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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Satellite Earth observation data to identify climate and anthropogenic pressures on Bucharest periurban forests

Satellite Earth observation data in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths represent a useful source of information for forest systems monitoring through derived biogeophysical parameters (vegetation index, leaf area index, canopy cover, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, chlorophyll content, net primary production, canopy water stress, etc.). Use of satellite remote sensing data to assess forest spatio-temporal changes due to climatic or anthropogenic stressors is an excellent example of the value of multispectral and multitemporal observations. Fusion technique was applied to time-series multispectral and multitemporal satellite imagery (NOAA AVHRR, MODIS Terra/Aqua, Landsat ETM and IKONOS satellite data) for periurban forest areas Cernica-Branesti, placed in the neighboring of Bucharest town, Romania, over 2002-2014 period.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

SUCCESSIVE SOLAR ERUPTIONS TRIGGERED BY THE COLLISION OF TWO SMALL SUNSPOTS WITH OPPOSITE POLARITIES AND MOTIONAL DIRECTIONS

We present a study of the two successive M-class flares associated with two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) triggered by the collision of two small sunspots with opposite magnetic polarities and motional directions in NOAA active region (AR) 10484 on 2003 October 22. From the evolution of this AR in the TRACE white-light images and 96 minute line-of-sight magnetograms observed by the Michelson Doppler Imager on board SOHO, a large sunspot and a small sunspot with negative polarity rotated clockwise about 33 Degree-Sign and 18 Degree-Sign , respectively, from the northeast of a quiescent sunspot with negative polarity to the southeast from 15:00 UT on October 21 to 16:24 UT on October 23. During the process of their motion, the small sunspot with negative polarity collided with the small sunspot with positive polarity and opposite motional direction. In the collision, this AR produced two successive M-class flares and CMEs according to the observations of GOES and the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph. By analyzing the magnetic fields at polarity inversion lines (PILs) between the two small sunspot, it is found that a sudden squeeze occurred near the onset of the two M-class flares and then recovered itself after the flares. We ruled out the emergence of the magnetic fields near the PIL. According to the brightenings in TRACE 1600 A and the hard X-ray sources of the RHESSI of two M-class flares, we found that the locations of the two flares are almost situated in the same location at the PIL between the two small sunspots. We suggest that the sudden squeeze between the opposite magnetic polarities is caused by the pressure of the collision of the two small sunspots and resulted in the magnetic reconnection. These results could contribute to understanding the mechanism of flares and CMEs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

THE CONTRACTION OF OVERLYING CORONAL LOOP AND THE ROTATING MOTION OF A SIGMOID FILAMENT DURING ITS ERUPTION

We present an observation of overlying coronal loop contraction and rotating motion of the sigmoid filament during its eruption on 2012 May 22 observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Our results show that the twist can be transported into the filament from the lower atmosphere to the higher atmosphere. The successive contraction of the coronal loops was due to a suddenly reduced magnetic pressure underneath the filament, which was caused by the rising of the filament. Before the sigmoid filament eruption, there was a counterclockwise flow in the photosphere at the right feet of the filament and the contraction loops and a convergence flow at the left foot of the filament. The hot and cool materials have inverse motion along the filament before the filament eruption. Moreover, two coronal loops overlying the filament first experienced brightening, expansion, and contraction successively. At the beginning of the rising and rotation of the left part of the filament, the second coronal loop exhibited rapid contraction. The top of the second coronal loop also showed counterclockwise rotation during the contraction process. After the contraction of the second loop, the left part of the filament rotated counterclockwise and expanded toward the right of NOAA AR 11485. During the filament expansion, the right part of the filament also exhibited counterclockwise rotation like a tornado.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

