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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1982

A broad-band VLF-burst associated with ring-current electrons

Frequency band broadening takes place just outside of the nighttime plasmasphere, where the density of cold plasma is known to be very low during the later phase of a geomagnetic storm. Instead of the gradual broadening of several hours duration, a burst type broadening of VLF emission lasting less than ten minutes was observed by Explorer 45 in a similar location. The magnetic field component of this emission is very weak and the frequency spreads below the local half electron cyclotron frequency. Corresponding enhancement of the anisotropic ring current electrons is also very sudden and limited below the order of 10 keV without significant velocity dispersion, in contrast to the gradual broadening events. The cause of this type of emission band spreading can be attributed to the generation of the quasielectrostatic whistler mode emission of short wavelength by hot bimaxwellian electrons surging into the domain of relatively low density magnetized cold plasma. The lack of energy dispersion in the enhanced electrons indicates that the inner edge of the plasma sheet, the source of these hot electrons, is not far from the location of this event.

Maeda, K.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Momentum-resolved lattice dynamics of parent and electron-doped Sr2IrO4

The mixing of orbital and spin character in the wavefunctions of the 5d iridates has led to predictions of strong couplings between their lattice, electronic and magnetic degrees of freedom. As well as realising a novel spin-orbit assisted Mott-insulating ground state, the perovskite iridate Sr 2 IrO 4 has strong similarities with the cuprate La 2 CuO 4 , which on doping hosts a charge density wave that appears intimately connected to high-temperature superconductivity. These phenomena can be sensitively probed through momentum-resolved measurements of the lattice dynamics, made possible by meV-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering. Here we report the rst such measurements for both parent and electron-doped Sr2IrO4. We nd that the low-energy phonon dispersions and intensities in both compounds are well described by the same non-magnetic DFT calculation. In the parent compound, no changes of the phonons upon magnetic ordering are discernible within the experimental resolution, and in the doped compound no anomalies are apparent due to charge density waves. These measurements extend our knowledge of the lattice properties of (Sr 1-x La x ) 2 IrO 4 , and constrain the couplings of the phonons to magnetic and charge order.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

EFFECT OF DIFFERENTIAL FLOW OF ALPHA PARTICLES ON PROTON PRESSURE ANISOTROPY INSTABILITIES IN THE SOLAR WIND

In the solar wind, when the effects of proton-proton Coulomb collisions are negligible, alpha particles usually flow faster than the protons in such a way that the differential alpha-proton flow velocity V{sub d} = V{sub {alpha}} - V{sub p} is on the order of the Alfven speed, is directed away from the Sun, and is nearly aligned with the local mean magnetic field. When this differential flow is taken into account, solutions of the hot plasma dispersion relation show that for the parallel propagating electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) instability driven by the proton temperature anisotropy T{sub perpendicularp} > T{sub ||p}, the maximum growth rate occurs in the + V{sub d} direction and for the parallel firehose instability driven by the opposite proton temperature anisotropy T{sub ||p} > T{sub perpendicularp}, the maximum growth rate occurs in the - V{sub d} direction. Thus, the EMIC instability preferentially generates left circularly polarized Alfven-ion-cyclotron waves propagating away from the Sun and the parallel firehose instability preferentially generates right circularly polarized magnetosonic-whistler waves propagating toward the Sun with the maximum growth rates occurring for frequencies on the order of the proton cyclotron frequency and wavenumbers on the order of the proton inertial length. Because of the Doppler shift caused by the motion of the solar wind, both types of waves are left circularly polarized in the spacecraft frame for observations taken when the local mean magnetic field is collinear with the solar wind flow velocity. Theoretical investigation of these instabilities also shows that regions of parameter space exist where the unstable waves are generated propagating unidirectionally such as, for the EMIC instability for example, when the temperature anisotropy is small |(T{sub perpendicular{sub p}}/T{sub ||{sub p}}) - 1| < 1. Taken together, the above properties can explain the origin of parallel propagating electromagnetic waves recently observed near the proton inertial length in high-speed solar wind. The observed waves are most likely produced in situ by these instabilities. A remarkable property of the proposed mechanism that may be of practical importance is that the magnetic helicity of the unstable waves has the same sign no matter whether the proton temperature anisotropy (T{sub p{sub perpendicular}}/T{sub p{sub ||}}) - 1 is positive or negative.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

