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At least 919 records · Page 51

Recent Improvements in the Beam Capture at Fermilab Booster for High Intensity Operation

The Fermilab Booster uses multi-turn beam injection with all its cavities phased such that beam sees a net zero RF voltage even when each station is at the same maxi-mum voltage. During beam capture the RF voltage is increased slowly by using its paraphase system. At the end of the capture the feedback is turned on for beam acceleration. It is vital for present operations as well as during the PIP-II era that both the HLRF and LLRF systems provide the proper intended phase and RF voltage to preserve the longitudinal emittance from injection to extraction. In this paper, we describe the original architecture of the cavity phase distribution, our recent beam-based RF phase measurements, observed significant deviation in the relative phases between cavities and correction effort. Results from the improved capture for high intensity beam are also presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Building Trustworthy Machine Learning Models for Astronomy

Astronomy is entering an era of data-driven discovery, due in part to modern machine learning (ML) techniques enabling powerful new ways to interpret observations. This shift in our scientific approach requires us to consider whether we can trust the black box. Here, we overview methods for an often-overlooked step in the development of ML models: building community trust in the algorithms. Trust is an essential ingredient not just for creating more robust data analysis techniques, but also for building confidence within the astronomy community to embrace machine learning methods and results.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Nuclear Deactivation and Downgrade of Enriched Uranium Facilities at the Y-12 National Security Complex

Buildings 9206 and 9212 at the Y-12 National Security Complex are both Hazard Category 2 nuclear facilities from the Manhattan Project era that supported various missions over the decades, including the processing of enriched uranium. The production mission for Building 9206 ended in the 1990s, while Building 9212 is still an active production facility. The disposition process for contaminated excess facilities is generally described in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Guide DOE O 430.1A, Life Cycle Asset Management, which provides guidance on facility surveillance and maintenance, deactivation, decommissioning, and transition in supplemental guides DOE G 430.1-2 through 430.1-5. Historically, production facilities similar to Buildings 9206 and 9212 have not always been cleaned out and deactivated prior to being excessed, which significantly complicates the decommissioning phase. Many legacy facilities were shut down before the formal DOE guidance was established. This paper presents the practical application and implementation of the DOE guidance for the nuclear deactivation of Buildings 9206 and 9212, and summarizes the lessons learned for application across the DOE enterprise.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Recent Results from the MINER$\nu$A experiment

In the era of the fastest-growing technology in the field of particle accelerators anddetectors, the scope of neutrino physics is expanding very rapidly. The neutrino oscilla-tion parameters are being measured with a higher degree of precision. The precision ofthese oscillation parameters directly depend on the neutrino-nucleus cross section mea-surements done by various experiments with multiple nuclear targets. One of these fewexperiments is the MINERνA, a dedicated neutrino-nucleus interaction experiment atFermilab which took data from 2009 to 2019 for both neutrino and antineutrino scatter-ing in the low-energy and medium energy peaking around 3 GeV and 6 GeV, respectively.This article will cover some recent inclusive measurements from the MINERνA experi-ment. These results will provide a strong basis for future experiments like DUNE andhelp in improving the measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

FNAL PIP-II Accumulator Ring

The FNAL accelerator complex is poised to reach MW neutrino beams on target for the exploration of the dark sector physics and rare physics program spaces. Future operations of the complex will include CW linac operations at beam intensities that have not been seen before \cite{PIP2,RCS_LOI}. The ambitious beam program relies on multi-turn H$^{-}$ injection into the FNAL Booster and then extracted into delivery rings or the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) 8 GeV HEP program. A new rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS) will be required to reach the LBNF goal of 2.4 MW because of intense space-charge limitations. There are many accelerator engineering challenges that are already known and many that will be discovered. This proposal calls for an intermediate step that will both facilitate the operation of Booster in the PIP-II era and gain operational experience associated with high power injection rings. This step includes the design, construction and installation of a 0.8 GeV accumulator ring (upgradeable to 1+ GeV) to be located in the PIP-II Booster Transfer Line (BTL). The PIP-II accumulator ring (PAR) may be primarily designed around permanent magnets or use standard iron core magnet technology with an aperture selected to accommodate the desired high intensity protons at 0.8 GeV.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

COMPOFF: A Compiler Cost model using Machine Learning to predict the Cost of OpenMP Offloading