ELLERMAN BOMBS AT HIGH RESOLUTION. I. MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR PHOTOSPHERIC RECONNECTION

High-resolution imaging-spectroscopy movies of solar active region NOAA 10998 obtained with the Crisp Imaging Spectropolarimeter at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope show very bright, rapidly flickering, flame-like features that appear intermittently in the wings of the Balmer H{alpha} line in a region with moat flows and likely some flux emergence. They show up at regular H{alpha} blue-wing bright points that outline the magnetic network, but flare upward with much larger brightness and distinct 'jet' morphology seen from aside in the limbward view of these movies. We classify these features as Ellerman bombs and present a morphological study of their appearance at the unprecedented spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution of these observations. The bombs appear along the magnetic network with footpoint extents up to 900 km. They show apparent travel away from the spot along the pre-existing network at speeds of about 1 km s{sup -1}. The bombs flare repetitively with much rapid variation at timescales of seconds only, in the form of upward jet-shaped brightness features. These reach heights of 600-1200 km and tend to show blueshifts; some show bi-directional Doppler signature and some seem accompanied with an H{alpha} surge. They are not seen in the core of H{alpha} due to shielding by overlying chromospheric fibrils. The network where they originate has normal properties. The morphology of these jets strongly supports deep-seated photospheric reconnection of emergent or moat-driven magnetic flux with pre-existing strong vertical network fields as the mechanism underlying the Ellerman bomb phenomenon.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

UMBRAL DYNAMICS IN THE NEAR-INFRARED CONTINUUM

We detected peaks of oscillatory power at 3 and {approx}6.5 minutes in the umbra of the central sunspot of the active region NOAA AR 10707 in data obtained in the near-infrared (NIR) continuum at 1565.7 nm. The NIR data set captured umbral dynamics around 50 km below the {tau}{sub 500} = 1 level. The umbra does not oscillate as a whole, but rather in distinct parts that are distributed over the umbral surface. The most powerful oscillations, close to a period of {approx}6.5, do not propagate upward. We noted a plethora of large umbral dots (UDs) that persisted for {>=}30 minutes and stayed in the same locations. The peaks of oscillatory power above the detected UDs are located at 3 and 5 minute oscillations, but are very weak in comparison with the oscillations of {approx}6.5 minutes.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

STUDY OF THE POYNTING FLUX IN ACTIVE REGION 10930 USING DATA-DRIVEN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION

Powerful solar flares are closely related to the evolution of magnetic field configuration on the photosphere. We choose the Poynting flux as a parameter in the study of magnetic field changes. We use time-dependent multidimensional MHD simulations around a flare occurrence to generate the results, with the temporal variation of the bottom boundary conditions being deduced from the projected normal characteristic method. By this method, the photospheric magnetogram could be incorporated self-consistently as the bottom condition of data-driven simulations. The model is first applied to a simulation datum produced by an emerging magnetic flux rope as a test case. Then, the model is used to study NOAA AR 10930, which has an X3.4 flare, the data of which has been obtained by the Hinode/Solar Optical Telescope on 2006 December 13. We compute the magnitude of Poynting flux (S{sub total}), radial Poynting flux (S{sub z} ), a proxy for ideal radial Poynting flux (S{sub proxy}), Poynting flux due to plasma surface motion (S{sub sur}), and Poynting flux due to plasma emergence (S{sub emg}) and analyze their extensive properties in four selected areas: the whole sunspot, the positive sunspot, the negative sunspot, and the strong-field polarity inversion line (SPIL) area. It is found that (1) the S{sub total}, S{sub z} , and S{sub proxy} parameters show similar behaviors in the whole sunspot area and in the negative sunspot area. The evolutions of these three parameters in the positive area and the SPIL area are more volatile because of the effect of sunspot rotation and flux emergence. (2) The evolution of S{sub sur} is largely influenced by the process of sunspot rotation, especially in the positive sunspot. The evolution of S{sub emg} is greatly affected by flux emergence, especially in the SPIL area.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF MICROWAVE SOURCES FROM SOLAR ROTATION STEREOSCOPY VERSUS MAGNETIC EXTRAPOLATIONS

