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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

High-density stable glasses formed on soft substrates

Enabled by surface-mediated equilibration, physical vapour deposition can create high-density stable glasses comparable with liquid-quenched glasses aged for millions of years. Deposition is often performed at various rates and temperatures on rigid substrates to control the glass properties. Here, in this work, we demonstrate that on soft, rubbery substrates, surface-mediated equilibration is enhanced up to 170 nm away from the interface, forming stable glasses with densities up to 2.5% higher than liquid-quenched glasses within 2.5 h of deposition. Gaining similar properties on rigid substrates would require 10 million times slower deposition, taking ~3,000 years. Controlling the modulus of the rubbery substrate provides control over the glass structure and density at constant deposition conditions. These results underscore the significance of substrate elasticity in manipulating the properties of the mobile surface layer and thus the glass structure and properties, allowing access to deeper states of the energy landscape without prohibitively slow deposition rates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nonlinear refraction and two-photon absorption in dense 2Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} glasses

High density transparent glasses (7.86 g/cc) were fabricated in the 2Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} (BBO) system. Optical band gap of the obtained glasses was found to be 2.6eV. The refractive index measured for these glasses was 2.25{+-}0.05 at {lambda}=543 nm. Nonlinear refraction and absorption studies were carried out on the BBO glasses using z-scan technique at {lambda}=532 nm of 10 ns pulse width. The nonlinear refractive index obtained was n{sub 2}=12.1x10{sup -14} cm{sup 2}/W and nonlinear absorption coefficient was {beta}=15.2 cm/GW. The n{sub 2} and {beta} values of the BBO glasses were large compared to the other reported high index bismuth based oxide glass systems in the literature. These were attributed to the high density, high linear refractive index, low band gap and two photon absorption associated with these glasses. The electronic origin of large nonlinearities was discussed based on bond-orbital theory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Fluorescence properties and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of {gamma}-irradiated Sm{sup 3+}-doped oxyfluoroborate glasses

The permanent photoinduced valence manipulation of samarium doped oxyfluoroborate glasses as a function of {gamma}-ray irradiation has been investigated using a steady-state fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. An increase in SrF{sub 2} content in the glass led to the red shift of the peaks in as prepared glass, while in irradiated glasses this led to the decrease in defect formation as well as increase in photoreduction of Sm{sup 3+} to Sm{sup 2+} ion. The energy transfer mechanism of induced permanent photoreduction of Sm{sup 3+} to Sm{sup 2+} ions in oxyfluoroborate glasses has been discussed. The decay analysis shows exponential behavior before irradiation and non-exponential behavior after irradiation. The energy transfer in irradiated glasses increases with the increase in SrF{sub 2} content in the glass and also with the irradiation dose.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Synthesis and structural studies of praseodymium doped silver borate glasses

Praseodymium doped silver borate glasses with nominal composition xPr{sub 6}O{sub 11}-(25-x)Ag{sub 2}O-75B{sub 2}O{sub 3} (x=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) were prepared by melt quench technique. XRD pattern shows that there is no sharp peak it confirms the amorphous nature of the present glasses. The glass transition temperature (T{sub g}) of this glass system have been studied using the Matac MBS-8000 Digital Signal Processing and Conventional Thermal Analysis (DTA) method. The T{sub g} of these glasses increases with increase in concentration of Pr{sub 6}O{sub 11} except at 0.2 mol%, T{sub g} value is lower. {sup 11}B MAS-NMR shows the presence of sharp peak around 0.306 ppm. Chemical shift of these glasses decreases with mol% of rare earth oxide. FTIR spectra recorded in the region of 400 to 4000 cm{sup -1}. This studies revealed that the progressive addition Ag{sub 2}O and Pr{sub 6}O{sub 11} leads to modification of B{sub 2}O{sub 3} into BO{sub 4} groups. Raman measurements of these glasses support the proposed interpretations of the experimental results.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Soft magnetic composites manufactured by warm co-extrusion of bulk metallic glass and steel powders

