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At least 919 records · Page 51

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NASA NTRS1979

Stellar condensates in meteorites - Isotopic evidence from noble gases

The Murchison carbonaceous chondrite contains three isotopically anomalous noble-gas components of apparently presolar origin: two kinds of Ne-E, (Ne-20)/(Ne-22) less than 0.6, and s-process Kr + Xe (enriched in the even isotopes 82, 84, 86, 128, 130, 132). Their carriers are tentatively identified as spinel and two carbonaceous phases, the principal high-temperature stellar condensates at low and high C/O ratios, respectively.

Lewis, R. S.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The finite element duct eigenvalue problem - An improved formulation with Hermitian elements and no-flow condensation

Hermitian elements are used in a finite element solution for the eigenvalue problem in lined ducts with flow. These elements give significantly greater accuracy for reduced dimensionality when compared with Lagrangian elements. Spurious mode generation associated with the Lagrangian formulation is eliminated. A dramatic improvement in the ratio of the number of reliable eigenvalues to the total number of computed eigenvalues is effected by the use of a condensation scheme based on the no-flow eigenvectors. Results are presented for two dimensional and axisymmetric ducts. In the axisymmetric case good resolution is obtained even for high order, high frequency modes by the use of continuously graded meshes.

Astley, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Comparison of the early stages of condensation of Cu and Ag on Mo/100/ with Cu and Ag on W/100/

The adsorption and condensation of Cu and Ag, up to several monolayers in thickness, onto Mo(100) has been observed at pressures below 2 times 10 to the -10th torr in a study that used combined LEED, Auger, TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy), and work function measurements in a single experimental setup. The results show that Cu behaves similarly on Mo(100) and W(100) substrates, while some differences are found for Ag adsorption.

Soria, F.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The cooling and condensation of flare coronal plasma

A model is investigated for the decay of flare heated coronal loops in which rapid radiative cooling at the loop base creates strong pressure gradients which, in turn, generate large (supersonic) downward flows. The coronal material cools and 'condenses' onto the flare chromosphere. The features which distinguish this model from previous models of flare cooling are: (1) most of the thermal energy of the coronal plasma may be lost by mass motion rather than by conduction or coronal radiation; (2) flare loops are not isobaric during their decay phase, and large downward velocities are present near the footpoints; (3) the differential emission measure q has a strong temperature dependence.

Antiochos, S. K.↗

NASA NTRS1980

A numerical determination of the evolution of cloud drop spectra due to condensation on natural aerosol particles

The time variation in size of aerosol particles growing by condensation is studied numerically by means of an air parcel model which allows entrainment of air and aerosol particles. Particles of four types of aerosols typically occurring in atmospheric air masses were considered. The present model circumvents any assumption about the size distribution and chemical composition of the aerosol particles by basing the aerosol particle growth on actually observed size distributions and on observed amounts of water taken up under equilibrium by a deposit of the aerosol particles. Characteristic differences in the drop size distribution, liquid water content and supersaturation were found for the clouds which evolved from the four aerosol types considered.

Lee, I. Y.↗

NASA NTRS1981

A spectroscopic study of intermediates in the condensation of refractory smokes - Matrix isolation experiments of SiO

The infrared and Raman spectra of N2 matrix-isolated silicon oxides were investigated. The vibrational frequencies of SiO, Si2O2, and Si3O3 were identified and assigned on the basis of normal coordinate analyses. Heating the solid to approximately 50 K (evaporating the matrix) leaves a residue whose infrared spectrum is identical to that of a smoke condensed at ambient temperatures. Further heating of the sample to approximately 500 K leads to significant changes in the band shapes. Investigations of the infrared spectra at several stages of the diffusion process enable a mechanism to be proposed for the transition from molecular properties to those of the residue (bulk) material, which has been characterized as Si2O3.