THE DISPERSION RELATIONS AND INSTABILITY THRESHOLDS OF OBLIQUE PLASMA MODES IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ION BEAM

An ion beam can destabilize Alfven/ion-cyclotron waves and magnetosonic/whistler waves if the beam speed is sufficiently large. Numerical solutions of the hot-plasma dispersion relation have previously shown that the minimum beam speed required to excite such instabilities is significantly smaller for oblique modes with k Multiplication-Sign B {sub 0} {ne} 0 than for parallel-propagating modes with k Multiplication-Sign B {sub 0} = 0, where k is the wavevector and B {sub 0} is the background magnetic field. In this paper, we explain this difference within the framework of quasilinear theory, focusing on low-{beta} plasmas. We begin by deriving, in the cold-plasma approximation, the dispersion relation and polarization properties of both oblique and parallel-propagating waves in the presence of an ion beam. We then show how the instability thresholds of the different wave branches can be deduced from the wave-particle resonance condition, the conservation of particle energy in the wave frame, the sign (positive or negative) of the wave energy, and the wave polarization. We also provide a graphical description of the different conditions under which Landau resonance and cyclotron resonance destabilize Alfven/ion-cyclotron waves in the presence of an ion beam. We draw upon our results to discuss the types of instabilities that may limit the differential flow of alpha particles in the solar wind.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

MAGNETO-ACOUSTIC WAVES IN A GRAVITATIONALLY STRATIFIED MAGNETIZED PLASMA: EIGEN-SOLUTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE

Magneto-acoustic gravity (MAG) waves have been studied intensively in the context of astrophysical plasmas. There are three popular choices of analytic modeling using a Cartesian coordinate system: a magnetic field parallel, perpendicular, or at an angle to the gravitational field. Here, we study a gravitationally stratified plasma embedded in a parallel, so called vertical, magnetic field. We find a governing equation for the auxiliary quantity Θ = p {sub 1}/ ρ {sub 0}, and find solutions in terms of hypergeometric functions. With the convenient relationship between Θ and the vertical velocity component, v {sub z}, we derive the solution for v{sub z}. We show that the four linearly independent functions for v{sub z} can also be cast as single hypergeometric functions, rather than the Frobenius series derived by Leroy and Schwartz. We are then able to analyze a case of approximation for a one-layer solution, taking the small wavelength limit. Motivated by solar atmospheric applications, we finally commence study of the eigenmodes of perturbations for a two-layer model using our solutions, solving the dispersion relation numerically. We show that, for a transition between a photospheric and chromospheric plasma embedded in a vertical magnetic field, modes exist that are between the observationally widely investigated three and five minute oscillation periods, interpreted as solar global oscillations in the lower solar atmosphere . It is also shown that, when the density contrast between the layers is large (e.g., applied to photosphere/chromosphere-corona), the global eigenmodes are practically a superposition of the same as in each of the separate one-layer systems.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Observation of a two-dimensional Fermi surface and Dirac dispersion in YbMnSb 2

Here we present the crystal structure, electronic structure, and transport properties of the material ${\mathrm{YbMnSb}}_{2}$, a candidate system for the investigation of Dirac physics in the presence of magnetic order. Our measurements reveal that this system is a low-carrier-density semimetal with a two-dimensional Fermi surface arising from a Dirac dispersion, consistent with the predictions of density-functional-theory calculations of the antiferromagnetic system. Finally, the low temperature resistivity is very large, suggesting that scattering in this system is highly efficient at dissipating momentum despite its Dirac-like nature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Size effects in the magnetic properties of ε-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles

We report the results of comparative analysis of magnetic properties of the systems based on ε-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, nanoparticles with different average sizes (from ∼3 to 9 nm) and dispersions. The experimental data for nanoparticles higher than 6–8 nm in size are consistent with the available data, specifically, the transition to the magnetically ordered state occurs at a temperature of ∼500 K and the anomalies of magnetic properties observed in the range of 80–150 K correspond to the magnetic transition. At the same time, Mőssbauer and ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy data as well as the results of static magnetic measurements show that at room temperature all the investigated samples contain ε-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles that exhibit the superparamagnetic behavior. It was established that the magnetic properties of nanoparticles significantly change with a decrease in their size to ∼6 nm. According to high-resolution electron microscopy and Mőssbauer spectroscopy data, the particle structure can be attributed to the ε–modification of trivalent iron oxide; meanwhile, the temperature of the magnetic order onset in these particles is increased, the well-known magnetic transition in the range of 80–150 K does not occur, the crystallographic magnetic anisotropy constant is significantly reduced, and the surface magnetic anisotropy plays a decisive role. This is apparently due to redistribution of cations over crystallographic positions with decreasing particle size, which was established using Mössbauer spectra. As the particle size is decreased and the fraction of surface atoms is increased, the contribution of an additional magnetic subsystem formed in a shell of particles smaller than ∼4 nm becomes significant, which manifests itself in the static magnetic measurements as paramagnetic contribution.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

RESONANT ABSORPTION OF AXISYMMETRIC MODES IN TWISTED MAGNETIC FLUX TUBES

It has been shown recently that magnetic twist and axisymmetric MHD modes are ubiquitous in the solar atmosphere, and therefore the study of resonant absorption for these modes has become a pressing issue because it can have important consequences for heating magnetic flux tubes in the solar atmosphere and the observed damping. In this investigation, for the first time, we calculate the damping rate for axisymmetric MHD waves in weakly twisted magnetic flux tubes. Our aim is to investigate the impact of resonant damping of these modes for solar atmospheric conditions. This analytical study is based on an idealized configuration of a straight magnetic flux tube with a weak magnetic twist inside as well as outside the tube. By implementing the conservation laws derived by Sakurai et al. and the analytic solutions for weakly twisted flux tubes obtained recently by Giagkiozis et al. we derive a dispersion relation for resonantly damped axisymmetric modes in the spectrum of the Alfvén continuum. We also obtain an insightful analytical expression for the damping rate in the long wavelength limit. Furthermore, it is shown that both the longitudinal magnetic field and the density, which are allowed to vary continuously in the inhomogeneous layer, have a significant impact on the damping time. Given the conditions in the solar atmosphere, resonantly damped axisymmetric modes are highly likely to be ubiquitous and play an important role in energy dissipation. We also suggest that, given the character of these waves, it is likely that they have already been observed in the guise of Alfvén waves.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dispersion of the electron g factor anisotropy in InAs/InP self-assembled quantum dots

The electron g factor in an ensemble of InAs/InP quantum dots with emission wavelengths around 1.4 μm is measured using time-resolved pump-probe Faraday rotation spectroscopy in different magnetic field orientations. Thereby, we can extend recent single dot photoluminescence measurements significantly towards lower optical transition energies through 0.86 eV. This allows us to obtain detailed insight into the dispersion of the recently discovered g factor anisotropy in these infrared emitting quantum dots. We find with decreasing transition energy over a range of 50 meV a strong enhancement of the g factor difference between magnetic field normal and along the dot growth axis, namely, from 1 to 1.7. We argue that the g factor cannot be solely determined by the confinement energy, but the dot asymmetry underlying this anisotropy therefore has to increase with increasing dot size.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1993

Gravitational instability of a rotating partially-ionized plasma carrying a uniform magnetic field with Hall effect

The problem of gravitational instability of an infinite homogeneous self-gravitating medium carrying a uniform magnetic field in the presence of Hall effect has been investigated to include the effect due to rotation. The dispersion relation has been obtained. It has been found that the Jeans's criterion for the instability remains unaffected even when the effect due to rotation is considered in the presence of Hall effect carrying a uniform magnetic.

