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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Collection of Aerosol Particles in a Single-Stage, High Gradient Magnetic Collector

The collection of aerosol particles that have magnetic components such as actinides, Co/Ni/Fe, brass, and alloys are of interest in the nuclear industry and for regulatory applications. The collection of these particles is important for monitoring and a number of collection approaches have been developed based on separations mechanisms including size, mass, electrical or thermal properties. In this work, we present the performance of a single-stage, high gradient magnetic collector with a nickel foam matrix for removing airborne magnetic particles. The collection efficiencies for two different particle size regimes and compositions (NaCl and Fe 3 O 4 below 200 nm and SiO 2 and Fe 3 O 4 at 1-2 μm) were measured to assess the performance of the magnetic collector. The high gradient magnetic collector did not remove nanosized magnetic Fe 3 O 4 particles any more effectively than non-magnetic NaCl particles. However, in the larger size range, the collector more efficiently removed Fe 3 O 4 particles compared to SiO 2 with a collection efficiency of 99% compared to 84% for SiO 2 . The removal mechanism could be attributed to both filtration and the high gradient magnetic field.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electric Drive Technologies Research: Bottom-Up Soft Magnetic Composites (FY2022 Annual Progress Report)

In order to meet 2025 goals for enhanced peak power (100 kW), specific power (50 kW/L), and reduced cost (3.3 $\$$/kW) in a motor that can operate at ≥ 20,000 rpm, improved soft magnetic materials must be developed. Better performing soft magnetic materials will also enable rare earth free electric motors. In fact, replacement of permanent magnets with soft magnetic materials was highlighted in the Electrical and Electronics Technical Team (EETT) Roadmap as a R&D pathway for meeting 2025 targets. Eddy current losses in conventional soft magnetic materials, such as silicon steel, begin to significantly impact motor efficiency as rotational speed increases. Soft magnetic composites (SMCs), which combine magnetic particles with an insulating matrix to boost electrical resistivity (ρ) and decrease eddy current losses, even at higher operating frequencies (or rotational speeds), are an attractive solution. Today, SMCs are being fabricated with values of ρ ranging between 10 -3 to 10 -1 μohm∙m, which is significantly higher than 3% silicon steel (~0.05 μohm∙m). The isotropic nature of SMCs is ideally suited for motors with 3D flux paths, such as axial flux motors. Additionally, the manufacturing cost of SMCs is low and they are highly amenable to advanced manufacturing and net-shaping into complex geometries, which further reduces manufacturing costs. There is still significant room for advancement in SMCs, and therefore additional improvements in electrical machine performance. For example, despite the inclusion of a non-magnetic insulating material, the electrical resistivities of SMCs are still far below that of soft ferrites (10 – 10 8 μohm∙m).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Stellarator Simplification using Permanent Magnets (PM4Stell)

This Report describes the design and prototyping of an array of rare-Earth permanent magnets to form a stellarator. This effort was motivated by the hypothesis that the usage of permanent magnets, rather than electromagnetic coils with complex geometry, could reduce the cost of stellarator construction and thereby make increase the feasibility of the stellarator as a technology for a fusion-based power plant. In this project, we have developed novel methods for specifying the positions, shapes, and polarizations of the magnets in the array, and have developed designs for mounting structures and tooling for assembly. We have also performed detailed finite-element modeling to qualify the accuracy of the magnetic field produced by the magnet array as designed, and to confirm that the structure can withstand the forces between the magnets. We have also developed techniques for measuring the magnetic field produced by the array once constructed, as well as for correcting errors in the field arising from misalignments and offsets within the tolerances for mounting and fabrication. Finally, we have constructed a tabletop prototype of a section of the array to qualify the concept for assembling and mounting magnets within the array.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic Materials Research at SRNL

