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At least 901 records · Page 50

On the accuracy of Whitham's method

The steady flow of an ideal gas past a conical body is studied by the method of matched asymptotic expansions and by Whitham's method in order to assess the accuracy of the latter. It is found that while Whitham's method does not yield a correct asymptotic representation of the perturbation field to second order in regions where the flow ahead of the Mach cone of the apex is disturbed, it does correctly predict the changes of the second-order perturbation quantities across a shock (the first-order shock strength). The results of the analysis are illustrated by a special case of a flat, rectangular plate at incidence.

Zahalak, G. I.↗

Coupled generator and combustor performance calculations for potential early commercial MHD power plants

A parametric study of the performance of the MHD generator and combustor components of potential early commercial open-cycle MHD/steam power plants is presented. Consideration is given to the effects of air heater system concept, MHD combustor type, coal type, thermal input power, oxygen enrichment of the combustion, subsonic and supersonic generator flow and magnetic field strength on coupled generator and combustor performance. The best performance is found to be attained with a 3000 F, indirectly fired air heater, no oxygen enrichment, Illinois no. 6 coal, a two-stage cyclone combustor with 85% slag rejection, a subsonic generator, and a magnetic field configuration yielding a constant transverse electric field of 4 kV/m. Results indicate that optimum net MHD generator power is generally compressor-power-limited rather than electric-stress-limited, with optimum net power a relatively weak function of operating pressure.

Dellinger, T. C.↗

Combined Numerical/Analytical Perturbation Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations for Aerodynamic Ejector/Mixer Nozzle Flows

In spite of rapid advances in both scalar and parallel computational tools, the large number of variables involved in both design and inverse problems make the use of sophisticated fluid flow models impractical, With this restriction, it is concluded that an important family of methods for mathematical/computational development are reduced or approximate fluid flow models. In this study a combined perturbation/numerical modeling methodology is developed which provides a rigorously derived family of solutions. The mathematical model is computationally more efficient than classical boundary layer but provides important two-dimensional information not available using quasi-1-d approaches. An additional strength of the current methodology is its ability to locally predict static pressure fields in a manner analogous to more sophisticated parabolized Navier Stokes (PNS) formulations. To resolve singular behavior, the model utilizes classical analytical solution techniques. Hence, analytical methods have been combined with efficient numerical methods to yield an efficient hybrid fluid flow model. In particular, the main objective of this research has been to develop a system of analytical and numerical ejector/mixer nozzle models, which require minimal empirical input. A computer code, DREA Differential Reduced Ejector/mixer Analysis has been developed with the ability to run sufficiently fast so that it may be used either as a subroutine or called by an design optimization routine. Models are of direct use to the High Speed Civil Transport Program (a joint government/industry project seeking to develop an economically.viable U.S. commercial supersonic transport vehicle) and are currently being adopted by both NASA and industry. Experimental validation of these models is provided by comparison to results obtained from open literature and Limited Exclusive Right Distribution (LERD) sources, as well as dedicated experiments performed at Texas A&M. These experiments have been performed using a hydraulic/gas flow analog. Results of comparisons of DREA computations with experimental data, which include entrainment, thrust, and local profile information, are overall good. Computational time studies indicate that DREA provides considerably more information at a lower computational cost than contemporary ejector nozzle design models. Finally. physical limitations of the method, deviations from experimental data, potential improvements and alternative formulations are described. This report represents closure to the NASA Graduate Researchers Program. Versions of the DREA code and a user's guide may be obtained from the NASA Lewis Research Center.

DeChant, Lawrence Justin↗

Wear Trends of the HERMeS Thruster as a Function of Throttle Point

A series of short-duration (200 hour) wear tests were conducted with two Hall Effect Rocket with Magnetic Shielding (HERMeS) technology demonstration units (TDU). Front pole covers, cathode keeper, and discharge channel wear were characterized as a function of discharge voltage, magnetic field strength, and chamber pressure. No discharge channel erosion was observed. Inner pole cover erosion was shown to be a weak function of discharge voltage with most erosion occurring at the lowest value, 300 volts. The TDU-3 keeper electrode eroded with each operating condition, with high magnetic field yielding the greatest erosion rate. The TDU-1 keeper electrode exhibited net deposition suggesting its configuration is more consistent with meeting overall HERMeS service life requirements. Ratios of molybdenum to graphite erosion rates suggests, with high uncertainty, that the sputtering ions are originating downstream of the thruster exit plane, striking the surface with small angles of incidence.