Kumar, Vinod↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hyperbolic exciton polaritons in a van der Waals magnet

Abstract Exciton polaritons are quasiparticles of photons coupled strongly to bound electron-hole pairs, manifesting as an anti-crossing light dispersion near an exciton resonance. Highly anisotropic semiconductors with opposite-signed permittivities along different crystal axes are predicted to host exotic modes inside the anti-crossing called hyperbolic exciton polaritons (HEPs), which confine light subdiffractionally with enhanced density of states. Here, we show observational evidence of steady-state HEPs in the van der Waals magnet chromium sulfide bromide (CrSBr) using a cryogenic near-infrared near-field microscope. At low temperatures, in the magnetically-ordered state, anisotropic exciton resonances sharpen, driving the permittivity negative along one crystal axis and enabling HEP propagation. We characterize HEP momentum and losses in CrSBr, also demonstrating coupling to excitonic sidebands and enhancement by magnetic order: which boosts exciton spectral weight via wavefunction delocalization. Our findings open new pathways to nanoscale manipulation of excitons and light, including routes to magnetic, nonlocal, and quantum polaritonics.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

The role of higher-order modes on the electromagnetic whistler-cyclotron wave fluctuations of thermal and non-thermal plasmas

Two fundamental challenging problems of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas are the understanding of the relaxation of a collisionless plasmas with nearly isotropic velocity distribution functions and the resultant state of nearly equipartition energy density with electromagnetic plasma turbulence. Here, we present the results of a study which shows the role that higher-order-modes play in limiting the electromagnetic whistler-like fluctuations in a thermal and non-thermal plasma. Our main results show that for a thermal plasma the magnetic fluctuations are confined by regions that are bounded by the least-damped higher order modes. We further show that the zone where the whistler-cyclotron normal modes merges the electromagnetic fluctuations shifts to longer wavelengths as the β{sub e} increases. This merging zone has been interpreted as the beginning of the region where the whistler-cyclotron waves losses their identity and become heavily damped while merging with the fluctuations. Our results further indicate that in the case of nonthermal plasmas, the higher-order modes do not confine the fluctuations due to the effective higher-temperature effects and the excess of suprathermal plasma particles. The analysis presented here considers the second-order theory of fluctuations and the dispersion relation of weakly transverse fluctuations, with wave vectors parallel to the uniform background magnetic field, in a finite temperature isotropic bi-Maxwellian and Tsallis-kappa-like magnetized electron–proton plasma. Our results indicate that the spontaneously emitted electromagnetic fluctuations are in fact enhanced over these quasi modes suggesting that such modes play an important role in the emission and absorption of electromagnetic fluctuations in thermal or quasi-thermal plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2014

The Role of Higher-Order Modes on the Electromagnetic Whistler-Cyclotron Wave Fluctuations of Thermal and Non-Thermal Plasmas

Two fundamental challenging problems of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas are the understanding of the relaxation of a collisionless plasmas with nearly isotropic velocity distribution functions and the resultant state of nearly equipartition energy density with electromagnetic plasma turbulence. Here, we present the results of a study which shows the role that higher-order-modes play in limiting the electromagnetic whistler-like fluctuations in a thermal and non-thermal plasma. Our main results show that for a thermal plasma the magnetic fluctuations are confined by regions that are bounded by the least-damped higher order modes. We further show that the zone where the whistler-cyclotron normal modes merges the electromagnetic fluctuations shifts to longer wavelengths as the beta(sub e) increases. This merging zone has been interpreted as the beginning of the region where the whistler-cyclotron waves losses their identity and become heavily damped while merging with the fluctuations. Our results further indicate that in the case of nonthermal plasmas, the higher-order modes do not confine the fluctuations due to the effective higher-temperature effects and the excess of suprathermal plasma particles. The analysis presented here considers the second-order theory of fluctuations and the dispersion relation of weakly transverse fluctuations, with wave vectors parallel to the uniform background magnetic field, in a finite temperature isotropic bi-Maxwellian and Tsallis-kappa-like magnetized electron-proton plasma. Our results indicate that the spontaneously emitted electromagnetic fluctuations are in fact enhanced over these quasi modes suggesting that such modes play an important role in the emission and absorption of electromagnetic fluctuations in thermal or quasi-thermal plasmas.

Vinas, Adolfo F.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Preparation of stable colloidal dispersions in fluorinated liquids

Chemical method for separating oil from water by liquid barrier which can be positioned magnetically is described. Fluorocarbon liquids containing colloidal suspension of magnetite is proposed. Chemical composition of magnetite and fluorinated ether polymer are presented.

