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At least 901 records · Page 50

Mathematical modeling of the aerodynamics of high-angle-of-attack maneuvers

This paper is a review of the current state of aerodynamic mathematical modeling for aircraft motions at high angles of attack. The mathematical model serves to define a set of characteristic motions from whose known aerodynamic responses the aerodynamic response to an arbitrary high angle-of-attack flight maneuver can be predicted. Means are explored of obtaining stability parameter information in terms of the characteristic motions, whether by wind-tunnel experiments, computational methods, or by parameter-identification methods applied to flight-test data. A rationale is presented for selecting and verifying the aerodynamic mathematical model at the lowest necessary level of complexity. Experimental results describing the wing-rock phenomenon are shown to be accommodated within the most recent mathematical model by admitting the existence of aerodynamic hysteresis in the steady-state variation of the rolling moment with roll angle. Interpretation of the experimental results in terms of bifurcation theory reveals the general conditions under which aerodynamic hysteresis must exist.

Schiff, L. B.↗

Phase-angle controller for Stirling engines

An actuator includes a restraint link adapted to be connected with a pivotal carrier arm for a force transfer gear interposed between the crankshaft for an expander portion of a Stirling engine and a crankshaft for the displacer portion of the engine. The restraint link is releasably trapped hydraulic fluid for selectively establishing a phase angle relationship between the crankshaft. A second embodiment incorporates a hydraulic coupler for use in varying the phase angle of gear-coupled crank fpr a Stirling engine whereby phase angle changes are obtainable.

Mcdougal, A. R.↗

Amplitude and angle of arrival measurements on a 28.56 GHz Earth-space path

The amplitude and angle of arrival measurements on an Earth-space path using the 28.56 GHz COMSTAR D3 satellite beacon are described. These measurements were made by the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory during the period September 1978 to September 1979. Monthly, quarterly, and annual distributions of attenuation, angle of arrival, and variance of both these parameters are reported. During this period, fades exceeding 29 dB for .00% of the time and angle of arrival fluctuations exceeding .12 degrees for .01% of the time were observed.

Devasirvatham, D. M. J.↗

Laser angle sensor development

Electrical and optical parameters were developed for a two axis (pitch/roll) laser angle sensor. The laser source and detector were mounted in the plenum above the model. Two axis optical distortion measurements of flow characteristics in a 0.3 transonic cryogenic tunnel were made with a shearing interferometer. The measurement results provide a basis for estimating the optical parameters of the laser angle sensor. Experimental and analytical information was generated on model windows to cover the reflector. A two axis breadboard was assembled to evaluate different measurement concepts. The measurement results were used to develop a preliminary design of a laser angle sensor. Schematics and expected performance specifications are included.

Pond, C. R.↗

Wing-alone aerodynamic characteristics for high angles of attack of supersonic speeds

An experiment was conducted to determine wing-alone supersonic aerodynamic characteristics at high angles of attack. The wings tested varied in aspect ratio from 0.5 to 4.0 and in taper ratio from 0 to 1.0. The wings were tested at angles of attack ranging rom -5 deg to 60 deg and at Mach number from 1.60 to 4.60. The aerodynamic characteristics were obtained by integrating local pressures measured over the wing surfaces. Presented and discussed are results showing the effects of aspect ratio, taper ratio, Mach number, and angle of attack on force and moment coefficients and center of pressure locations. Also included are tabulations of the pressure measurements.

Stallings, R. L., Jr.↗

Hinged strakes for enhanced maneuverability at high angles of attack

A controllable-strake concept for alleviating the adverse effects of strake vortex breakdown and asymmetry on the longitudinal and lateral aerodynamics of strake-wing configurations at high angles of attack is presented. The concept aims to control the strake load independently of angle of attack and sideslip by varying the anhedral angle of strakes hinged along the root chord. The strakes may be deflected in a symmetrical or nonsymmetrical mode for a variety of control functions. Results are presented of an exploratory wind-tunnel investigation to evaluate the potential of the hinged-strake concept for enhancing the three-axis controllability in post-stall flight.