Soft magnetic composites of Fe-based bulk metallic glass and low-alloy steel have been manufactured by warm co-extrusion of precursor powders at temperatures within the supercooled liquid region of the glass. Composites were manufactured with amorphous volume fractions of 75%, 67%, and 100%. Full consolidation of the constituent powders was observed with the bulk metallic glass remaining substantially amorphous. The composite electrical resistivity was observed to be anisotropic with a resistivity of 79 {mu}{Omega} cm measured transverse to the extrusion axis in a sample with 75% amorphous volume fraction. A 0-3 connectivity pattern with the low-resistivity steel phase embedded in a 3-dimensionally connected high-resistivity bulk metallic glass phase was observed with scanning electron microscopy. This confirms that the flow characteristics of the bulk metallic glass and the steel powders were comparable during extrusion at these temperatures. The saturation magnetization of 1.3 T was consistent with the volume weighted average of the saturation magnetization of the two phases. A relatively high quasistatic coercivity of 8 Oe was measured and is likely due to slight crystallization of the bulk metallic glass as well as domain wall pinning at prior particle boundaries. Careful control of the thermal environment during the extrusion process is required to minimize glass crystallization and achieve the desired balance of magnetic and electrical properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Equilibrium theory of the hard sphere fluid and glasses in the metastable regime up to jamming. I. Thermodynamics

We formulate and apply a non-replica equilibrium theory for the fluid-glass transition, glass thermodynamic properties, and jamming of hard spheres in three and all higher spatial dimensions. Numerical predictions for the zero complexity glass transition and jamming packing fractions, and a “densest” equilibrium glass, are made. The equilibrium glass equation of state is regarded as the practical continuation of its fluid analog up to jamming. The analysis provides a possible resolution to the inability of any fluid virial series re-summation based equation of state to capture jamming at a reasonable volume fraction. The numerical results are quantitatively compared with various simulation data for equilibrium hard sphere glasses in 3 to 12 dimensions. Although there are uncertainties in this comparison, the predicted zero complexity or configurational entropy and corresponding jamming packing fractions do agree well with two characteristic packing fractions deduced from the dynamic simulation data. The similarities and differences of our approach compared to the replica approach are discussed. Here, the high dimensional scaling of the equilibrium glass transition and jamming volume fractions are also derived. The developments in this paper serve as input to Paper II that constructs a self-consistent integral equation theory of the 3-dimensional hard sphere pair structure, in real and Fourier space, in the metastable regime up to jamming. The latter is employed as input to a microscopic dynamical theory of single particle activated barrier hopping.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Short and medium range order in two-component silica glasses by positron annihilation spectroscopy

The dependence of chemical composition on the average sizes of subnanometer-scale intrinsic structural open spaces surrounded by glass random networks in two-component silica-based glasses was investigated systematically using positronium (Ps) confined in the open spaces. The average sizes of the open spaces for SiO{sub 2}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} and SiO{sub 2}-GeO{sub 2} glasses are only slightly dependent on the chemical compositions because the B{sub 2}O{sub 3} and GeO{sub 2} are glass network formers that are incorporated into the glass network of the base SiO{sub 2}. However, the open space sizes for all SiO{sub 2}-R{sub 2}O (R = Li, Na, K) glasses, where R{sub 2}O is a glass network modifier that occupies the open spaces, decrease rapidly with an increase in the R{sub 2}O concentration. Despite the large difference in the ionic radii of the alkali metal (R) atoms, the open space sizes decrease similarly for all the alkali metal atoms studied. This dependence of the chemical composition on the open space sizes in SiO{sub 2}-R{sub 2}O observed by Ps shows that the alkali metal atoms do not randomly occupy the structural open spaces, but filling of the open spaces by R{sub 2}O proceeds selectively from the larger to the smaller open spaces as the R{sub 2}O concentrations are increased.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Surface plasmon resonance induced Er{sup 3+} photoluminescence enhancement in tellurite glass

The melt quenching method is used to prepare tellurite glasses co-activated with erbium ions and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The glass samples are characterized by x-ray diffraction, UV-vis-NIR absorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The XRD pattern shows no sharp peak indicating an amorphous nature of the glasses. The presence of Ag NPs is confirmed from TEM micrograph. The absorption spectra reveal not only the peaks due to Er{sup 3+} ions, but also the surface plasmon resonance band of silver NPs in the 510–535 nm range. The J-O model has been applied to the room temperature absorption intensities of Er{sup 3+} (4f{sup 11}) transitions to establish the so-called J-O intensity parameters: Ω{sub 2}, Ω{sub 4}, and Ω{sub 6}. The intensity parameters are used to determine the radiative decay rates (emission probabilities of transitions) and branching ratios of the Er{sup 3+} transitions from the excited state J manifolds to the lower-lying J' manifolds. Intensified of 1.53 μm band is obtained for the sample containing 0.5 mol. % of AgNO{sub 3} (Ag0.5 glass) using for excitation a laser operating at 980 nm. The simultaneous influence of the Ag NPs → Er{sup 3+} energy transfer and the contribution of the intensified local field effect due to the silver NPs give origin to the enhancement of both the Photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the PL lifetime relative to the {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2} transition, whereas the quenching is ascribed to the energy transfer from Er{sup 3+} ions to silver NPs. Based on the analysis of the temperature dependence of the PL intensity and decay time, we identified a weak back transfer process from Er to the glass host that makes the quenching of the PL intensity weak. Large magnitudes of calculated emission cross-section (σ{sub e}), effective bandwidth (Δλ{sub eff}), and bandwidth quality factor (FWHM × σ{sub e}) relatives to {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2} transition in Er doped Ag0.5 glass have been shown. They indicate that this glass sample has good prospect as a gain medium applied for 1.53 μm band broad and high-gain erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Kinetic-freezing and unfreezing of local-region fluctuations in a glass structure observed by heat capacity hysteresis