Kaiser, R.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Zero-Field NMR and Millitesla-SLIC Spectra for >200 Molecules from Density Functional Theory and Spin Dynamics

NMR is usually performed at magnetic fields of 1 T and above to obtain sufficient sensitivity and spectral dispersion to identify chemicals based on chemical shifts and J couplings. At lower fields, the advent of hyperpolarization technologies and sensitive detectors can address sensitivity concerns. However, it remains disputed whether spectral signatures at zero and ultra-low fields are sufficient for chemical identification. Here, we report an all–electron DFT-based batch calculation of J-coupling constants, which are used to generate J coupling NMR spectra at zero field and 6.5 mT for over 200 small molecules. In the developed computational tool chain, we first used the all-electron FHI-aims code to calculate the molecular J couplings and chemical shifts. We then fed the calculated NMR parameters into the NMR simulation package SPINACH to simulate both heteronuclear J coupling spectra at zero-field, and homonuclear J coupling spectra as spin-lock induced crossing (SLIC) spectra at ultra-low field (6.5 mT). The resulting spectra demonstrate that zero and ultra-low field NMR spectra can represent unique identifiers of chemical structure for small molecules.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Electron cyclotron resonance near the axis of a quadrupole linear trap

The quasi-longitudinal propagation of an extraordinary electromagnetic wave in the vicinity of the electron cyclotron resonance layer in an open linear trap with a quadrupole magnetic field is studied analytically, taking into account the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field in a paraxial approximation. The ray trajectories are derived from a simplified dispersion equation, that is, nonetheless able to accurately describe the transition from finite to zero perpendicular refractive index. A criterion for an on-axis resonance point to be an attractor for the ray trajectories is formulated, which generalizes a similar criterion for axisymmetric linear traps derived in a recent paper [D. S. Bagulov and I. A. Kotelnikov, Phys. Plasmas 19, 082502 (2012)].

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Single-Grain Bulk YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub y} Superconductors Grown by Infiltration Growth Process Utilizing the YbBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub y} + Liquid Phase as a Liquid Source

The top-seeded infiltration growth (IG) processed YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub y} (Y-123) has several advantages compared to the same material produced by other melt process techniques. There is usually no shrinkage, a limited number of pores, and an uniform secondary phase particle dispersion in the Y-123 matrix. These characteristics of the IG process are very attractive for several industrial applications. In this paper, we produced a large single-grain Y-123 by IG and top seeded melt-growth process. Utilizing commercial YbBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub y} (Yb-123) and a homemade Y{sub 2}BaCuO{sub 5} (Y-211), we produced bulk YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub y} samples using Yb-123 + liquid (1:1) as a liquid source. Four facet lines on the top surfaces of the as-grown samples indicated a uniform growth from the seed up to sample edges. Magnetization measurements by SQUID magnetometer showed a sharp superconducting transition with T{sub c},{sub onset} at 92.1 K. The critical current density at 77 K and self-field was 39,000 A/cm{sup 2}. Trapped field results confirmed that single grain Y-123 samples were produced utilizing the above process. Our results prove that Yb-123 + liquid (1:1) as a liquid source is effective in producing single grain Y-123 material by IG process.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantitative assessment of the influence of external magnetic field on clustering of nano-Fe3O4 particles in cementitious paste

In view of active rheology control of cementitious materials, nano-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} can be added as responsive particles. Following the concept of magnetorheological fluids, it is assumed that magnetic nanoparticles will form chains or clusters in cementitious paste following magnetic field lines. A quantitative experimental validation of this assumption is presented herein. The clustering of nano-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} particles under magnetic fields is studied by mapping iron (Fe) element distribution in cementitious paste using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. By means of image analysis, the Fe-element patterns are quantified by the deviation of Fe-elements in a unit area from the mean value expected in case of a uniform distribution, as expressed by coefficient of variation (COV). The magneto-rheological responses of cementitious pastes are evaluated using small amplitude oscillatory shear technique. Results show that the magneto-rheological effect exhibits a linear relationship with the relative change of COV, providing a quantitative validation of magnetic clustering in cementitious paste.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