We use rotation stereoscopy to estimate the height of a steady-state solar feature relative to the photosphere, based on its apparent motion in the image plane recorded over several days of observation. The stereoscopy algorithm is adapted to work with either one- or two-dimensional data (i.e., from images or from observations that record the projected position of the source along an arbitrary axis). The accuracy of the algorithm is tested on simulated data, and then the algorithm is used to estimate the coronal radio source heights associated with the active region NOAA 10956, based on multifrequency imaging data over seven days from the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope near 5.7 GHz, the Nobeyama Radio Heliograph at 17 GHz, as well as one-dimensional scans at multiple frequencies spanning the 5.98-15.95 GHz frequency range from the RATAN-600 instrument. The gyroresonance emission mechanism, which is sensitive to the coronal magnetic field strength, is applied to convert the estimated radio source heights at various frequencies, h(f), to information about magnetic field versus height B(h), and the results are compared to a magnetic field extrapolation derived from photospheric magnetic field observations obtained by Hinode and Michelson Doppler Imager. We found that the gyroresonant emission comes from heights exceeding the location of the third gyrolayer irrespective of the magnetic extrapolation method; implications of this finding for coronal magnetography and coronal plasma physics are discussed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF MAGNETIC AND DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES IN A SUNSPOT LIGHT BRIDGE

Sunspot light bridges (LBs)-long bright lanes appearing in umbra-sometimes show dynamical behaviors such as plasma ejections, brightenings, and fast gas flows in the photosphere and lower chromosphere, but we have not understood what causes these dynamics. The Hinode Solar Optical Telescope successfully captured the entire period of the evolution of an LB formed at the southeast of the well-developed sunspot in NOAA Active Region 10953, allowing us to track how magnetic and dynamical properties change with time for 3.5 days. The LB produced chromospheric upward ejections intermittently and recurrently on 2007 April 30, and fewer upward ejections were observed on May 1. We found that G-band intensity features morphologically changed from cellar or patchy on April 30 to filamentary on May 1, although there were small changes in the magnetic flux density and inclination. This suggests that the chromospheric activity is related to the change of morphology in the photosphere. Fast gas flows and a pair of strong enhanced vertical electrical currents were also observed in the photosphere after the filamentary structures were dominant. The end of a large H{alpha} filament (or prominence) was extended very close to the LB on May 1, suggesting that the filamentary structures formed along the LB may be magnetically connected to the large H{alpha} filament and the gas flows may originate far from the LB region, although other mechanisms cannot be ruled out.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

MEASUREMENTS OF THE WAVEFUNCTIONS OF SOLAR ACOUSTIC WAVES SCATTERED BY SUNSPOTS

Solar acoustic waves are scattered by sunspots because of the interaction between the acoustic waves and sunspots. We use a deconvolution scheme to obtain the wavefunction of the acoustic wave on the solar surface at various times from cross-correlation functions computed between an incident wave and the signals at other points on the surface. The wavefunction of the scattered wave is obtained by subtracting the wavefunction of the incident wave from that of the total wave. We study the wavefunctions of scattered waves with the incident waves of radial order n = 0-5 for two sunspots, NOAAs 11084 and 11092. The scattered wave is predominant in the forward direction of the incident wave, but its wavefronts are curved. The shape of the wavefronts depends on the ratio of sunspot dimension to wavelength of the incident wave. The smaller the ratio is, the closer to circular the scattered wave is. The scattering strength, i.e. the magnitude of the scattered wave relative to that of the incident wave, decreases with the radial order n. This suggests that the region generating the scattered wave is shallower than the depth of the f-modes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

A MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC MODEL OF THE 2006 DECEMBER 13 ERUPTIVE FLARE

We present a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation that qualitatively models the coronal magnetic field evolution associated with the eruptive flare that occurred on 2006 December 13 in the emerging {delta}-sunspot region NOAA 10930 observed by the Hinode satellite. The simulation is set up to drive the emergence of an east-west-oriented magnetic flux rope at the lower boundary into a preexisting coronal field constructed from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Michelson Doppler Imager full-disk magnetogram at 20:51:01 UT on 2006 December 12. The resulting coronal flux rope embedded in the ambient coronal magnetic field first settles into a stage of quasi-static rise and then undergoes a dynamic eruption, with the leading edge of the flux rope cavity accelerating to a steady speed of about 830 km s{sup -1}. The pre-eruption coronal magnetic field shows morphology that is in qualitative agreement with that seen in the Hinode soft X-ray observation in both the magnetic connectivity as well as the development of an inverse-S-shaped X-ray sigmoid. We examine the properties of the erupting flux rope and the morphology of the post-reconnection loops, and compare them with the observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