Rao, D. M.↗

Visible spectral reflectance measurements /0.33-1.1 microns/ of the Galilean satellites at many orbital phase angles

One hundred eighty-seven reflectance spectra (0.33-1.10 microns) of the Galilean satellites have been obtained. Solar phase angle color correction coefficients were derived and the spectra corrected to a solar phase of 6 deg. Solar phase angle coefficients beyond 0.55 micron are presented for the first time. The spectra as a function of orbital phase angle are presented in the form of images to display hemispheric spectral variations. Io and Europa are redder on their trailing hemispheres while Callisto is redder on its leading hemisphere. Ganymede shows small longitudinal color variations despite the complex albedo structure visible in Voyager images. Comparisons of these data with previous measurements reveal that most differences can be attributed to the solar calibration. Reflectance measurements of Io at 0.73 micron observed 8.5 years apart show a 6% global reflectance decrease. However, it is difficult to unambiguously attribute this particular decrease in reflectance to a change in Io's surface composition.

Mcfadden, L. A.↗

General formulation of optical paths for large zenith angles in the earth's curved atmosphere

Formulas that can be used to determine the optical path between two points along an atmospheric ray path are derived for the case when the local zenith angle of the ray path is larger than 70 deg. For angles less than 70 deg, these formulas reduce to the airmass function; viz., the secant of the zenith angle. The formulation presented in this paper is general enough to be applicable to a wide variety of atmospheric conditions, such as spherical and nonspherical atmospheres, and vertically and horizontally homogeneous as well as inhomogeneous atmospheres. A formulation for the case when atmospheric refraction is important also is presented here.

Wang, P.-H.↗

Approximate heating analysis for the windward-symmetry plane of Shuttle-like bodies at large angle of attack

An engineering method has been developed for computing the windward-symmetry plane convective heat-transfer rates on Shuttle-like vehicles at large angles of attack. The engineering code includes an approximate inviscid flowfield technique, laminar and turbulent heating-rate expressions, an approximation to account for the variable-entropy effects on the surface heating and the concept of an equivalent axisymmetric body to model the windward-ray flowfields of Shuttle-like vehicles at angles of attack from 25 to 45 degrees. The engineering method is validated by comparing computed heating results with corresponding experimental data measured on Shuttle and advanced transportation models over a wide range of flow conditions and angles of attack from 25 to 40 degrees and also with results of existing prediction techniques. The comparisons are in good agreement.

Zoby, E. V.↗

Aerodynamic heating on the corrugated surface of a 10.2 deg half-angle blunted cone at Mach 6.7

A 10.2 deg half-angle blunted cone with corrugated surfaces was tested in the Langley 8-foot high-temperature structures tunnel to measure the aerodynamic heating of its surfaces. The tests were made in a turbulent boundary layer at angles of attack of 0 deg, 5 deg, and 10 deg. Heating of the windward side was in reasonable agreement with theoretical turbulent predictions for a smooth cone, while heating on the leeward side was between laminar and turbulent predictions as a result of local transitional flow or flow separation produced by high lee-side pressures. Localized heating measurements indicated a significant increase in heating at large cross-flow angles, with the maximum heating rates occurring where the flow reattaches on the upstream side of the corrugation crest and the minimum occurring on the downstream side where the flow is separated.

Weinstein, I.↗

Estimation of bearing contact angle in-situ by X-ray kinematography

The mounted, preloaded contact angle of the structural bearings in the assembled design mechanical assembly was measured. A modification of the Turns method is presented, based upon the clarity and definition of moving parts achieved with X-ray technique and cinematic display. Contact angle is estimated by counting the number of bearings passing a given point as a function of number of turns of the shaft. Ball and pitch diameter variations are discussed. Ball train and shaft angle uncertainties are also discussed.