Khanna, R. K.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Two-stream Maxwellian kinetic theory of cloud droplet growth by condensation

A new growth rate formula (NGRF) is developed for the rate of growth of cloud droplets by condensation. The theory used is a modification of the Lees-Shankar theory in which the two-stream Maxwellian distribution function of Lees is used in Maxwell's method of moments to determine the transport of water vapor to and heat away from the droplet. Boundary conditions at the droplet are the usual conditions set in terms of accommodation coefficients, and the solution passes smoothly into diffusion flow in the far region. Comparisons are given between NGRF and the conventional formula showing close agreement (approximately 0.1%) for large radii with significant difference (approximately 5%) for small radii (not greater than 1 micron). Growth times for haze droplets in a Laktionov chamber are computed.

Robinson, N. F.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The Third International Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop

Twenty-five instruments were tested, including size characterization devices and two Aitken counters. The test aerosols were supplied to the instruments by an on-line generation system, thereby eliminating the need for storage bags. Cloud condensation chambers and haze chambers are highlighted.

Kocmond, W. C.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Cloud condensation nucleus counter by impactor sampling technique

Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.

Ohtake, T.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Thermal monitoring, measurement, and control system for a Volatile Condensable Materials (VCM) test apparatus

A thermal monitoring and control concept is described for a volatile condensable materials (VCM) test apparatus where electric resistance heaters are employed. The technique is computer based, but requires only proportioning ON/OFF relay control signals supplied through a programmable scanner and simple quadrac power controllers. System uniqueness is derived from automatic temperature measurements and the averaging of these measurements in discrete overlapping temperature zones. Overall control tolerance proves to be better than + or - 0.5 C from room ambient temperature to 150 C. Using precisely calibrated thermocouples, the method provides excellent temperature control of a small copper VCM heating plate at 125 + or - 0.2 C over a 24 hr test period. For purposes of unattended operation, the programmable computer/controller provides a continual data printout of system operation. Real time operator command is also provided for, as is automatic shutdown of the system and operator alarm in the event of malfunction.

Ives, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Analysis of condensates formed at the Viking 2 lander site - The first winter

Relative surface albedo, spectral reflectance estimates and a limited photometric function are reduced from Viking 2 lander data obtained during a 249 Mars day period, in the lander's first year, when a light ground covering appeared on the surface. During the deposition, surface broadband albedo more than doubled and blue reflectance increased by a factor of 4.0. Comparison of lander data with earlier laboratory measurements of CO2 and H2O frosts and snows shows that reflectance estimates do not resemble either of those solids. The condensate reflectance resembles that of the surface after the covering disappeared. The covering may have been colored by dust which fell before it, by dust mixed with it, or by dust on top of it; but the data strongly support a mixture of dust with H2O and CO2 solids. The covering thickness is estimated to be between 0.5 and a few millimeters.

Wall, S. D.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Experimental and theoretical studies of the laws governing condensate deposition from combustion gases

A description is presented of the results of a research program directed at an improved understanding of condensate deposition rate phenomena in combustion systems. The conducted experiments make use of real-time optical laser reflectance-interference-polarization techniques in flame environments. The obtained new data and the results of previous gravimetric experiments are employed as a basis for the development of a comprehensive convective diffusion deposition theory, taking into account the assumption of a multicomponent vapor or multisize class particles 'source-free' boundary layer. The theory makes it possible to provide self-consistent salt/ash/soot deposition rate predictions over a wide variety of environmental conditions.

Rosner, D. E.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Formation of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite with thioesters as condensing agents

'Energy-rich' thioesters are shown to act as condensing agents in the formation of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite in the presence of water at ambient temperature. The yield of pyrophosphate based on thioester ranges from 2.5% to 11.4% and depends upon the pH and concentration of reactants. Reaction of 0.130 M hydroxyapatite suspended in a solution of 0.08 M sodium phosphate and 0.20 M imidazole hydrochloride (pH 7.0) with 0.10 M N,S-diacetylcysteamine for 6 days gives the highest yield of pyrophosphate (11.4%). Pyrophosphate formation requires the presence of hydroxyapatite, sodium phosphate and the thioester, N,S-diacetylcysteamine. The related thioester, N,S-diacetylcysteine, also yields pyrophosphate in reactions on hydroxyapatite.

