Unusual boundary-layer transition results on cones in hypersonic flow.
Subliming ablation effects on boundary layer transition for cones in hypersonic flow, discussing Reynolds numbers measured in wind tunnel tests
Larson, H. K.↗
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Unusual boundary-layer transition results on cones in hypersonic flow.
Subliming ablation effects on boundary layer transition for cones in hypersonic flow, discussing Reynolds numbers measured in wind tunnel tests
Larson, H. K.↗
Effect of wall temperature on a supersonic turbulent boundary layer
Measurement of mean flow profiles in a fully developed Mach 3 turbulent boundary layer with negligible pressure gradient is reported. Data were acquired at several streamwise locations for wall-to-total temperature ratios of 0.94, 0.71, and 0.54. The results demonstrate that the velocity defect formulation of the law-of-the-wake, which successfully correlates compressible, adiabatic boundary layers, is also valid for nonadiabatic flows. It is also shown that for adiabatic walls, the linear Crocco relation between total temperature and velocity does not provide a valid test of the nature of the boundary-layer flow for practical cases where the Prandtl number departs from unity. Finally, the turbulent shear stress, mixing length, and eddy viscosity were extracted from the 'time-averaged' conservation equations using the measured mean flow profiles and found to be insensitive to wall temperature. In particular, the latter properties are in good agreement with earlier compressible, adiabatic correlations of turbulent transport properties.
Laderman, A. J.↗
A universal velocity transformation for boundary layers with pressure gradients
The logarithmic law of the wall does not capture the mean flow when a boundary layer is subjected to a strong pressure gradient. In such a boundary layer, the mean flow is affected by the spatio-temporal history of the imposed pressure gradient; and accounting for history effects remains a challenge. This work aims to develop a universal mean flow scaling for boundary layers subjected to arbitrary adverse or/and favourable pressure gradients. Here, we derive from the Navier–Stokes equation a velocity transformation that accounts for the history effects and maps the mean flow to the canonical law of the wall. The transformation is tested against channel flows with a suddenly imposed adverse or favourable pressure gradient, boundary layer flows subjected to an adverse pressure gradient, and Couette–Poiseuille flows with a streamwise pressure gradient. It is found that the transformed velocity profiles follow closely the equilibrium law of the wall.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Internal energy balance and aerodynamic heating predictions for hypersonic turbulent boundary layers
The elemental equation governing heat transfer in aerodynamic flows is the internal energy equation. For a boundary layer flow, a double integration of the Reynolds-averaged form of this equation provides an expression of the wall heat flux in terms of the integrated effects, over the boundary layer, of various physical processes: turbulent dissipation, mean dissipation, turbulent heat flux, etc. Recently available direct numerical simulation data for a Mach 11 cold-wall turbulent boundary layer allows a comparison of the exact contributions of these terms in the energy equation to the wall heat flux with their counterparts modeled in the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) framework. Various approximations involved in RANS, both closure models as well as approximations involved in adapting incompressible RANS models to a compressible form, are assessed through examination of the internal energy balance. There are a number of potentially problematic assumptions and terms identified through this analysis. Here, the effect of compressibility corrections of the dilatational dissipation type is explored, as is the role of the modeled turbulent dissipation, in the context of wall heat flux predictions. The results indicate several potential avenues for RANS model improvement for hypersonic cold-wall boundary-layer flows.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Development of perturbations in the boundary layer
The transition of laminar flows into turbulent flows in a boundary layer is discussed. The individual aspects of the transition process, observed under controllable model conditions are examined. The aspect of this problem, namely the development or excitation of the natural oscillations in the boundary layer, the so-called Tollmin-Schlichting waves is covered. Three types of excitation of these waves are considered: (1) distributed generation throughout the boundary layer; (2) generation in the vicinity of the forward edge of a model, having either a sharp edge or an edge with a large radius or curvature, and (3) generation in a developed boundary layer by means of a focused effect.
Dovgal, A. V.↗
Development of a boundary-layer-type solver based on simultaneous iteration technique for axisymmetric separated flows
A boundary-layer-type solver is developed for the numerical solution of axisymmetric separated flows. A new fully implicit coupling scheme for the viscous and inviscid regions is demonstrated. This fully implicit coupling technique is similar to the work of Carter, Veldman, and an extension of an earlier work of Halim and Hafez. A comparison is made for the convergence rate using this new fully implicit coupling technique and the semiimplicit coupling of Halim and Hafez. Numerical results using the fully implicit coupling are obtained for laminar incompressible separated flows, including a boattail and a series of trough geometries. Also, the near-wake flow problem is considered using the present formulation. A clear conclusion of this investigation is that the present scheme using the fully implicit coupling method converges at a faster rate than the semiimplicit coupling and the partially parabolized Navier-Stokes (PPNS) procedures.