PRE-FLARE ACTIVITY AND MAGNETIC RECONNECTION DURING THE EVOLUTIONARY STAGES OF ENERGY RELEASE IN A SOLAR ERUPTIVE FLARE

In this paper, we present a multi-wavelength analysis of an eruptive white-light M3.2 flare that occurred in active region NOAA 10486 on 2003 November 1. The excellent set of high-resolution observations made by RHESSI and the TRACE provides clear evidence of significant pre-flare activities for {approx}9 minutes in the form of an initiation phase observed at EUV/UV wavelengths followed by an X-ray precursor phase. During the initiation phase, we observed localized brightenings in the highly sheared core region close to the filament and interactions among short EUV loops overlying the filament, which led to the opening of magnetic field lines. The X-ray precursor phase is manifested in RHESSI measurements below {approx}30 keV and coincided with the beginning of flux emergence at the flaring location along with early signatures of the eruption. The RHESSI observations reveal that both plasma heating and electron acceleration occurred during the precursor phase. The main flare is consistent with the standard flare model. However, after the impulsive phase, an intense hard X-ray (HXR) looptop source was observed without significant footpoint emission. More intriguingly, for a brief period, the looptop source exhibited strong HXR emission with energies up to {approx}50-100 keV and significant non-thermal characteristics. The present study indicates a causal relation between the activities in the pre-flare and the main flare. We also conclude that pre-flare activities, occurring in the form of subtle magnetic reorganization along with localized magnetic reconnection, played a crucial role in destabilizing the active region filament, leading to a solar eruptive flare and associated large-scale phenomena.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

INITIATION OF CORONAL MASS EJECTION AND ASSOCIATED FLARE CAUSED BY HELICAL KINK INSTABILITY OBSERVED BY SDO/AIA

In this paper, we present multiwavelength observations of helical kink instability as a trigger of a coronal mass ejection (CME) which occurred in active region NOAA 11163 on 2011 February 24. The CME was associated with an M3.5 limb flare. High-resolution observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly suggest the development of helical kink instability in the erupting prominence, which implies a flux rope structure of the magnetic field. A brightening starts below the apex of the prominence with its slow rising motion ({approx}100 km s{sup -1}) during the activation phase. A bright structure, indicative of a helix with {approx}3-4 turns, was transiently formed at this position. The corresponding twist of {approx}6{pi}-8{pi} is sufficient to generate the helical kink instability in a flux rope according to recently developed models. A slowly rising blob structure was subsequently formed at the apex of the prominence, and a flaring loop was observed near the footpoints. Within 2 minutes, a second blob was formed in the northern prominence leg. The second blob erupts (like a plasmoid ejection) with the detachment of the northern prominence leg, and flare intensity maximizes. The first blob at the prominence apex shows rotational motion in the counterclockwise direction in the plane of sky, interpreted as the unwinding motion of a helix, and it also erupts to give the CME. RHESSI hard X-ray (HXR) sources show the two footpoint sources and a loop-top source during the flare. We found RHESSI HXR flux, soft X-ray flux derivative, and CME acceleration in the low corona correlate well, which is in agreement with the standard flare model (CSHKP). We also discuss the possible role of ballooning as well as torus instabilities in driving the CME. We conclude that the CME and flare were triggered by the helical kink instability in a flux rope and accelerated mainly by the torus instability.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