Fowler, P. H.↗

Estimation of airplane stability and control derivatives at high angles of attack

A technique for extracting approximate aircraft stability and control derivatives over a broad range of angle of attack from a single large amplitude maneuver which encompasses that range is presented. The results from the application of this technique to flight data are shown to agree well with derivatives extracted from several maneuvers which are more restricted in range of angle of attack. The technique consists of dividing the data from the large maneuver into bins that are a function of angle of attack. The binned data is then analyzed with a modified stepwise regression. The identification of nonlinear terms in the aerodynamic model is shown to discern regions of rapid change in aircraft behavior.

Batterson, J. G.↗

Large-scale wind tunnel tests of a sting-supported V/STOL fighter model at high angles of attack

A new sting model support has been developed for the NASA/Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel. This addition to the facility permits testing of relatively large models to large angles of attack or angles of yaw depending on model orientation. An initial test on the sting is described. This test used a 0.4-scale powered V/STOL model designed for testing at angles of attack to 90 deg and greater. A method for correcting wake blockage was developed and applied to the force and moment data. Samples of this data and results of surface-pressure measurements are presented.

Stoll, F.↗

View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures

The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13 C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1 C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.

Kimes, D. S.↗

Circuitry for Angle Measurements

Angle resolver pulsed and read under microprocessor control. Pulse generator excites resolver windings with dual slope pulse. System sequentially reads sine and cosine windings. Microprocessor determines angle through which resolver shaft turned from reference angle. Suitable applications include rate tables, antenna direction controllers, and machine tools.

Currie, J. R.↗

An experimental and theoretical investigation of thick wings at various sweep angles in and out of ground effect

The effects of sweep and aspect ratio on the longitudinal aerodynamics of a wing in and out of ground effect are analyzed. Experimental data were obtained in the Langley 4 by 7 Meter Tunnel for a wing with various sweep angles, aspect ratios, and flap deflections both in and out of ground effect. Theoretical predictions of the out of ground effect lift coefficients and flap effectiveness and the in ground effect lift coefficients are compared with the experimental results. As expected, the lift curve slope and flap effectiveness are reduced when the aspect ratio is reduced or the sweep angle is increased both in and out of ground effect. In ground effect, the lift and flap effectiveness are increased above a wing height to span ratio of 0.15. However, with flap deflections less than or equal to 10 deg and an angle of attack near 0 deg lift is markedly decreased at very low heights above the ground plane. This trend is not predicted by planar theoretical models but is predicted by a surface panel method where thickness effects are included.

Paulson, J. W., Jr.↗

Radar modeling of space diversity associated with slant path rain attenuation at variable path angles, frequencies, and drop size distributions

Single and joint terminal slant path attenuation statistics at frequencies of 28.56 and 19.04 GHz were derived from radar data. Statistics were independently obtained for path angles of 20, 45, and 90 deg, in order to examine how path angle influences both single terminal and joint probability distributions. A prediction technique is demonstrated to work well for calculating both single and joint terminal distributions at other path angles. Diversity gains and autocorrelation function dependence on site spacing were determined employing the radar modeling results.

Goldhirsh, J.↗

Adaptive reference voltage generator for firing angle control of line-commutated inverters

A control system for a permanent-magnet motor driven by a multiphase line-commulated inverter is described. It is provided with integrators for integrating the back EMF of each phase of the motor for use in generating system control signals for an inverter gate logic using a sync and firing angle control generator connected to the outputs of the integrators. The firing angle control signals are produced by the control generator by means for combining 120 deg segments of the integrated back EMF signals symmetrical about their maxima into composite positive and negative waveforms, and means for sampling the maxima of each waveform every 120 deg. These samples are then used as positive and negative firing angle control signals. Whereby any change in amplitude of the integrated back EMF signals will not affect a change in the operating power factor of the motor and inverter.

Dolland, C. R.↗