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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

First experimental report of nonlinear collimator in the SuperKEKB

SuperKEKB collimator system protects the superconducting final focusing magnets (QC1 and QC2) from quenching caused by beam halo particles. For effective shielding, the minimum aperture of vertical collimators is set smaller than the physical aperture of QC1. However, such collimators become dominant sources of beam coupling impedance, which can limit the maximum beam current due to impedance-driven instabilities. To address this issue, a nonlinear collimator (NLC) was introduced in February 2024. NLC is designed to reduce both beam backgrounds and collimator impedance, thereby suppressing beam instabilities caused by short-range wakefields. In this paper, we describe the results on impedance effects, beam background reduction, and beam lifetime when the nonlinear collimation system is turned on and off. These results validate the NLC concept and offer a promising approach for future high-luminosity colliders.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigation of Tail-dominated Instability in the Fermilab Recycler Ring

In our recent operational run, a single bunch, tail-dominated instability was observed in the Fermilab Recycler ring. This instability exclusively occurs in the vertical plane when the chromaticity is close to zero. In this study, we conduct a detailed analysis of this instability under different operational parameters. We investigate the impact of space charge on the head-tail motion and propose potential interpretations of the underlying mechanism of the instability. Moreover, we explore methods to mitigate this instability in the future.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Detector Related Uncertainties in ICARUS

This paper explores the challenges in neutrino detection and emphasizes the importance of understanding the ICARUS neutrino detector. It delves into the use of cosmic rays to bridge the gap between experimental and theoretical data, offering insights into the behavior of different components of neutrino detectors. This procedure sheds light on the intricate aspects of cosmic ray detection in ICARUS, contributing to an increased understanding of how this detector’s uncertainties operate. More can be learned about neutrino physics in future experiments through this understanding.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hardware-accelerated inference for real-time gravitational-wave astronomy

The field of transient astronomy has seen a revolution with the first gravitational-wave detections and the arrival of multi-messenger observations they enabled. Transformed by the first detection of binary black hole and binary neutron star mergers, computational demands in gravitational-wave astronomy are expected to grow by at least a factor of two over the next five years as the global network of kilometer-scale interferometers are brought to design sensitivity. With the increase in detector sensitivity, real-time delivery of gravitational-wave alerts will become increasingly important as an enabler of multi-messenger followup. In this work, we report a novel implementation and deployment of deep learning inference for real-time gravitational-wave data denoising and astrophysical source identification. This is accomplished using a generic Inference-as-a-Service model that is capable of adapting to the future needs of gravitational-wave data analysis. Overall, our implementation allows seamless incorporation of hardware accelerators and also enables the use of commercial or private (dedicated) as-a-service computing. Based on our results, we propose a paradigm shift in low-latency and offline computing in gravitational-wave astronomy. Such a shift can address key challenges in peak-usage, scalability and reliability, and provide a data analysis platform particularly optimized for deep learning applications. The achieved sub-millisecond scale latency will also be relevant for any machine learning-based real-time control systems that may be invoked in the operation of near-future and next generation ground-based laser interferometers, as well as the front-end collection, distribution and processing of data from such instruments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

JuTrack: A Julia package for auto-differentiable accelerator modeling and particle tracking

Efficient accelerator modeling and particle tracking are key for the design and configuration of modern particle accelerators. In this work, we present JuTrack, a nested accelerator modeling package developed in the Julia programming language and enhanced with compiler-level automatic differentiation (AD). With the aid of AD, JuTrack enables rapid derivative calculations in accelerator modeling, facilitating sensitivity analyses and optimization tasks. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of AD-derived derivatives through several practical applications, including sensitivity analysis of space-charge-induced emittance growth, nonlinear beam dynamics analysis for a synchrotron light source, and lattice parameter tuning of the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). Through the incorporation of automatic differentiation, this package opens up new possibilities for accelerator physicists in beam physics studies and accelerator design optimization.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Software Architecture for Next Generation Beam Position Monitors at Fermilab