Introduction – What are Magnetic Materials? Magnetic materials are crystalline solids which below a certain temperature, known as the ordering temperature, display spontaneous order in their magnetic moments. Results • Enhanced thermal stability and saturation magnetization with Y substitution in Ce2Fe14B based permanent magnets • Discovered a new ferromagnetic phase transition at TC = 62.9 K in (Dy1/3Mo2/3)2AlC and validated the two previously reported low temperature magnetic phases Characterization of Magnetic Materials Raw high purity materials are melted together to synthesize a crystalline sample using an arc melter at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL). Use high energy ball milling to form a hard/soft magnetic composite using Y substituted Ce2Fe14B. Finish structural characterization on γ- irradiated (RE1/3Mo2/3)2AlC (RE = Rare Earth) MAX samples. Unit Cell Lattice Points

Bretana, Alex↗
DOE OSTI2025

Testing Capabilities for Superconducting Magnets at Fermilab

This presentation will focus on the current testing capabilities for superconducting magnets at Fermilab, highlighting existing systems, recent upgrades, and future plans. The Vertical Magnet Test Facility (VMTF) remains a cornerstone for testing superconducting magnets in R&D applications, maintaining its established capabilities. Stand 4 continues to support the Hi-Lumi AUP production line of magnets in cryostats and has achieved significant improvements through a redesign of lead connections, resolving issues with liquid helium levels and resistance, culminating in a successful endurance test without interruption. Similarly, Stand 7 underwent commissioning and a lead redesign to reduce heat load, while its core testing capabilities remain unchanged. Looking forward, Stand 3 is undergoing a redesign, with plans to restart and begin commissioning by the end of 2025, introducing new features such as background magnetic field testing and upgraded power supplies. Fermilab is also advancing the High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility (HFVMTF), designed to support the fusion and magnet R&D program, with commissioning scheduled for 2025 and critical components, including the cryostat and power supplies, being delivered. Enhancing all operations, the newly commissioned IB1 cryoplant now offers automated overnight helium production and efficient transfer to a 10,000-liter dewar, streamlining support across all test stands. This talk will provide a comprehensive overview of testing capabilities, and showcasing how Fermilab is advancing its capabilities to meet the evolving demands of superconducting magnet testing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mechanical Design of the PIP-II ORBUMP Pulsed Dipole Magnet

The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is a vital upgrade to Fermilab's accelerator complex. The upgrade is designed to power the world s most intense high-energy neutrino beam in future experiments. The magnet pulse repetition rate of the PIP-II injection system is being upgraded from 15 Hz to 20 Hz and requires a roughly 30% increase in the magnetic field of the new Orbital Bump (ORBUMP) magnets in the Booster. The magnet is secured in a vacuum box and the core is made up of 0.127 mm thick, low carbon steel laminations with a C-5 inorganic coating. The core is clamped using external tie bars welded to the core end plates. ANSYS Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate the clamping design to minimize the deflection of the core post welding of the tie bars. The water-cooled single turn coil is electrically isolated from the core using virgin PEEK insulating material in the gap. An investigation into the high voltage performance of the virgin PEEK insulator was conducted. The design of the coil which shapes the magnetic field by acting as the pole tips is critical for the integrated field homogeneity. The coil manufacturing tolerances and fabrication techniques were evaluated to ensure the magnetic properties of the magnet could be obtained. The ORBUMP magnet mechanical design is presented in this paper.

Karas, Dino [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000304340670)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Design, Prototyping, Fabrication and Test of the Mu2e AC-Dipole Magnet

Fermilab Magnet Systems is building three High-frequency AC-Dipole Magnets for the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab. These magnets are composed of three single-loop one-meter-long ferrite loaded segments. The excitation consists of a copper tube, which is also used as a means for its cooling with the inherited challenges of Voltage and Frequency uncoupling. These magnets are designed to operate either at 300 kHz or 4.4 MHz via resonance tuning. Following the completion of the design, prototyping, and analysis phases, all ferrites and other components were procured, and the magnets were fabricated to meet vacuum compatibility requirements using strict procedures. Each magnet undergoes thorough baking and testing before being installed in the experiment. This paper discusses the magnets' role in proton background suppression as it represents a unique and essential device for the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab. We present the magnet design choices, modeling approach, and the challenges encountered during fabrication. Additionally, we outline the power supply driving mechanism, the testing that was performed, and our results.