DECORRELATION TIMES OF PHOTOSPHERIC FIELDS AND FLOWS

We use autocorrelation to investigate evolution in flow fields inferred by applying Fourier local correlation tracking (FLCT) to a sequence of high-resolution (0.''3), high-cadence ({approx_equal} 2 minute) line-of-sight magnetograms of NOAA active region (AR) 10930 recorded by the narrowband filter imager of the Solar Optical Telescope aboard the Hinode satellite over 2006 December 12 and 13. To baseline the timescales of flow evolution, we also autocorrelated the magnetograms, at several spatial binnings, to characterize the lifetimes of active region magnetic structures versus spatial scale. Autocorrelation of flow maps can be used to optimize tracking parameters, to understand tracking algorithms' susceptibility to noise, and to estimate flow lifetimes. Tracking parameters varied include: time interval {Delta}t between magnetogram pairs tracked, spatial binning applied to the magnetograms, and windowing parameter {sigma} used in FLCT. Flow structures vary over a range of spatial and temporal scales (including unresolved scales), so tracked flows represent a local average of the flow over a particular range of space and time. We define flow lifetime to be the flow decorrelation time, {tau}. For {Delta}t > {tau}, tracking results represent the average velocity over one or more flow lifetimes. We analyze lifetimes of flow components, divergences, and curls as functions of magnetic field strength and spatial scale. We find a significant trend of increasing lifetimes of flow components, divergences, and curls with field strength, consistent with Lorentz forces partially governing flows in the active photosphere, as well as strong trends of increasing flow lifetime and decreasing magnitudes with increases in both spatial scale and {Delta}t.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

MULTISCALE DYNAMICS OF SOLAR MAGNETIC STRUCTURES

Multiscale topological complexity of the solar magnetic field is among the primary factors controlling energy release in the corona, including associated processes in the photospheric and chromospheric boundaries. We present a new approach for analyzing multiscale behavior of the photospheric magnetic flux underlying these dynamics as depicted by a sequence of high-resolution solar magnetograms. The approach involves two basic processing steps: (1) identification of timing and location of magnetic flux origin and demise events (as defined by DeForest et al.) by tracking spatiotemporal evolution of unipolar and bipolar photospheric regions, and (2) analysis of collective behavior of the detected magnetic events using a generalized version of the Grassberger-Procaccia correlation integral algorithm. The scale-free nature of the developed algorithms makes it possible to characterize the dynamics of the photospheric network across a wide range of distances and relaxation times. Three types of photospheric conditions are considered to test the method: a quiet photosphere, a solar active region (NOAA 10365) in a quiescent non-flaring state, and the same active region during a period of M-class flares. The results obtained show (1) the presence of a topologically complex asymmetrically fragmented magnetic network in the quiet photosphere driven by meso- and supergranulation, (2) the formation of non-potential magnetic structures with complex polarity separation lines inside the active region, and (3) statistical signatures of canceling bipolar magnetic structures coinciding with flaring activity in the active region. Each of these effects can represent an unstable magnetic configuration acting as an energy source for coronal dissipation and heating.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

EVOLUTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND ENERGY IN A MAJOR ERUPTIVE ACTIVE REGION BASED ON SDO/HMI OBSERVATION

We report the evolution of the magnetic field and its energy in NOAA active region 11158 over five days based on a vector magnetogram series from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). Fast flux emergence and strong shearing motion led to a quadrupolar sunspot complex that produced several major eruptions, including the first X-class flare of Solar Cycle 24. Extrapolated nonlinear force-free coronal fields show substantial electric current and free energy increase during early flux emergence near a low-lying sigmoidal filament with a sheared kilogauss field in the filament channel. The computed magnetic free energy reaches a maximum of {approx}2.6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 32} erg, about 50% of which is stored below 6 Mm. It decreases by {approx}0.3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 32} erg within 1 hr of the X-class flare, which is likely an underestimation of the actual energy loss. During the flare, the photospheric field changed rapidly: the horizontal field was enhanced by 28% in the core region, becoming more inclined and more parallel to the polarity inversion line. Such change is consistent with the conjectured coronal field 'implosion' and is supported by the coronal loop retraction observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). The extrapolated field becomes more 'compact' after the flare, with shorter loops in the core region, probably because of reconnection. The coronal field becomes slightly more sheared in the lowest layer, relaxes faster with height, and is overall less energetic.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

EVIDENCE FOR COLLAPSING FIELDS IN THE CORONA AND PHOTOSPHERE DURING THE 2011 FEBRUARY 15 X2.2 FLARE: SDO/AIA AND HMI OBSERVATIONS