The Fermilab Accelerator Division / Instrumentation Department develops Beam Position Monitor (BPM) systems in-house to support its sprawling accelerator complex. Two new BPM systems have been deployed and another upgraded over the last two years. These systems are based on a combination of VME and Gigabit Ethernet connected hardware and a common Linux-based embedded software platform with modular components. The architecture of this software platform and the considerations for adapting to future machines or upgrade projects will be described.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Machine Learning-Accelerated First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Explains Anomalous Lattice Thermal Expansion in BaZr 0.78 Y 0.22 O 3-δ

Fuel cells are a vital clean energy technology that converts chemical energy directly into electricity with high efficiency, making them a cornerstone of a sustainable energy future. Herein we investigate the thermal and chemical lattice expansion behavior of hydrated BaZr 0.78 Y 0.22 O 3-δ using machine learning-accelerated ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Here, our results reproduce the experimentally observed non-monotonic and anomalous temperature dependence of lattice expansion, which we attribute to the competing effects of thermal expansion and dehydration—two mechanisms that influence the lattice expansion in opposite directions. The importance of this work lies in its detailed demonstration of how advanced computational techniques can accurately capture complex environmental effects, providing a valuable framework for modeling similar phenomena in a variety of material systems and applications.

Proton conducting fuel cell↗
DOE OSTI2024

The EIC accelerator: design highlights and project status

The design of the electron-ion collider (EIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory is well underway, aiming at a peak electron-proton luminosity of 10e+34 cm^-1·sec^-1. This high luminosity, the wide center-of-mass energy range from 29 to 141 GeV (e-p) and the high level of polarization require innovative solutions to maximize the performance of the machine, which makes the EIC one of the most challenging accelerator projects to date. The complexity of the EIC will be discussed, and the project status and plans will be presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Exploring the sensitivity of global ocean circulation to future ice loss from Antarctica

The sensitivity of the global ocean circulation and climate to large increases in iceberg calving and meltwater discharges from the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) are rarely studied and poorly understood. The requirement to investigate this topic is heightened by growing evidence that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is vulnerable to rapid retreat and collapse on multidecadal-to-centennial timescales. Observations collected over the last 30 years indicate that the WAIS is now losing mass at an accelerated and that a collapse may have already begun in the Amundsen Sea sector. In addition, some recent future model simulations of the AIS show the potential for rapid ice sheet retreat in the next 50 – 300 years. Such a collapse would be associated with the discharge of enormous volumes of ice and meltwater to the Southern Ocean. This project funds PI Condron to begin assessing the sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to projected increases in meltwater discharge and iceberg calving from the AIS for the next 50 – 100 years. A series of climate model simulations will determine changes in ocean circulation and temperature at the ice sheet grounding line, the role of mesoscale ocean eddies in mixing and transporting freshwater away from the continent to deep water formation regions, and the likely impact on the northward transport of heat to Europe and North America.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Extreme Heterogeneity 2018 - Productive Computational Science in the Era of Extreme Heterogeneity: Report for DOE ASCR Workshop on Extreme Heterogeneity

The 2018 Basic Research Needs Workshop on Extreme Heterogeneity identified five Priority Research Directions for realizing the capabilities needed to address the challenges posed in this era of rapid technological change. This report captures the outcomes of that workshop. In the context of extreme heterogeneity, it defines basic research needs and opportunities in computer science research to develop smart and trainable operating and runtime systems, programming environments, and predictive tools that will make future systems easier to adapt to scientists’ computing needs and easier for facilities to deploy securely.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Status of the 16 T Dipole Development Program for a Future Hadron Collider

A next step of energy increase of hadron colliders beyond the LHC requires high-field superconducting magnets capable of providing a dipolar field in the range of 16 T in a 50-mm aperture with accelerator quality. These elements could meet the requirements for an upgrade of the LHC to twice the present beam energy or for a 100-TeV center of mass energy future circular collider. Here, we summarize the activities and plans for the development of these magnets, in particular within the 16 T Magnet Technology Program, the WP5 of the EuroCirCol, and the U.S. Magnet Development Program.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Up-skilling and Re-skilling for the Nuclear Industry - 17276