Elementi, Luciano [Fermilab] (ORCID:00000002766372↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ultrafast Light-Induced Magnetoelectric Effect in van der Waals Magnetic Semiconductor Heterostructures

Atomic-scale heterostructures of van der Waals (vdW) magnets and semiconductors provide a unique environment for exploring magnetic dynamics. In contrast to typical photothermal excitation of precessional magnetization dynamics by a pump laser pulse, we find that ultrafast optical excitation of a WS2/CrGeTe3 (CGT) bilayer produces an opposite sign of magnetic torque compared to an isolated CGT film. Experimental observations by time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) and theoretical analysis by density functional theory (DFT) and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) simulations support a mechanism in which charge transfer of photoexcited carriers across the interface alters the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which in turn generates a torque on the magnetic layer to trigger precessional magnetization dynamics. These results provide new avenues for ultrafast manipulation of magnetization in vdW heterostructures with type-II band alignments. Lastly, we show that optically-generated spin currents from WS2 into CGT can also trigger precessional dynamics via angular momentum transfer.

Zhou, Wenyi [The Ohio State University]↗
DOE OSTI2023

NdFeB Permanent Magnet Uses, Projected Growth Rates and Nd Plus Dy Demands across End-Use Sectors through 2050: A Review

Rare earth element (REE) permanent magnets (NdFeB) are a critical element in a vast and growing number of industrial applications. In consumer electronics, a broad category encompassing computer, CD, and DVD hard drives, in addition to the ubiquitous cell phones, the nominal NdFeB magnet content may be small, but the global market share for this sector accounts for almost 30% of NdFeB demand, due to a large and continually increasing consumer base. It is estimated that wind turbines that primarily employ permanent magnets will add roughly 110 GW annually of on- and off-shore capability over the next few years. Electric vehicles (EVs) and E-bicycles (EBs) equipped with permanent magnet motors comprise the transportation contribution. Permanent magnet motors have garnered nearly 100% of the market share among EV manufacturers worldwide. Industrial, professional service, and personal robots, most using permanent magnets, are also included in the projected global need for rare earths, particularly Nd and Dy. The sector projects significant growth of approximately 10% across robotic categories. In this paper, we calculate the future demand for Nd and Dy through 2050 across these sectors using a compounded annual growth rate coupled with magnet weight and rare earth content. Uncertainties in the estimates, such as the true global production of Nd, a range of end-product scales and/or unit types in each sector, varied magnet compositions, and the variety of uses within a sector, are all considered.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic Field Sensing via Acoustic Sensing Fiber with Metglas® 2605SC Cladding Wires

Magnetic field sensing has the potential to become necessary as a critical tool for long-term subsurface geophysical monitoring. The success of distributed fiber optic sensing for geophysical characterization provides a template for the development of next generation downhole magnetic sensors. In this study, Sentek Instrument’s picoDAS is coupled with a multi-material single mode optical fiber with Metglas® 2605SC cladding wire inclusions for magnetic field detection. The response of acoustic sensing fibers with one and two Metglas® 2605SC cladding wires was evaluated upon exposure to lateral AC magnetic fields. An improved response was demonstrated for a sensing fiber with in-cladding wire following thermal magnetic annealing (~400 °C) under a constant static transverse magnetic field (~200 μT). A minimal detectable magnetic field of ~500 nT was confirmed for a sensing fiber with two 10 μm cladding wires. The successful demonstration of a magnetic field sensing fiber with Metglas® cladding wires fabricated via traditional draw processes sets the stage for distributed measurements and joint inversion as a compliment to distributed fiber optic acoustic sensors.