Weber, A. L.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Laboratory studies of the condensation and properties of amorphous silicate smokes

The results of experiments intended for defining the vapor phase condensation of refractory materials are reported, and the usefulness of applying laboratory data to astrophysical conditions is assessed. The testing apparatus used produced Mg-SiO smokes by boiling powders in an evaporator. Critical temperatures for the onset of nucleation were measured for SiO-H2 and Mg-SiO-H2 systems. Spectroscopic examination of the grains produced were determined to be similar to the spectra obtained from both carbonaceous chondrites and several stratospheric micrometeorites. The experiments demonstrated that direct nucleation of refractory silicates from the vapor phase yielded amorphous, metastable particles, resembling more circumstellar grains than a chondritic matrix. It is suggested that the formation of SiO(x) may control nucleation in oxygen-rich stars.

Nuth, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Condensation nuclei events at 30 km and possible influences of solar cosmic rays

Two recent observations have provided the basis for study of a relationship between solar activity and the formation of small particles in the earth's atmosphere; the discovery of annual increases of condensation nuclei (CN) at 30 km and the detection of sulfuric acid molecules in large negative ion clusters in the 25-35-km altitude region. These observations have led to formulation and testing of a model wherein CN are formed in a 'polar cloud chamber' supersaturated with sulfuric acid vapor and triggered by ionization associated with solar flare cosmic radiation. It is concluded that such a model provides a potential explanation of the observations.

Hofmann, D. J.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Unusual behavior in the condensation nuclei concentration at 30 km

The result obtained with an improved balloon-borne condensation nuclei (CN) counter that is capable of operating to altitudes of at least 30 km are presented. Of major interest is the appearance of a quasiannual variation near 30 km which could be described by a sudden concentration increase of unusually small particles occurring in the winter or spring followed by a 1- to 3-month decay period to background levels. The magnitude of the variation has increased dramatically following the recent generally high levels of volcanic activity affecting the lower stratosphere. Several potential explanations for the event are considered, but none appear entirely satisfactory or complete at the present time. The explanation with the fewest drawbacks would attribute the production of growth of the new cn to a highly supersaturated H2SO4 vapor layer generated by any one of several proposed processes in the upper high latitude stratosphere.

Rosen, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Determination of rainfall and condensational heating in the South Pacific convergence zone during FGGE SOP-1

The role of cloud related diabatic processes in maintaining the structure of the South Pacific Convergence Zone is discussed. The method chosen to evaluate the condensational heating is a diagnostic cumulus mass flux technique which uses GOES digital IR data to characterize the cloud population. This method requires as input an estimate of time/area mean rainfall rate over the area in question. Since direct observation of rainfall in the South Pacific is not feasible, a technique using GOES IR data is being developed to estimate rainfall amounts for a 2.5 degree grid at 12h intervals.

Robertson, F. R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Transient nucleation in condensed systems

Using classical nucleation theory we consider transient nucleation occurring in a one-component, condensed system under isothermal conditions. We obtain an exact closed-form expression for the time dependent cluster populations. In addition, a more versatile approach is developed: a numerical simulation technique which models directly the reactions by which clusters are produced. This simulation demonstrates the evolution of cluster populations and nucleation rate in the transient regime. Results from the simulation are verified by comparison with exact analytical solutions for the steady state. Experimental methods for measuring transient nucleation are assessed, and it is demonstrated that the observed behavior depends on the method used. The effect of preexisting cluster distributions is studied. Previous analytical and numerical treatments of transient nucleation are compared to the solutions obtained from the simulation. The simple expressions of Kashchiev are shown to give good descriptions of the nucleation behavior.

Kelton, K. F.↗