Fluctuations confined to local regions in the structure of a glass are observed as the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation. Properties of these regions and their atomic configuration are currently studied by relaxation techniques, by electron microscopy, and by high-energy X-ray scattering and extended x-ray absorption fine structure methods. One expects that these fluctuations (i) would kinetically freeze on cooling a glass, and the temperature coefficient of its enthalpy, dH/dT, would consequently show a gradual decrease with decrease in T, (ii) would kinetically unfreeze on heating the glass toward the glass-liquid transition temperature, T{sub g}, and dH/dT would gradually increase, and (iii) there would be a thermal hysteresis indicating the time and temperature dependence of the enthalpy. Since no such features have been found, thermodynamic consequences of these fluctuations are debated. After searching for these features in glasses of different types, we found it in one of the most stable metal alloy glasses of composition Pd{sub 40}Ni{sub 10}Cu{sub 30}P{sub 20}. On cooling from its T{sub g}, dH/dT decreased along a broad sigmoid-shape path as local-region fluctuations kinetically froze. On heating thereafter, dH/dT increased along a similar path as these fluctuations unfroze, and there is hysteresis in the cooling and heating paths, similar to that observed in the T{sub g}-endotherm range. After eliminating other interpretations, we conclude that local-region fluctuations seen as the JG relaxation in the non-equilibrium state of a glass contribute to its entropy, and we suggest conditions under which such fluctuations may be observed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spin-glass behaviors in carrier polarity controlled Fe{sub 3−x}Ti{sub x}O{sub 4} semiconductor thin films

Carrier-type control of spin-glass (cluster spin-glass) is studied in order to engineer basic magnetic semiconductor elements using the memory functions of spin-glass. A key of carrier-polarity control in magnetite is the valence engineering between Fe(II) and Fe(III) that is achieved by Ti(IV) substitution. Single phases of (001)-oriented Fe{sub 3−x}Ti{sub x}O{sub 4} thin films have been obtained on spinel MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Thermoelectric power measurements reveal that Ti-rich films (x = 0.8) show p-type conduction, while Ti-poor films (x = 0.6–0.75) show n-type conduction. The systematic Fe(III) reduction to Fe(II) followed by Ti(IV) substitution in the octahedral sublattice is confirmed by the X-ray absorption spectra. All of the Fe{sub 3−x}Ti{sub x}O{sub 4} films (x = 0.6–0.8) exhibit ferrimagnetism above room temperature. Next, the spin-glass behaviors of Ti-rich Fe{sub 2.2}Ti{sub 0.8}O{sub 4} film are studied, since this magnetically diluted system is expected to exhibit the spin-glass behaviors. The DC magnetization and AC susceptibility measurements for the Ti-rich Fe{sub 2.2}Ti{sub 0.8}O{sub 4} film reveal the presence of the spin glass phase. Thermal- and magnetic-field-history memory effects are observed and are attributed to the long time-decay nature of remanent magnetization. The detailed analysis of the time-dependent thermoremanent magnetization reveals the presence of the cluster spin glass state.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

A neutron scintillator based on transparent nanocrystalline CaF{sub 2}:Eu glass ceramic

There are no efficient Eu{sup 2+} doped glass neutron scintillators reported due to low doping concentrations of Eu{sup 2+} and the amorphous nature of the glass matrix. In this work, an efficient CaF{sub 2}:Eu glass ceramic neutron scintillator was prepared by forming CaF{sub 2}:Eu nanocrystals in a {sup 6}Li-containing glass matrix. Through appropriate thermal treatments, the scintillation light yield of the transparent glass ceramic was increased by a factor of at least 46 compared to the as-cast amorphous glass. This improvement was attributed to more efficient energy transfer from the CaF{sub 2} crystals to the Eu{sup 2+} emitting centers. Further light yield improvement is expected if the refractive index of the glass matrix can be matched to the CaF{sub 2} crystal.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

DSC and optical studies on BaO-Li{sub 2}O-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-CuO glass system