Dejneka, Zach (ORCID:0000000179415708)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental observations of detached bow shock formation in the interaction of a laser-produced plasma with a magnetized obstacle

The magnetic field produced by planets with active dynamos, like the Earth, can exert sufficient pressure to oppose supersonic stellar wind plasmas, leading to the formation of a standing bow shock upstream of the magnetopause, or pressure-balance surface. Scaled laboratory experiments studying the interaction of an inflowing solar wind analog with a strong, external magnetic field are a promising new way to study magnetospheric physics and to complement existing models, although reaching regimes favorable for magnetized shock formation is experimentally challenging. This paper presents experimental evidence of the formation of a magnetized bow shock in the interaction of a supersonic, super-Alfvenic plasma with a strongly magnetized obstacle at the OMEGA laser facility. The solar wind analog is generated by the collision and subsequent expansion of two counter- propagating, laser-driven plasma plumes. The magnetized obstacle is a thin wire, driven with strong electrical currents. Hydrodynamic simulations using the FLASH code predict that the colliding plasma source meets the criteria for bow shock formation. Spatially resolved, optical Thomson scat- tering measures the electron number density, and optical emission lines provide a measurement of the plasma temperature, from which we infer the presence of a fast magnetosonic shock far upstream of the obstacle. Proton images provide a measure of large-scale features in the magnetic field topology, and reconstructed path-integrated magnetic field maps from these images suggest the formation of a bow shock upstream of the wire and as a transient magnetopause. We compare features in the reconstructed fields to two-dimensional MHD simulations of the system.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Heavy metal separations using strongly paramagnetic column packings in a nonhomogeneous magnetic field

The present invention is directed to a method for the separation of an actinide from another metal. The method comprises the following steps: (a) establishing a non-homogeneous magnetic field across a separation column containing a paramagnetic packing material and (b) providing a fluid containing the actinide and the another metal to the separation column wherein the fluid and the paramagnetic packing material are exposed to the non-homogeneous magnetic field. The non-homogeneous magnetic field is produced by a magnet having a first pole for magnetic interaction with a second pole of the magnet wherein the first pole has a different surface area than the second pole. The non-homogeneous magnetic field has a magnetic field gradient of about 500 lines/cm 2 /cm or more. In addition, the present invention is also directed to a method for the separation of one heavy metal from another heavy metal.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Magnetic Field Determination for Run 1 of the Fermilab Muon $g-2$ Experiment

The muon $g-2$ experiment at Fermilab aims to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $a_{\mu}$, to a precision of 140 parts per billion (ppb). The measurement will shed light on the current $>$3$\sigma$ deviation between Standard Model calculations and the previous measurement made at Brookhaven National Laboratory, either resolving the discrepancy or confirming it to $>$5$\sigma$. In the muon $g-2$ experiment, muons are stored in a magnetic storage ring and their decays are observed. In order to reach the precision goal, the magnetic field experienced by the muons must be known with an uncertainty of \SI{70}{ppb} or less. To this end, the magnetic field was shimmed to unprecedented homogeneity. Two measurement systems are used to track the evolution of the magnetic field. This dissertation describes the motivations for the $g-2$ experiment, gives a brief overview of the experimental principles, introduces the magnetic field measurement hardware, describes the magnetic field shimming process, and presents an analysis of the magnetic field tracking for data collected in spring 2018 during run 1 of the Fermilab muon $g-2$ experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

High resistivity iron-based, thermally stable magnetic material for on-chip integrated inductors

An on-chip magnetic structure includes a palladium activated seed layer and a substantially amorphous magnetic material disposed onto the palladium activated seed layer. The substantially amorphous magnetic material includes nickel in a range from about 50 to about 80 atomic % (at. %) based on the total number of atoms of the magnetic material, iron in a range from about 10 to about 50 at. % based on the total number of atoms of the magnetic material, and phosphorous in a range from about 0.1 to about 30 at. % based on the total number of atoms of the magnetic material. The magnetic material can include boron in a range from about 0.1 to about 5 at. % based on the total number of atoms of the magnetic material.