life (durability)↗

Synthesis and characterization of bisimide amines and bisimide amine-cured epoxy resins

A study has been conducted with the objective of developing tough, moisture resistant, high char yield epoxy resins using novel bisimide amine (BIA) hardeners as curing agents with MY-720, a commercial state-of-the-art epoxy resin system. BIA cured epoxies are shown to have lower moisture absorption than MY-720 and other state-of-the-art epoxy resins; the tensile strengths and strain-to-failures of several of the bisimide epoxy resins (IME's) are higher than those of the state-of-the-art epoxies. Most IME's have compression properties equivalent to those of state-of-the-art epoxies. Two resin systems, IME-10 and IME-12-3, have better overall properties than other resin systems investigated.

Scola, D. A.↗

Rheology, tectonics, and the structure of the Venus lithosphere

Given the absence of ground truth information on seismic structure, heat flow, and rock strength, or short wavelength gravity or magnetic data for Venus, information on the thermal, mechanical and compositional nature of the shallow interior must be obtained by indirect methods. Using pre-Magellan data, theoretical models constrained by the depths of impact craters and the length scales of tectonic features yielded estimates on the thickness of Venus' brittle-elastic lithosphere and the allowable range of crustal thickness and surface thermal gradient. The purpose of this study is to revisit the question of the shallow structure of Venus based on Magellan observations of the surface and recent experiments that address Venus' crustal rheology.

Zuber, M. T.↗

The Effects of Composition and gamma'/gamma Lattice Parameter Mismatch on the Critical Resolved Shear Stresses for Octahedral and Cube Slip in NiAlCrX Alloys

Prototypical single-crystal NiAlCrX superalloys were studied to examine the effects of the common major alloying elements, Co, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti, and W, on yielding behavior. The alloys contained about 10 at. pct Cr, 60 vol pct of the gamma' phase, and about 3 at. pct of X in the gamma'. The critical resolved shear stresses (CRSSs) for octahedral and primary cube slip were measured at 760 C, which is about the peak strength temperature. The CRSS(sub oct) and CRSS(sub cube) are discussed in relation to those of Ni, (Al, X) gamma' alloys taken from the literature and the gamma'/gamma lattice mismatch. The CRSS(sub oct) of the gamma + gamma' alloys reflected a similar compositional dependence to that of both the CRSS(sub cube) of the gamma' phase and the gamma'/gamma lattice parameter mismatch. The CRSS(sub cube) of the gamma + gamma' alloys also reflected the compositional dependence of the gamma'/gamma mismatch, but bore no similarity to that of CRSS(sub cube) for gamma' alloys since it is controlled by the gamma matrix. The ratio of CRSS(sub cube)/CRSS(sub oct) was decreased by all alloying elements except Co, which increased the ratio. The decrease in CRSS(sub cube)/CRSS(sub oct) was related to the degree in which elements partition to the gamma' rather than the gamma phase.

Miner, R. V.↗

High Tensile Strength Amalgams for In-Space Fabrication and Repair

Amalgams are well known for their use in dental practice as a tooth filling material. They have a number of useful attributes that include room temperature fabrication, corrosion resistance, dimensional stability, and very good compressive strength. These properties well serve dental needs but, unfortunately, amalgams have extremely poor tensile strength, a feature that severely limits other potential applications. Improved material properties (strength and temperature) of amalgams may have application to the freeform fabrication of repairs or parts that might be necessary during an extended space mission. Advantages would include, but are not limited to: the ability to produce complex parts, a minimum number of processing steps, minimum crew interaction, high yield - minimum wasted material, reduced gravity compatibility, minimum final finishing, safety, and minimum power consumption. The work presented here shows how the properties of amalgams can be improved by changing particle geometries in conjunction with novel engineering metals.