Halim, A. A. M.↗
Cross-flow effects on the boundary layer in a plane of symmetry
The validity of 'effective cone analysis' in estimating the boundary-layer properties of bodies in hypersonic flow is discussed. Simple formulas are derived for noncircular cones at angles of attack and are used to show that effective cone analysis only accounts for the increase in the local edge Reynolds number due to the angle of attack. A correction factor depending on the cross flow produced by the transverse curvature of the body and on the angle of attack is shown to reconcile the effective cone approach with the predictions of exact theory.
Agnone, A.↗
Turbulence measurements in a transonic boundary layer and free-shear flow using laser velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry techniques
Quantitative measurements of the turbulence fluctuations in velocity and mass flux have been obtained in Mach 0.6 and 0.8 turbulent boundary layer and free-shear layer flows by laser velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry techniques. To evaluate the effects of compressibility, these transonic data are compared to available incompressible and supersonic results. Based on some simplifying assumptions, estimates of the rms density fluctuations are made for which error bounds are given. In addition to these fluctuation data, the compressible mean velocity data obtained with the laser velocimeter are presented and compared to pitot tube results. The investigation was conducted in the Ames 6- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel at free-stream Mach numbers of 0.6 and 0.8 for a unit Reynolds number of about 10,000,000 per meter.
Johnson, D. A.↗
Flow separation in shock wave boundary layer interactions at hypersonic speeds
An assessment is presented for the experimental data on separated flow in shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions at hypersonic and supersonic speeds. The data base consists mainly of two dimensional and axisymmetric interactions in compression corners or cylinder-flares, and externally generated oblique shock interactions with boundary layers over flat plates or cylindrical surfaces. The conditions leading to flow separation and the subsequent changes in the flow empirical correlations for incipient separation are reviewed. The effects of the Mach number, Reynolds number, surface cooling and the methods of detecting separation are discussed. The pertinent experimental data for the separated flow characteristics in separated turbulent boundary layer shock interaction are also presented and discussed.
Hamed, A.↗
Flow unsteadiness effects on boundary layers
The development of boundary layers at high subsonic speeds in the presence of either mass flux fluctuations or acoustic disturbances (the two most important parameters in the unsteadiness environment affecting the aerodynamics of a flight vehicle) was investigated. A high quality database for generating detailed information concerning free-stream flow unsteadiness effects on boundary layer growth and transition in high subsonic and transonic speeds is described. The database will be generated with a two-pronged approach: (1) from a detailed review of existing literature on research and wind tunnel calibration database, and (2) from detailed tests in the Boundary Layer Apparatus for Subsonic and Transonic flow Affected by Noise Environment (BLASTANE). Special instrumentation, including hot wire anemometry, the buried wire gage technique, and laser velocimetry were used to obtain skin friction and turbulent shear stress data along the entire boundary layer for various free stream noise levels, turbulence content, and pressure gradients. This database will be useful for improving the correction methodology of applying wind tunnel test data to flight predictions and will be helpful for making improvements in turbulence modeling laws.
Murthy, Sreedhara V.↗
Shock wave-boundary layer interactions in rarefied gas flows
A numerical study is presented, using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, of shock wave-boundary layer interactions in low density supersonic flows. Test cases include two-dimensional, axially-symmetric and three-dimensional flows. The effective displacement angle of the boundary layer is calculated for representative flat plate, wedge, and cone flows. The maximum pressure, shear stress, and heat transfer in the shock formation region is determined in each case. The two-dimensional reflection of an oblique shock wave from a flat plate is studied, as is the three-dimensional interaction of such a wave with a sidewall boundary layer.
Bird, G. A.↗
Influence of bulk turbulence and entrance boundary layer thickness on the curved duct flow field
The influence of bulk turbulence and boundary layer thickness on the secondary flow development in a square, 90 degree turning duct was investigated. A three-dimensional laser velocimetry system was utilized to measure the mean and fluctuating components of velocity at six cross-planes in the duct. The results from this investigation, with entrance boundary layer thickness of 20 percent, were compared with the thin boundary layer results documented in NASA CR-174811. The axial velocity profiles, cross-flow velocities, and turbulence intensities were compared and evaluated with regard to the influence of bulk turbulence intensity and boundary layer thickness, and the influence was significant. The results of this investigation expand the 90 degree curved duct experimental data base to higher turbulence levels and thicker entrance boundary layers. The experimental results provide a challenging benchmark data base for computational fluid dynamics code development and validation. The variation of inlet bulk turbulence intensity provides additional information to aid in turbulence model evaluation.