Deligianni, Hariklia↗
DOE OSTI2022

SuperScreen: An open-source package for simulating the magnetic response of two-dimensional superconducting devices

Quantitative understanding of the spatial distribution of magnetic fields and Meissner screening currents in two-dimensional (2D) superconductors and mesoscopic thin film superconducting devices is critical to interpreting the results of magnetic measurements of such systems. Here, we introduce SuperScreen, an open-source Python package for simulating the response of 2D superconductors to trapped flux and applied time-independent or quasi-DC magnetic fields for any value of the effective magnetic penetration depth, Λ. Given an applied magnetic field, SuperScreen solves the 2D London equation using an efficient matrix inversion method to obtain the Meissner currents and magnetic fields in and around structures composed of one or more superconducting thin films of arbitrary geometry with spatially nonuniform magnetic penetration depth. SuperScreen can be used to model screening effects and calculate self- and mutual-inductance in superconducting devices, and simulate the magnetic response of inhomogeneous 2D superconductors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Solving Critical Problems of the Muon Collider Higgs Factory: Optics, Magnets and their Protection, Detector Backgrounds

A low-energy medium-luminosity Muon Collider (MC) is being studied as a possible Higgs Factory (HF). Electrons from muon decays will deposit more than 300 kW in superconducting magnets of the HF collider ring. This imposes significant challenges to superconducting (SC) magnets used in the MC storage ring (SR) and interaction regions (IR). Magnet designs are proposed which provide high operating gradient and magnetic field in a large aperture to accommodate the large size of muon beams (due to low beta*), as well as a cooling system to intercept the large heat deposition from the showers induced by decay electrons. The distribution of heat deposition in the MC SR lattice elements requires large-aperture magnets in order to accommodate thick high-Z absorbers to protect the SC coils. Based on the developed MARS15 model and intensive simulations, a sophisticated radiation protection system was designed for the collider SR and IR to bring the peak power density in the superconducting coils below the quench limit and reduce the dynamic heat deposition in the cold mass by a factor of 100. The system consists of tight tungsten masks in the magnet interconnect regions and elliptical tungsten liners in the magnet aperture optimized individually for each magnet. These also reduce the background particle fluxes in the collider detector.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Strategic Approach to Advance Magnet Technology for Next Generation Colliders

Colliders are built on a foundation of superconducting magnet technology that provides strong dipole magnets to maintain the beam orbit and strong focusing magnets to enable the extraordinary luminosity required to probe physics at the energy frontier. The dipole magnet strength plays a critical role in dictating the energy reach of a collider, and the superconducting magnets are arguably the dominant cost driver for future collider facilities. As the community considers opportunities to explore new energy frontiers, the importance of advanced magnet technology - both in terms of magnet performance and in the magnet technology's potential for cost reduction - is evident, as the technology status is essential for informed decisions on targets for physics reach and facility feasibility.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Challenges and Lessons Learned from fabrication, testing and analysis of eight MQXFA Low Beta Quadrupole magnets for HL-LHC

By the end of October 2022, the US HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) had completed fabrication of ten MQXFA magnets and tested eight of them. The MQXFA magnets are the low beta quadrupole magnets to be used in the Q1 and Q3 Inner Triplet elements of the High Luminosity LHC. This AUP effort is shared by BNL, Fermilab, and LBNL, with strand verification tests at NHMFL. An important step of the AUP QA plan is the testing of MQXFA magnets in a vertical cryostat at BNL. The acceptance criteria that could be tested at BNL were all met by the first four production magnets (MQXFA03-MQXFA06). Subsequently, two magnets (MQXFA07 and MQXFA08) did not meet some criteria and were disassembled. Lessons learned during the disassembly of MQXFA07 caused a revision to the assembly specifications that were used for MQXFA10 and subsequent magnets. In this paper, we present a summary of: 1) the fabrication and test data of all the MQXFA magnets; 2) the analysis of MQXFA07/A08 test results with characterization of the limiting mechanism; 3) the outcome of the investigation, including the lessons learned during MQXFA07 disassembly; and 4) the finite element analysis correlating observations with test performance.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