Grugel, Richard N.↗

Compatibility Condition in Theory of Solid Mechanics (Elasticity, Structures, and Design Optimization)

The strain formulation in elasticity and the compatibility condition in structural mechanics have neither been understood nor have they been utilized. This shortcoming prevented the formulation of a direct method to calculate stress. We have researched and understood the compatibility condition for linear problems in elasticity and in finite element analysis. This has lead to the completion of the method of force with stress (or stress resultant) as the primary unknown. The method in elasticity is referred to as the completed Beltrami-Michell formulation (CBMF), and it is the integrated force method (IFM) in structures. The dual integrated force method (IFMD) with displacement as the primary unknown has been formulated. IFM and IFMD produce identical responses. The variational derivation of the CBMF yielded the new boundary compatibility conditions. The CBMF can be used to solve stress, displacement, and mixed boundary value problems. The IFM in structures produced high-fidelity response even with a modest finite element model. The IFM has influenced structural design considerably. A fully utilized design method for strength and stiffness limitation has been developed. The singularity condition in optimization has been identified. The CBMF and IFM tensorial approaches are robust formulations because of simultaneous emphasis on the equilibrium equation and the compatibility condition.

Patnaik, Surya N.↗

Secondary electron emission characteristics of untreated and ion-textured titanium

Experimentally determined values of true secondary electron emission and relative values of reflected primary electron yield are presented for untreated (simply machined) and ion-textured, high-purity titanium over ranges of primary electron beam energies and beam impingement angles. The purpose of the investigation was to explore the feasibility of using titanium as electrode material in the multistage depressed collectors (MDC's) used in microwave amplifier traveling wave tubes (TWT's) for space communications and aircraft applications. Because of its relatively low density and thermal expansion characteristics and relatively high strength, thermal emissivity, and melting temperature, titanium presents itself as a possible candidate for the MDC electrode application. A detailed description of the method of ion texturing the titanium is included. Although the ion-treated surface considered in this study is not presented as being optimum from the standpoint of secondary electron emission suppression, it nevertheless serves to demonstrate that the surface can be modified by this procedure to significantly reduce these emission characteristics relative to those of the untreated surface. Further studies can reasonably be expected to produce surfaces with even lower secondary emission characteristics. The titanium surface were tested at primary electron beam energies of 200 to 2000 eV and at direct (0 deg) to near-grazing (85 deg) beam impingement angles. True secondary electron emission and relative reflected primary electron yield characteristics of the surfaces were compared with each other and with textured titanium surface exhibited secondary electron emission characteristics sharply lower than those exhibited by untreated titanium or copper. Clearly, then, in consideration of the secondary electron emission suppression of ion-textured titanium along with its other favorable physical properties, it must be included as a potential candidate for use as MDC electrode material in some applications.

Curren, Arthur N.↗

An investigation into the role of plastic failure in crater modification

The mechanical stability of an impact crater is analyzed in this paper via a quasi-static, axisymmetric slip line theory of plasticity. The yield model incorporated is Mohr-Coulomb and a simplified rectangular profile is used for the transient cavity. The degree of stability (or instability) is described as a function of internal friction angle, depth/diameter ratio, and a dimensionless parameter. To match the observed slumping of large lunar craters the cohesion strength of the lunar surface material must be low (less than 20 bars) and the angle of internal friction must be less than 2 deg. It is not implausible that these failure strength characteristics are realized by freshly shocked rock.

Mckinnon, W. B.↗

A thermoplastic polyimidesulfone

A polymer system has been prepared which has the excellent thermoplastic properties generally associated with polysulfones, and the solvent resistance and thermal stability of aromatic polyimides. This material, with improved processability over the base polyimide, can be processed in the 260-325 C range in such a manner as to yield high quality, tough unfilled moldings; strong, high-temperature-resistant adhesive bonds; and well consolidated, graphite-fiber-reinforced moldings (composities). The unfilled moldings have physical properties that are similar to aromatic polysulfones which demonstrates the potential as an engineering thermoplastic. The adhesive bonds exhibit excellent retention of initial strength levels even after thermal aging for 5000 hours at 232 C. The graphite-fiber-reinforced moldings have mechanical properties which makes this polymer attractive for the fabrication of structural composites.

St.clair, T. L.↗

A thermoplastic polyimidesulfone

A polymer system has been prepared which has the excellent thermoplastic properties generally associated with polysulfones, and the solvent resistance and thermal stability of aromatic polyimides. This material, with improved processability over the base polyimide, can be processed in the 260-325 C range in such a manner as to yield high quality, tough unfilled moldings; strong, high-temperature-resistant adhesive bonds; and well consolidated, graphite-fiber-reinforced moldings (composites). The unfilled moldings have physical properties that are similar to aromatic polysulfones which demonstrates the potential as an engineering thermoplastic. The adhesive bonds exhibit excellent retention of initial strength levels even after thermal aging for 5000 hours at 232 C. The graphite-fiber-reinforced moldings have mechanical properties which makes this polymer attractive for the fabrication of structural composites.