Glasses with composition 15BaO-25Li{sub 2}O-(60-x)B{sub 2}O{sub 3} -xCuO (x= 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mol%) were prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique. These glasses were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and density measurements. Optical absorption studies were carried out as a function of copper ion concentration. The optical absorption spectra of studied glasses containing copper oxide exhibit a single broad band around 761nm which has been assigned to the 2B{sub 1g}→2B{sub 2g} transition. From these studies, the variations in the values of glass transition temperature (T{sub g}) have been observed. The fundamental absorption edge has been determined from the optical absorption spectra. The values of optical band gap and Urbach energy were determined with increase in concentration of CuO. The variations in density, glass transition temperature, optical band gap and Urbach energy with CuO content have been discussed in terms of changes in the glass structure. The analysis of these results indicated that copper ions mostly exist in Cu{sup 2+} state in these glasses when the concentration of CuO ≤ 0.8 mol% and above this concentration copper ions seem to subsist in Cu{sup 1+} state.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Aging kinetics of levoglucosan orientational glass as a rate dispersion process and consequences for the heterogeneous dynamics view

Aging kinetics of a glass is currently modeled in terms of slowing of its α-relaxation dynamics, whose features are interpreted in terms of dynamic heterogeneity, i.e., formation and decay of spatially and temporally distinct nm-size regions. To test the merits of this view, we studied the calorimetric effects of aging an orientational glass of levoglucosan crystal in which such regions would not form in the same way as they form in liquids, and persist in structural glasses, because there is no liquid-like molecular diffusion in the crystal. By measuring the heat capacity, C{sub p}, we determined the change in the enthalpy, H, and the entropy, S, during two aging-protocols: (a) keeping the samples isothermally at temperature, T{sub a}, and measuring the changes after different aging times, t{sub a}, and (b) keeping the samples at different T{sub a}s and measuring the changes after the same t{sub a}. A model-free analysis of the data shows that as t{sub a} is increased (procedure (a)), H and S decrease according to a dispersive rate kinetics, and as T{sub a} is increased (procedure (b)), H and S first increase, reach a local maximum at a certain T{sub a}, and then decrease. Even though there is no translational diffusion to produce (liquid-like) free volume, and no translational-rotational decoupling, the aging features are indistinguishable from those of structural glasses. We also find that the Kohlrausch parameter, originally fitted to the glass-aging data, decreases with decrease in T{sub a}, which is incompatible with the current use of the aging data for estimating the α-relaxation time. We argue that the vibrational state of a glass is naturally incompatible with its configurational state, and both change on aging until they are compatible, in the equilibrium liquid. So, dipolar fluctuations seen as the α-relaxation would not be the same motions that cause aging. We suggest that aging kinetics is intrinsically dispersive with its own characteristic rate constant and it does not yield the α-relaxation rate. In this view, thermodynamic and other properties define the fictive temperature; the real or imaginary components of a dynamic property do not define it. While particles’ overall motions may still play a crucial role in (structural) glass physics, we conclude that translational diffusion alone is not a requirement for structure stabilization on aging of a kinetically frozen state.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Sealing glass-ceramics with near-linear thermal strain, Part II: Sequence of crystallization and phase stability

The sequence of crystallization in a recrystallizable lithium silicate sealing glass-ceramic Li 2 O–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –K 2 O–B 2 O 3 –P 2 O 5 –ZnO was analyzed by in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD). Glass-ceramic specimens have been subjected to a two-stage heat-treatment schedule, including rapid cooling from sealing temperature to a first hold temperature 650°C, followed by heating to a second hold temperature of 810°C. Notable growth and saturation of Quartz was observed at 650°C (first hold). Cristobalite crystallized at the second hold temperature of 810°C, growing from the residual glass rather than converting from the Quartz. The coexistence of quartz and cristobalite resulted in a glass-ceramic having a near-linear thermal strain, as opposed to the highly nonlinear glass-ceramic where the cristobalite is the dominant silica crystalline phase. HTXRD was also performed to analyze the inversion and phase stability of the two types of fully crystallized glass-ceramics. While the inversion in cristobalite resembles the character of a first-order displacive phase transformation, i.e., step changes in lattice parameters and thermal hysteresis in the transition temperature, the inversion in quartz appears more diffuse and occurs over a much broader temperature range. Furthermore, localized tensile stresses on quartz and possible solid-solution effects have been attributed to the transition behavior of quartz crystals embedded in the glass-ceramics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Searching for correlations between vibrational spectral features and structural parameters of silicate glass network

Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopic features of silicate glasses are usually interpreted based on the analogy with those of smaller molecules, molecular clusters, or crystalline counterparts; this study tests the accuracy and validity of these widely cited peak assignment schemes by comparing vibrational spectral features with bond parameters of the glass network created by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A series of sodium silicate glasses with compositions of [Na 2 O] x [Al 2 O 3 ] 2 [SiO 2 ] 98- x with x = 7, 12, 17, and 22 were synthesized and analyzed with IR and Raman. A silica glass substrate and a crystalline quartz were also analyzed for comparison. Glass structures with the same compositions were generated with MD simulations using three types of potentials: fixed partial charge pairwise (Teter), partial diffuse charge potential (MGFF), and bond order-based charge transfer potential (ReaxFF). The comparison of simulated and experimental IR spectra showed that, among these three potentials tested, ReaxFF reproduces the concentration dependence of spectral features closest to the experimentally observed trend. Hence, the bond length and angle distributions as well as Si– Q n species and ring size distributions of silica and sodium silicate glasses were obtained from ReaxFF-MD simulations and further compared with the peak assignment or deconvolution schemes—which have been widely used since 1970s and 1980s—(a) correlation between the IR peak position in the Si–O stretch region (1050-1120 cm -1 ) and the Si–O–Si bond angle; (b) deconvolution of the Raman bands in the Si–O stretch region with the Q n speciation; and (c) assignment of the Raman bands in the 420-600 cm -1 region to the bending modes of (SiO) n rings with different sizes (typically, n = 3-6). The comparisons showed that none of these widely used methods is congruent with the bond parameters or structures of silicate glass networks produced via ReaxFF-MD simulations. This result invokes that the adequacy of these spectral interpretation methods must be questioned. Alternative interpretations are proposed, which are to be tested independently in future studies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Multivariate analysis: An essential for studying complex glasses

Understanding the impact of individual compositional components on the devitrification of complex multicomponent glasses, for example, 10–50+ oxides, typically requires numerous studies to examine each component's impact. Here we apply exploratory data analysis (EDA) to a heterogeneous data set of silicate glasses to determine the cations’ individual and interacting effects on the crystallization of nepheline (nominally NaAlSiO 4 ). Our data consisted of 795 simulated high-level nuclear waste glasses composed of, on average, 50 oxide components. We determine the interactions in the heterogeneous data that cause deviations from the behavior found in simplified composition studies. Using both univariate and bivariate EDA techniques, we demonstrate the importance of including calculated structural glass parameters on nepheline's devitrification, including field strength, cation-to-anion radius ratio, and single-bond strength. Here, we also show that studies with simplified glass compositions may fall short in generating knowledge directly transferrable to complex glass compositions. The method used in this study has the potential to inform experimental design for simplified compositions (~6+ oxides) that can generate knowledge directly transferrable to complex, multivariable compositions. The observations reported here have broad implications for any study attempting to map the physical properties of a complex glass containing numerous cations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Enhanced HLW glass formulations for the waste treatment and immobilization plant

Current estimates and glass formulation efforts are conservative vis-a-vis achievable waste loadings. These formulations have been specified to ensure that glasses are homogenous, contain essentially no crystalline phases, are processable in joule-heated, ceramic-lined melters and meet WTP Contract terms. The WTP's overall mission will require the immobilization of tank waste compositions that are dominated by mixtures of aluminum, chromium, bismuth, iron, phosphorous, zirconium, and sulfur compounds as waste-limiting components. Glass compositions for these waste mixtures have been developed based upon previous experience and current glass property models. DOE has a testing program to develop and characterize HLW glasses with higher waste loadings. This work has demonstrated the feasibility of increases in waste loading from 25 wt% to 33-50 wt% (based on oxide loading) in the glass depending on the waste stream. It is expected these higher waste loading glasses will reduce the HLW canister production requirement by 25% or more. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Preparation and Characterization of Eu{sup 3+}-Doped Transparent Oxyfluoride Glasses

A process has been proposed for the preparation of oxyfluoride glasses based on the SiO{sub 2}–B{sub 2}O{sub 3}–Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}–ZnO–CaF{sub 2} system at various ratios of batch components, and transparent glasses have been obtained at a temperature below 1000°C. According to X-ray diffraction data, all of the glasses are X-ray amorphous. The surface morphology of the glasses has been examined and their glass transition temperatures have been determined. Their local structure has been studied by IR spectroscopy and it has been shown that, independent of composition, the glasses contain complex polyborate anions formed by [BO{sub 3}] and [BO{sub 4}] groups. Bismuth is incorporated into the glass network to form Bi–O–Si bonds and [BiO{sub 6}] network-formers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