In the UK, nuclear skills and qualifications have been the subject of several studies in higher levels of Government, including one by UK Cabinet Office. The newly formed UK Nuclear Skills Strategy Group (NSSG) has been tasked with addressing the current skills and people gaps for the UK nuclear industry. The NSSG is working with several key organisations in the UK: The National Skills Academy for Nuclear, (NSAN), which covers skills interventions, training and workforce development and experience, and the newly forming National College for Nuclear (NCfN) which will become a nuclear qualifications awarding body, regulating educational qualifications and curriculum in the nuclear sector. The NSSG has published its own UK Nuclear Skills Strategy in December 2016, aligned to the UK Cabinet Office study. It is the intent that, in the near future, nuclear qualifications and experience will be directly transferable across different organisations and nuclear sites in the UK, enabling the maintenance of high standards of behaviours and improved mobility throughout the sector. The UK needs to maintain and grow a diverse workforce and nuclear Suitably Qualified and Experienced Personnel (SQEP) people. The 2015 UK Nuclear Labour Market Intelligence (LMI) report, produced by Cogent for the Nuclear Energy Skills Alliance (NESA), concluded that the total nuclear workforce demand for the UK Nuclear Civil and Defence sector needed to grow by 33,000 people in the next five years, which includes replacement and expansion demand. This involved all disciplines and grades, with for example, higher level skilled workers needing to increase by 2200 FTEs every year. The main discipline pinch points were in, for example, Mechanical; Electrical; Project Management; Safety Case Specialists; Commissioning Engineers. Of the overall workforce, around 10% is over 60 years old and around 38% is over 50 years old. Jacobs in the UK is widely involved in many aspects of skills and competence development, with active involvement in local and national training programmes, and driving new methodologies to accelerate our staff's journey to nuclear competence. As well as looking at the immediate future, there is a risk in the UK that, over the 120-year plus clean-up mission, there won't be enough people with the right skills. Jacobs is developing sustainable solutions to this in our skills and development strategy for the nuclear sector. Jacobs has developed a variety of approaches to help us maintain and grow our diverse workforce and nuclear 'SQEP' people. This includes: - Identifying and developing our employees' technical and personal skills and capabilities, particularly the requirements of our millennials in both technical and social aspects of their working lives. - Identifying and planning for our future skills needs to meet our projected business requirements. - Our programme to transfer skilled employees from other sectors into the nuclear industry. - Our extensive school student placement scheme, aligned to the UK's 'Industrial Cadet' scheme, which has helped to bring school-aged students into Jacobs on workplace experience. - Our collaboration with our customers to develop UK national level Trailblazer Apprentice programmes. - Our involvement at a UK national level in the work of the National Skills Academy for Nuclear (NSAN), the Nuclear Energy Skills Alliance (NESA) High Level Skills Committee and the newly forming UK National College for Nuclear (NCfN). - Our work to ensure diversity is valued in our workplace, for example in our involvement in 'Women in Nuclear'. (authors)

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of Portable Acceleration Solutions for LArTPC Simulation Using Wire-Cell Toolkit

The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) technology plays an essential role in many current and future neutrino experiments. Accurate and fast simulation is critical to developing efficient analysis algorithms and precise physics model projections. The speed of simulation becomes more important as Deep Learning algorithms are getting more widely used in LArTPC analysis and their training requires a large simulated dataset. Heterogeneous computing is an efficient way to delegate computationally intensive tasks to specialized hardware. However, as the landscape of compute accelerators quickly evolves, it becomes increasingly difficult to manually adapt the code to the latest hardware or software environments. A solution which is portable to multiple hardware architectures without substantially compromising performance would thus be very beneficial, especially for long-term projects such as the LArTPC simulations. In search of a portable, scalable and maintainable software solution for LArTPC simulations, we have started to explore high-level portable programming frameworks that support several hardware backends. In this paper, we present our experience porting the LArTPC simulation code in the Wire-Cell Toolkit to NVIDIA GPUs, first with the CUDA programming model and then with a portable library called Kokkos. Preliminary performance results on NVIDIA V100 GPUs and multi-core CPUs are presented, followed by a discussion of the factors affiecting the performance and plans for future improvements.