We use high-resolution Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly observations to study the evolution of the coronal loops in a flaring solar active region, NOAA 11158. We identify three distinct phases of the coronal loop dynamics during this event: (1) slow-rise phase: slow rising motion of the loop-tops prior to the flare in response to the slow rise of the underlying flux rope; (2) collapse phase: sudden contraction of the loop-tops, with the lower loops collapsing earlier than the higher loops; and (3) oscillation phase: the loops exhibit global kink oscillations after the collapse phase at different periods, with the period decreasing with the decreasing height of the loops. The period of these loop oscillations is used to estimate the field strength in the coronal loops. Furthermore, we also use SDO/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) observations to study the photospheric changes close to the polarity inversion line (PIL). The longitudinal magnetograms show a stepwise permanent decrease in the magnetic flux after the flare over a coherent patch along the PIL. Furthermore, we examine the HMI Stokes I, Q, U, V profiles over this patch and find that the Stokes-V signal systematically decreases while the Stokes-Q and U signals increase after the flare. These observations suggest that close to the PIL the field configuration became more horizontal after the flare. We also use HMI vector magnetic field observations to quantify the changes in the field inclination angle and find an inward collapse of the field lines toward the PIL by {approx}10 Degree-Sign . These observations are consistent with the 'coronal implosion' scenario and its predictions about flare-related photospheric field changes.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

DETECTION OF THE HORIZONTAL DIVERGENT FLOW PRIOR TO THE SOLAR FLUX EMERGENCE

It is widely accepted that solar active regions including sunspots are formed by the emerging magnetic flux from the deep convection zone. In previous numerical simulations, we found that the horizontal divergent flow (HDF) occurs before the flux emergence at the photospheric height. This paper reports the HDF detection prior to the flux emergence of NOAA AR 11081, which is located away from the disk center. We use SDO/HMI data to study the temporal changes of the Doppler and magnetic patterns from those of the reference quiet Sun. As a result, the HDF appearance is found to come before the flux emergence by about 100 minutes. Also, the horizontal speed of the HDF during this time gap is estimated to be 0.6-1.5 km s{sup -1}, up to 2.3 km s{sup -1}. The HDF is caused by the plasma escaping horizontally from the rising magnetic flux. And the interval between the HDF and the flux emergence may reflect the latency during which the magnetic flux beneath the solar surface is waiting for the instability onset to the further emergence. Moreover, SMART H{alpha} images show that the chromospheric plages appear about 14 minutes later, located cospatial with the photospheric pores. This indicates that the plages are caused by plasma flowing down along the magnetic fields that connect the pores at their footpoints. One important result of observing the HDF may be the possibility of predicting the sunspot appearances that occur in several hours.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

OBSERVATIONS OF MULTIPLE SURGES ASSOCIATED WITH MAGNETIC ACTIVITIES IN AR 10484 ON 2003 OCTOBER 25

We present a multi-wavelength study of recurrent surges observed in H{alpha}, UV (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/EIT), and Radio (Learmonth, Australia) from the super-active region NOAA 10484 on 2003 October 25. Several bright structures visible in H{alpha} and UV corresponding to subflares are also observed at the base of each surge. Type III bursts are triggered and RHESSI X-ray sources are evident with surge activity. The major surge consists of bunches of ejective paths forming a fan-shaped region with an angular size of ( Almost-Equal-To 65 Degree-Sign ) during its maximum phase. The ejection speed reaches up to {approx}200 km s{sup -1}. The SOHO/Michelson Doppler Imager magnetograms reveal that a large dipole emerges from the east side of the active region on 2003 October 18-20, a few days before the surges. On 2003 October 25, the major sunspots were surrounded by 'moat regions' with moving magnetic features (MMFs). Parasitic fragmented positive polarities were pushed by the ambient dispersion motion of the MMFs and annihilated with negative polarities at the borders of the moat region of the following spot to produce flares and surges. A topology analysis of the global Sun using Potential Field Source Surface shows that the fan structures visible in the EIT 171 A images follow magnetic field lines connecting the present active region to a preceding active region in the southeast. Radio observations of Type III bursts indicate that they are coincident with the surges, suggesting that magnetic reconnection is the driver mechanism. The magnetic energy released by the reconnection is transformed into plasma heating and provides the kinetic energy for the ejections. A lack of a radio signature in the high corona suggests that the surges are confined to follow the closed field lines in the fans. We conclude that these cool surges may have some local heating effects in the closed loops, but probably play a minor role in global coronal heating and the surge material does not escape to the solar wind.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