Crawford, R. A.↗
Effect of 3D Roughness Patch on Instability Amplification in a Supersonic Boundary Layer
Surface roughness is known to have a substantial impact on the aerothermodynamic loading of high-speed vehicles, particularly via its influence on the laminar-turbulent transition process within the boundary layer. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of a distributed region of densely packed, sinusoidal shape roughness elements on a Mach 3.5 flat plate boundary layer for flow conditions corresponding to the planned conditions of an upcoming experiment in the Mach 3.5 Supersonic Low Disturbance Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center. Analysis of convective instabilities in the wake of the roughness patch was reported in a previous paper and the current work extends that analysis to instability amplification across the length of the roughness patch. Quasi-parallel stability analysis of the modified boundary layer flow over the patch indicates two dominant families of unstable disturbances, namely, a group of high frequency modes that amplify in localized regions along the roughness patch and another group of low frequency modes that have smaller peak amplification rates but amplify steadily both above the roughness patch and in the wake region behind it. The results suggest that the amplification factors associated with the high-frequency modes are sufficiently low, at least for the roughness patches considered in this paper, so that these modes are unlikely to have a major influence on the transition process. The amplification of the low-frequency modes within the region of the roughness patch is further quantified via direct numerical simulations. Results confirm the strongly destabilizing influence of the roughness patch on the first mode instabilities, yielding an N-factor increment of ΔN ≈ 3.6 for a roughness patch length of eight wavelengths.
Laminar turbulent transition↗
An experimental study of the turbulent boundary layer on a transport wing in subsonic and transonic flow
The upper surface boundary layer on a transport wing model was extensively surveyed with miniature yaw probes at a subsonic and a transonic cruise condition. Additional data were obtained at a second transonic test condition, for which a separated region was present at mid-semispan, aft of mid-chord. Significant variation in flow direction with distance from the surface was observed near the trailing edge except at the wing root and tip. The data collected at the transonic cruise condition show boundary layer growth associated with shock wave/boundary layer interaction, followed by recovery of the boundary layer downstream of the shock. Measurements of fluctuating surface pressure and wingtip acceleration were also obtained. The influence of flow field unsteadiness on the boundary layer data is discussed. Comparisons among the data and predictions from a variety of computational methods are presented. The computed predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data in the outboard regions where 3-D effects are moderate and adverse pressure gradients are mild. In the more highly loaded mid-span region near the trailing edge, displacement thickness growth was significantly underpredicted, except when unrealistically severe adverse pressure gradients associated with inviscid calculations were used to perform boundary layer calculations.
Spaid, Frank W.↗
Interacting boundary-layer solutions for laminar separated flow past airfoils
Numerical solutions of the interacting laminar boundary layer equations are presented for two symmetric airfoils at zero incidence: the NACA 0012 and the NACA 66 sub 3-108 airfoils. The potential flow was computed using Carlson's code, and viscous interaction was treated following a Hilbert integral scheme due to Veldman. Effects of various grid parameters are studied, and pressure and skin friction distributions are compared at several Reynolds numbers. For the NACA 0012 airfoil, Reynolds number is varied from a value just below separation (R sub N = 3000) to a value for which extensive separation occurs (R sub N = 100,000). For the 66 sub 3-018 airfoil, results are given at intermediate values (R sub N - 10,000 and 40,000). The method fails to converge for greater values of Reynolds number, corresponding to the development of very thin well separated shear layers where transition to turbulence would occur naturally.
Burggraf, O. R.↗
Three-dimensional boundary-layer instability and separation induced by small-amplitude streamwise vorticity in the upstream flow
We consider the effects of a small-amplitude, steady, streamwise vorticity field on the flow over an infinitely thin flat plate in an otherwise uniform stream. We show how the initially linear perturbation, ultimately leads to a small-amplitude but nonlinear cross flow far downstream from the leading edge. This motion is imposed on the boundary-layer flow and eventually causes the boundary layer to separate. The streamwise velocity profiles within the boundary layer become inflexional in localized spanwise regions just upstream of the separation point. The flow in these regions is therefore susceptible to rapidly growing inviscid instabilities.
Goldstein, M. E.↗
Effects of heat-energy release from shock induced exothermic reactions on boundary-layer transition in shock-tube flows
Shock induced exothermic reactions on boundary layer transition in shock tube, investigating free stream thermal energy release effects
Belles, F. E.↗