Yu, Haiwang↗
NASA NTRS2016

High-Performance Reaction Wheel Optimization for Fine-Pointing Space Platforms: Minimizing Induced Vibration Effects on Jitter Performance plus Lessons Learned from Hubble Space Telescope for Current and Future Spacecraft Applications

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) applies large-diameter optics (2.5-m primary mirror) for diffraction-limited resolution spanning an extended wavelength range (approx. 100-2500 nm). Its Pointing Control System (PCS) Reaction Wheel Assemblies (RWAs), in the Support Systems Module (SSM), acquired an unprecedented set of high-sensitivity Induced Vibration (IV) data for 5 flight-certified RWAs: dwelling at set rotation rates. Focused on 4 key ratios, force and moment harmonic values (in 3 local principal directions) are extracted in the RWA operating range (0-3000 RPM). The IV test data, obtained under ambient lab conditions, are investigated in detail, evaluated, compiled, and curve-fitted; variational trends, core causes, and unforeseen anomalies are addressed. In aggregate, these values constitute a statistically-valid basis to quantify ground test-to-test variations and facilitate extrapolations to on-orbit conditions. Accumulated knowledge of bearing-rotor vibrational sources, corresponding harmonic contributions, and salient elements of IV key variability factors are discussed. An evolved methodology is presented for absolute assessments and relative comparisons of macro-level IV signal magnitude due to micro-level construction-assembly geometric details/imperfections stemming from both electrical drive and primary bearing design parameters. Based upon studies of same-size/similar-design momentum wheels' IV changes, upper estimates due to transitions from ground tests to orbital conditions are derived. Recommended HST RWA choices are discussed relative to system optimization/tradeoffs of Line-Of-Sight (LOS) vector-pointing focal-plane error driven by higher IV transmissibilities through low-damped structural dynamics that stimulate optical elements. Unique analytical disturbance results for orbital HST accelerations are described applicable to microgravity efforts. Conclusions, lessons learned, historical context/insights, and perspectives on future applications are given; these previously unpublished data and findings represents a valuable resource for fine-pointing spacecraft or space-based platforms using RWAs, Control Moment Gyros (CMGs), Momentum Wheels, or other ball-bearing-based rotational units.

Hasha, Martin D.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Electric Propulsion Development Activities for Space Nuclear Propulsion Applications

Given increased worldwide support for advanced nuclear technology for terrestrial applications, there is a renewed interest in the possibility of nuclear-reactor-powered spacecraft. NASA continues investing in the technology areas necessary to support NASA’s future scientific and exploration goals. One of those technologies areas is electric propulsion, a highly efficient means for in-space propulsion that increases fuel economy by ionizing and accelerating an onboard propellant using spacecraft electrical power. The current NASA portfolio of electric propulsion investments in support of space nuclear applications focuses on a range of future applications with total system power levels of 50 kilowatts to multimegawatt. These investments support a fast-paced incremental rate for technology development advancement to support these applications. Systems at the 50-kilowatt power level can be accomplished today with existing technology and systems at the multimegawatt level will require further technology developments over the coming decade. Propulsion systems based an array of multiple Hall thrusters have been identified the most likely technology option for the near-term applications and systems utilizing lithium-fueled magneto-plasma-dynamic thrusters have been identified as the most promising alternative technology option for the far-term applications at very high-power levels.

