has been interested in solar sail and electric propulsion technologies to support robotic exploration of the solar system. Progress in thin-film materials fabrication and handling, and advancement in technologies that may enable the deployment of large sails in space are only now maturing to the point where ambitious interstellar precursor missions using sails can be considered. Xenon ion propulsion is now being demonstrated for planetary exploration by the Deep Space 1 mission. The primary issues for the adaptation of electric propulsion to interstellar precursor applications include the development of low specific mass nuclear power systems, engine lifetime, and high power operation. Recent studies of interstellar precursor mission scenarios that use these propulsion systems will be described, and the range of application of each technology will be explored.

Johnson, Les↗

Message transfer service for space applications

Spacecraft applications that interact with on-board sensors, effectors, and major components have traditionally used private interfaces which are tightly bound to the interface details of the data links connecting these sub-systems. The latest spacecraft, which often include several powerful processors running real time operating systems, high-speed on-board networks, and intelligent peripherals, can support a more layered networked environment. Use of standard interfaces and networked elements is expected to yield reusable software and hardware components. Within CCSDS Panel 1K we have been developing such on-board interface standards. This paper will present a Message Transfer Service that defines a common API for use within a single spacecraft or among spacecraft flying in a constellation.

CCSDS SOIF message service space communication↗

Limitations in Advanced Measurement Systems: An Overview for Power Systems

Measurements have been an essential part of managing the electric power system from the beginning. Surprisingly, today’s measurements are not always particularly trustworthy. Countless factors can influence measurement in real-world conditions. In this report, we look at the measurement system as a comprehensive information acquisition system with complicated interdependencies setting the limiting factors and affecting system performance. The first chapter provides an overview of the whole system and introduces the key elements of the limitations checklist. The second part of the document is a component checklist for measurement system limitations that concisely describes effects, common remedies, and underlying factors.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Field Verification of Grid-Forming Inverter-Based Power Plant Performance for Transmission System Reliability

This report describes some examples of the operation of two grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based photovoltaic-battery hybrid power plants connected to the electric system of the island of Kauai in Hawaii. Both plants are photovoltaic power plants with battery energy storage and are connected to the networked transmission system operated by Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC), along with several other power plants including an oil-fired plant, diesel generators, small hydroelectric plants, a biofuel plant, and several other photovoltaic plants.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Introduction to the Minitrack on Monitoring, Control, and Protection.

This minitrack is on topics related to the monitoring, control, and protection of electric power systems for real-time operations and short-term operations planning. This year the emphasis has been on recent developments in the area of large-scale dynamic research for power systems and on hybrid and distributed control concepts for decentralized command and control of existing critical energy infrastructures.

Eto, Joseph H↗

Description of photovoltaic village power systems in the United States and Africa

Photovoltaic power systems in remote villages in the United States and Africa are described. These projects were undertaken to demonstrate that existing photovoltaic system technology is capable of providing electrical power for basic domestic services for the millions of small, remote communities in both developed and developing countries. One system is located in the Papago Indian Village of Schuchuli in southwest Arizona (U. S.) and became operational 16 December 1978. The other system is located in Tangaye, a rural village in Upper Volta, Africa. It became operational 1 March 1979. The Schuchuli system has a 3.5 kW (peak) solar array which provides electric power for village water pumping, a refrigerator for each family, lights in the village buildings, and a community washing machine and sewing machine. The 1.8 kW (peak) Tangaye system provides power for community water pumping, flour milling and lights in the milling building. These are both stand-alone systems (i.e., no back-up power source) which are being operated and maintained by local personnel. Both systems are instrumented. Systems operations are being monitored by NASA to measure design adequacy and to refine designs for future systems.

Ratajczak, A. F.↗