The HPC industry is inexorably moving towards an era of extremely heterogeneous architectures, with more devices configured on any given HPC platform and potentially more kinds of devices, some of them highly specialized. Writing a separate code suitable for each target system for a given HPC application is not practical. The better solution is to use directive-based parallel programming models such as OpenMP. OpenMP provides a number of options for offloading a piece of code to devices like GPUs. To select the best option from such options during compilation, most modern compilers use analytical models to estimate the cost of executing the original code and the different offloading code variants. Building such an analytical model for compilers is a difficult task that necessitates a lot of effort on the part of a compiler engineer. Recently, machine learning techniques have been successfully applied to build cost models for a variety of compiler optimization problems. In this paper, we present COMPOFF, a cost model which uses the multi-layer perceptrons to statically estimates the Cost of OpenMP OFFloading. We used six different transformations on a parallel code of Wilson Dslash Operator to support GPU offloading, and we predicted their cost of execution on different GPUs using COMPOFF during compile time. Our results show that this model can predict offloading costs with a root mean squared error in prediction of less than 0.5 seconds. Our preliminary findings indicate that this work will make it much easier and faster for scientists and compiler developers to port legacy HPC applications that use OpenMP to new heterogeneous computing environment.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Searching for multimessenger transients and lensed supernovae with the dark energy survey

Advances in data collection technology for optical astronomy, such as the Dark Energy Camera, have facilitated the collection of some of the largest astronomical datasets in terms of sky area, depth, number of objects, number of observations, and frequency of observations. Consequentially, physical systems that have been historically rare become represented in small, but discoverable, numbers. I have developed techniques to identify rare physical systems (counterparts to high-energy neutrinos, counterparts to gravitational waves, and gravitationally lensed supernovae) that can shed new light on the physical processes that govern the Universe. For each system of interest, I collect new or search archival observations with the Dark Energy Camera, develop selection methodologies to find the system of interest in the observations, and quantify the efficiency of the search using simulations. Each of the three analyses has its own scientific implications: I constrain the observing program required to determine the contribution of supernovae to the diffuse high-energy neutrino flux; I set constraints on the physical properties of an optical counterpart to a compact object merger; and I identify candidate lensed supernovae using a novel machine learning technique. Looking forward, the work presented in this dissertation informs future rare object searches and facilitates measurements of the underlying properties of the Universe during the next era of optical survey astronomy.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Lepton-Nucleus Scattering Measurements for Neutrino Interactions and Oscillations

Currently running and forthcoming precision neutrino oscillation experiments aim to unambiguously determine the neutrino mass ordering, the charge-parity violating phase in the lepton sector and the possible existence of physics Beyond the Standard Model. To have an understanding of all the effects necessary for the success of these experiments, lepton-nucleus interactions must be modeled in unprecedented detail. With this thesis, expertise in both neutrino and electron cross-section modeling and analysis was leveraged in order to make fundamental and critical improvements to our understanding of these interactions. The outlined work takes a significant step towards this high-precision measurement era with three complementary approaches. Cross sections are reported using neutrino data sets from the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber detector at Fermi National Laboratory, as well as electron scattering data from the CLAS detector at Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory. Furthermore, the modeling development of the commonly used GENIE event generator is presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Inferring Structural Parameters of Low-Surface-Brightness-Galaxies with Uncertainty Quantification using Bayesian Neural Networks

Measuring the structural parameters (size, total brightness, light concentration, etc.) of galaxies is a significant first step towards a quantitative description of different galaxy populations. In this work, we demonstrate that a Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) can be used for the inference, with uncertainty quantification, of such morphological parameters from simulated low-surface-brightness galaxy images. Compared to traditional profile-fitting methods, we show that the uncertainties obtained using BNNs are comparable in magnitude, well-calibrated, and the point estimates of the parameters are closer to the true values. Our method is also significantly faster, which is very important with the advent of the era of large galaxy surveys and big data in astrophysics.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Muon Campus at Fermilab

The Muon Campus at Fermilab provides world class accelerator infrastructure supporting the next generation intensity frontier experiments. The anti-proton source from the Tevatron era was converted to the present day Muon Campus at the end of the collider program in 2011. Currently, the Muon Campus delivers highly polarized muon beams to the Muon g-2 experiment and in a few years, it will provide muon beams to the Mu2e experiment. The Muon g-2 experiment is a high precision test of the standard model; it is precise enough to measure QED, Weak, and QCD Standard Model contributions.The Muon g-2 experiment looks for a significant deviation from the Standard Model whereas the Mu2e experiment looks for rare processes using high intensity muon beams. The Muon g-2 experiment has measured the anomalous magnetic moment of muons to an unprecedented 460 ppb precision with Run 1 data. The experiment has completed 5 runs, accumulating 19$\times$ Brookhaven E821 data set. The Mu2e experiment has completed the construction phase and first beam to the Diagnostic Absorber was run on April 14, 2022. Installation and commissioning of the Mu2e experiment will begin in 2023 and beam commissioning and physics run is currently planned for 2026.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Electron Cloud Measurements in Fermilab Booster