Electric Propulsion↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Electric Propulsion Development Activities for Space Nuclear Propulsion Applications

Given increased worldwide support for advanced nuclear technology for terrestrial applications, there is a renewed interest in the possibility of nuclear-reactor-powered spacecraft. NASA continues investing in the technology areas necessary to support NASA’s future scientific and exploration goals. One of those technologies areas is electric propulsion, a highly efficient means for in-space propulsion that increases fuel economy by ionizing and accelerating an onboard propellant using spacecraft electrical power. The current NASA portfolio of electric propulsion investments in support of space nuclear applications focuses on a range of future applications with total system power levels of 50 kilowatts to multimegawatt. These investments support a fast-paced incremental rate for technology development advancement to support these applications. Systems at the 50-kilowatt power level can be accomplished today with existing technology and systems at the multimegawatt level will require further technology developments over the coming decade. Propulsion systems based an array of multiple Hall thrusters have been identified the most likely technology option for the near-term applications and systems utilizing lithium-fueled magneto-plasma-dynamic thrusters have been identified as the most promising alternative technology option for the far-term applications at very high-power levels.

Electric propulsion↗
DOE OSTI2025

Universal Electronic‐Structure Relationship Governing Intrinsic Magnetic Properties in Permanent Magnets

An electronic-structure-centered perspective is presented on permanent-magnet (PM) design, highlighting two key levers, that is, saturation magnetization (M s ), governed by 3d-band filling and exchange physics, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), arising from spin-orbit coupling (SOC) on anisotropic orbital populations. Reviewing current practices, including DFT-based MAE/J ij extraction, atomistic-spin and micromagnetic modeling, and high-throughput machine learning (ML) pipelines, three bottlenecks limiting predictive discovery is identified that is i) electronic-structure accuracy for small MAE (sensitive to functional choice, Hubbard U, and many-body effects), ii) finite-temperature and kinetic realism (phonon/magnon renormalization, ordering kinetics), and iii) descriptor and multiscale decoupling (lack of SOC-weighted and orbital-resolved fingerprints). Deep dives into the electronic-structure of Nd─Fe─B and Fe─N show how these fingerprints govern magnetic performance, motivating DFT- and quantum-mechanics-based descriptors for discovery. Unbiased, structure-driven exploration, coupled with high-throughput simulations, ML, generative AI, and reasoning models, accelerates candidate identification and propagates insights across scales. Addressing supply-chain risks, on future needs of designing “critical-element-free” magnets with tailored microstructure and high energy products is emphasized. By integrating electronic fingerprints, AI reasoning, and multiscale modeling, a practical roadmap is provided for rare-earth-lean or rare-earth free, high-performance, sustainable PMs.

Singh, Prashant [Ames Laboratory, and Iowa State U↗
DOE OSTI2021

Development of an optimized and scalable method for isolation of umbilical cord blood-derived small extracellular vesicles for future clinical use

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a promising therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine. These particles were shown to accelerate wound healing, through delivery of regenerative mediators, such as microRNAs. Herein we describe an optimized and upscalable process for the isolation of EV smaller than 200 nm (sEV), secreted by umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MNC) under ischemic conditions and propose quality control thresholds for the isolated vesicles, based on the thorough characterization of their protein, lipid and RNA content. Ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography (UF/SEC) optimized methodology proved superior to traditional ultracentrifugation (UC), regarding production time, standardization, scalability, and vesicle yield. Using UF/SEC, we were able to recover approximately 400 times more sEV per mL of media than with UC, and upscaling this process further increases EV yield by about 3-fold. UF/SEC-isolated sEV display many of the sEV/exosomes classical markers and are enriched in molecules with anti-inflammatory and regenerative capacity, such as hemopexin and miR-150. Accordingly, treatment with sEV promotes angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling, in vitro. In vivo, UCB-MNC-sEV significantly accelerate skin regeneration in a mouse model of delayed wound healing. The proposed isolation protocol constitutes a significant improvement compared to UC, the gold-standard in the field. Isolated sEV maintain their regenerative properties, whereas downstream contaminants are minimized. The use of UF/SEC allows for the standardization and upscalability required for mass production of sEV to be used in a clinical setting.

Cardoso, Renato M. S.↗