St. Clair, T. L.↗

Discovery of a new short-period, eclipsing cataclysmic variable

Photometry and spectroscopy of a newly recognized 14th mag eclipsing cataclysmic variable, KPD 1911 + 1212 (= SVS 8130, V1315 Agl) are reported. The system exhibits deep (1.7 mag) eclipses with period 0.1397 day. The spectrum is that of a high-excitation old nova and shows dramatic variability of the emission line strengths through the eclipse. The profiles of the Balmer emission lines are also phase-dependent, with prominent absorption cores appearing briefly near the inferior conjunction of the emission line source. There is no direct evidence for the secondary. A preliminary determination of radial velocity variations at modest spectral resolution yields K = 132 + or - 26 km/s for the Balmer emission lines. A model is presented for the system consistent with current data, which implies a mass for the primary and secondary stars of 0.9 and 0.4 solar mass respectively and in inclination of i = 78 deg.

Downes, R. A.↗

Heat-transfer measurements and computations of swept-shock-wave boundary-layer interactions

An experimental and computational research program providing new knowledge of the heat transfer in swept-shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions is described. An equilibrium turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate is subjected to impingement by a swept planar shock wave generated by a sharp fin. Five different interactions with fin angles ranging from 10 to 20 deg at freestream Mach numbers of 3 and 4 produce a variety of interaction strengths ranging from weak to very strong. A foil heater generates a uniform heat flux over the flat plate surface, and miniature thin-film-resistance sensors are used to measure the local surface temperature. The heat convection equation is then solved for the heat transfer distribution within an interaction, yielding an uncertainty of about +/- 10%. These data are compared with numerical Navier-Stokes solutions that employ a k-epsilon turbulence model. A simple peak heat transfer correlation for fin interactions is suggested.

Lee, Y.↗

Determination of a Limited Scope Network's Lightning Detection Efficiency

This paper outlines a modeling technique to map lightning detection efficiency variations over a region surveyed by a sparse array of ground based detectors. A reliable flash peak current distribution (PCD) for the region serves as the technique's base. This distribution is recast as an event probability distribution function. The technique then uses the PCD together with information regarding: site signal detection thresholds, type of solution algorithm used, and range attenuation; to formulate the probability that a flash at a specified location will yield a solution. Applying this technique to the full region produces detection efficiency contour maps specific to the parameters employed. These contours facilitate a comparative analysis of each parameter's effect on the network's detection efficiency. In an alternate application, this modeling technique gives an estimate of the number, strength, and distribution of events going undetected. This approach leads to a variety of event density contour maps. This application is also illustrated. The technique's base PCD can be empirical or analytical. A process for formulating an empirical PCD specific to the region and network being studied is presented. A new method for producing an analytical representation of the empirical PCD is also introduced.

Rompala, John T.↗

Intensity and transmission measurements in the nu-3 fundamental of N2O at low temperatures

Spectral transmission of IR radiation through the nitrogen-broadened lines of the nu-3 fundamental of N2O has been measured at 154, 202 and 300 K. A value of 1411 + or - 54 per sq cm per atmosphere at STP has been obtained for the combined strength of the nu-3 and nu-2(1) + nu-3 - nu-2(1) bands, using the Wilson-Wells-Penner-Weber method. This value of the combined strength, the relative intensity calculations of Gray Young, the room-temperature data of Toth for nitrogen-broadened half-widths in the nu-1 + nu-3 and 2nu2(0) + nu-3 bands, and the variation of the line width with temperature proposed by Varanasi and Sarangi are shown to yield excellent agreement between the measured and computed spectral transmittance throughout the band.

Varanasi, P.↗

Concepts for improving the damage tolerance of composite compression panels

The results of an experimental evaluation of graphite-epoxy composite compression panel impact damage tolerance and damage propagation arrest concepts are reported. The tests were conducted on flat plate specimens and blade-stiffened structural panels such as those used in commercial aircraft wings, and the residual strength of damaged specimens and their sensitivity to damage while subjected to in-plane compression loading were determined. Results suggest that matrix materials that fail by delamination have the lowest damage tolerance, and it is concluded that alternative matrix materials with transverse reinforcement to suppress the delamination failure mode and yield the higher-strain value transverse shear crippling mode should be developed.

Rhodes, M. D.↗