Fermilab Booster synchrotron requires an intensity upgrade from 4.5x1012 to 6.5x1012 protons per pulse as a part of Fermilabs Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II). One of the factors which may limit the high-intensity performance is the fast transverse instabilities caused by electron cloud effects. According to the experience in the Recycler, the electron cloud gradually builds up over multiple turns in the combined function magnets and can reach final intensities orders of magnitude greater than in a pure dipole. Since the Booster synchrotron also incorporates combined function magnets, it is essential to discover any existence of an electron cloud. And if it does, its effects on the PIP-II era Booster and its mitigating techniques. As the first step, the presence or absence of the electron cloud was investigated using the clearing bunch technique. This paper presents experimental details and observations of the bunch-by-bunch tune shifts of beams with various bunch train structures at low and high intensities and simulation results conducted using PyECLOUD.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Study of Excited Cascade Baryons and Preliminary Cross-Sections for Ξ(1530) Using Data from the GlueX Experiment

The spectra of predicted particles from elementary quark models (CQMs) are expansive, accurate for the low-lying spectra, but incomplete. The GlueX experiment at Jefferson Lab is a vehicle to study medium energy photoproduction of hadronic states. The primary goal of the GlueX collaboration is to study Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD, also known as the strong nuclear force) and the nature of quark confinement. The GlueX collaboration uses a polarized photon beam incident on a liquid hydrogen target (LH 2 ) to investigate the aftermath of photon-proton interactions. The cascade baryons, denoted by Ξ, are defined by having two, second-generation, strange quarks with an additional first-generation light quark (u or d). Experimentally, few cascades have been discovered, which is the antithesis of what most models expect. The cascades have some favorable attributes but are difficult to detect because the production cross sections are small and direct production is unlikely. Fortunately, in the 12 GeV era of the GlueX experiment, there is sufficient energy, beam time and data analysis tools for the detection of excited cascade states and their properties. From the reaction γ p →Κ + Κ + Ξ - π 0 , the invariant mass spectra of Ξ - π 0 system was surveyed for new possible resonances. The invariant mass spectrum has a strong Ξ(1530) signal with other smaller resonances throughout the spectrum. Preliminary cross sections for the Ξ(1530) that was photoproduced from the proton are presented at energies never before explored. While the Ξ(1530) couples almost exclusively to the Ξπ channel, there is an easily identifiable Ξ(1690) signal decaying Ξπ. Through the use of a simultaneous fitting routing of the Ξ*- mass spectra, I was able to observe the Ξ(1690) decaying to the KΛ, as well as to the Ξ - π 0 branch. With additional statistics, a measurement of the branching ratio should be possible. Lastly, a partial wave analysis (PWA) was completed to verify that the total angular momentum of Ξ(1530) is J = 3/2 and consistent with having positive parity. Additionally, there is evidence of a potentially interesting feature slightly above the mass of the Ξ(1530) that should be more fully explored as new GlueX data becomes available.

Sumner, Brandon↗

Modeling Cosmic Reionization

The transformation of cold neutral intergalactic hydrogen into a highly ionized warm plasma marks the end of the cosmic dark ages and the beginning of the age of galaxies. The details of this process reflect the nature of the early sources of radiation and heat, the statistical characteristics of the large-scale structure of the Universe, the thermodynamics and chemistry of cosmic baryons, and the histories of star formation and black hole accretion. A number of massive data sets from new ground- and space-based instruments and facilities over the next decade are poised to revolutionize our understanding of primeval galaxies, the reionization photon budget, the physics of the intergalactic medium (IGM), and the fine-grained properties of hydrogen gas in the "cosmic web". In this review we survey the physics and key aspects of reionization-era modeling and describe the diverse range of computational techniques and tools currently available in this field.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Testing Explanations of Short Baseline Neutrino Anomalies

The experimental observation of neutrino oscillations profoundly impacted the physics of neutrinos, from being well understood theoretically to requiring new physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. Indeed, the mystery of neutrino masses implies the presence of new particles never observed before, often called sterile neutrinos, as they would not undergo standard weak interactions. And while neutrino oscillation measurements entered the precision era, reaching percent-level precision, many experimental results show significant discrepancies with the standard model, at baselines much shorter than typical oscillation baselines, like LSND, MiniBooNE, gallium experiments, and reactor antineutrino measurements. These short baseline anomalies could be explained by the addition of a light sterile neutrino, with mass in the $1-10~\text{eV}$ range, however, in strong tension with many null experimental observations. Other explanations that rely on sterile neutrinos with masses in the $1-500~\text{MeV}$ could resolve the tension. Here we test both classes of models. On the one hand, we look for datasets collected at a short baseline which can constrain heavy sterile neutrino models. We find that the minimal model is fully constrained, but several extensions of this model could weaken the current constraint and be tested with current and future datasets. On the other hand, we test the presence of neutrino oscillations at short baselines, induced by a light sterile state, with the data collected by the MicroBooNE experiment, a liquid argon time projection chamber specifically designed to resolve the details of each neutrino interaction. We report null results from both analyses, further constraining the space of possible explanations for the short baseline anomalies. If new physics lies behind the short baseline anomaly puzzle, it is definitely not described by a simple model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation for Cross-Survey Galaxy Morphology Classification and Anomaly Detection

In the era of big astronomical surveys, our ability to leverage artificial intelligence algorithms simultaneously for multiple datasets will open new avenues for scientific discovery. Unfortunately, simply training a deep neural network on images from one data domain often leads to very poor performance on any other dataset. Here we develop a Universal Domain Adaptation method DeepAstroUDA, capable of performing semi-supervised domain alignment that can be applied to datasets with different types of class overlap. Extra classes can be present in any of the two datasets, and the method can even be used in the presence of unknown classes. For the first time, we demonstrate the successful use of domain adaptation on two very different observational datasets (from SDSS and DECaLS). We show that our method is capable of bridging the gap between two astronomical surveys, and also performs well for anomaly detection and clustering of unknown data in the unlabeled dataset. We apply our model to two examples of galaxy morphology classification tasks with anomaly detection: 1) classifying spiral and elliptical galaxies with detection of merging galaxies (three classes including one unknown anomaly class); 2) a more granular problem where the classes describe more detailed morphological properties of galaxies, with the detection of gravitational lenses (ten classes including one unknown anomaly class).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Why Lady Godiva Should be Replaced as the Default Validation Experiment for U-235 Nuclear Data

For the past seven decades the Lady Godiva benchmark (HEU-MET-FAST-001) has been the primary experiment used for 235 U nuclear data validation. The papers associated with large nuclear data library releases such as ENDF/B-VII.1 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 refer to it frequently. The reasons why HEU-MET-FAST-001 has been used as the primary validation experiment for 235 U nuclear data validation will be discussed in the following section. However, as discussed among the benchmark community, the standards associated with International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) evaluations have changed throughout time; this is subject of the OECD/NEA WPEC (Working Party on Nuclear Criticality Safety) Subgroup 8. HEU-MET-FAST-001 is an older benchmark (issued during the inaugural year of ICSBEP in 1996 with only minor revisions occurring since then) and (along with many of the other benchmarks from this era) does not meet the standards for a modern benchmark. This work explores why HEU-MET-FAST-001 is useful for 235 U nuclear data validation and discusses other alternative validation experiments.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

First Measurement of $\Lambda$ Electroproduction off Nuclei in the Current and Target Fragmentation Regions

We report results of $\Lambda$ hyperon production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering off deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets obtained with the CLAS detector and the CEBAF 5.014 GeV electron beam. These results represent the first measurements of the $\Lambda$ multiplicity ratio and transverse momentum broadening as a function of the energy fraction ($z$) in the current and target fragmentation regions. The multiplicity ratio exhibits a strong suppression at high $z$ and an enhancement at low $z$. The measured transverse momentum broadening is an order of magnitude greater than that seen for light mesons. This indicates that the propagating entity interacts very strongly with the nuclear medium, which suggests that propagation of di-quark configurations in the nuclear medium takes place at least part of the time, even at high $z$. The trends of these results are qualitatively described by the GiBUU transport model, particularly for the multiplicity ratios. These observations will potentially open a new era of studies of the structure of the nucleon as well as of strange baryons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Report of the Snowmass 2021 Topical Group on Lattice Gauge Theory

Lattice gauge theory continues to be a powerful theoretical and computational approach to simulating strongly interacting quantum field theories, whose applications permeate almost all disciplines of modern-day research in High-Energy Physics. Whether it is to enable precision quark- and lepton-flavor physics, to uncover signals of new physics in nucleons and nuclei, to elucidate hadron structure and spectrum, to serve as a numerical laboratory to reach beyond the Standard Model, or to invent and improve state-of-the-art computational paradigms, the lattice-gauge-theory program is in a prime position to impact the course of developments and enhance discovery potential of a vibrant experimental program in High-Energy Physics over the coming decade. This projection is based on abundant successful results that have emerged using lattice gauge theory over the years: on continued improvement in theoretical frameworks and algorithmic suits; on the forthcoming transition into the exascale era of high-performance computing; and on a skillful, dedicated, and organized community of lattice gauge theorists in the U.S. and worldwide. The prospects of this effort in pushing the frontiers of research in High-Energy Physics have recently been studied within the U.S. decadal Particle Physics Planning Exercise (Snowmass 2021), and the conclusions are summarized in this Topical Report.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