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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 901 records · Page 50
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Redox-Noninnocent Ligand-Supported Vanadium Catalysts for the Chemoselective Reduction of C=X (X = O, N) Functionalities

Catalysis is the second largest application for V after its use as an additive to improve steel production. Molecular complexes of vanadium(V) are particularly useful and efficient catalysts for oxidation processes; however, their ability to catalyze reductive transformations has yet to be fully explored. Here we report the first examples of polar organic functionality reduction mediated by V. Open-shell V III complexes that feature a π-radical monoanionic 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine ligand (Rtpy • ) – functionalized at the 4'-position (R = (CH 3 ) 3 SiCH 2 , C 6 H 5 ) catalyze mild and chemoselective hydroboration and hydrosilylation of functionalized ketones, aldehydes, imines, esters, and carboxamides with turnover numbers (TONs) of up to ~1000 and turnover frequencies (TOFs) of up to ~500 h –1 . In conclusion, computational evaluation of the precatalyst synthesis and activation has revealed underappreciated complexity associated with the redox-active tpy chelate.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Second Coordination Sphere Effects in an Evolved Ru Complex Based on Highly Adaptable Ligand Results in Rapid Water Oxidation Catalysis

A new Ru complex containing the deprotonated 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine-6,6"-diphosphonic acid (H 4 tPa) and pyridine (py) of general formula [Ru II (H 3 tPa-κ-N 3 O)(py) 2 ] + , 2 + , has been prepared and thoroughly characterized by means of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Complex 2 + presents a dynamic behavior in the solution that involves the synchronous coordination and the decoordination of the dangling phosphonic groups of the tPa 4– ligand. Yet, at oxidation state IV, complex 2 + becomes seven coordinated with the two phosphonic groups now bonded to the metal center. Further, at this oxidation state at neutral and basic pH, the Ru complex undergoes the coordination of an exogenous OH – group from the solvent that leads to an intramolecular aromatic O atom insertion into the CH bond of one of the pyridyl groups, forming the corresponding phenoxo-phosphonate Ru complex [Ru III (tPaO-κ-N 2 O P O C )(py) 2 ] 2– , 4 2– , where tPaO 5– is the 3-(hydroxo-[2,2':6',2"-terpyridine]-6,6"-diyl)bis(phosphonate) ligand. This new in situ generated Ru complex, 4 2– , has been isolated and spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. In addition, a crystal structure has been also obtained using single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Complex 4 2– turns out to be an exceptional water oxidation catalyst achieving record maximum turnover frequencies (TOF max ) on the order of 16 000 s –1 . A mechanistic analysis complemented with DFT calculations has further been carried out, showing the critical role of intramolecular second coordination sphere effects exerted by the phosphonate groups in lowering the activation energy at the rate-determining step.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ion Mobility Separations Using Cocentric Architecture

Ion mobility separations are usually performed in linear channels, which, when extended, can have a large footprint. In this work, we explored the performance of an ion mobility device with a curved architecture which can have a more compact form. The Co-centric Ion Mobility Spectrometer (CIMS) works by manipulating ions between two co-centric surfaces, each containing a serpentine track. The mobility separation inside CIMS is achieved using traveling waveforms (TWs). We initially evaluated the device using ion trajectory simulations using SIMION, which indicated that when ions traveled circularly inside CIMS, they resulted in similar resolving powers and transmitted m/z range as traveling in a straight path in structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM). We then performed experimental validation of CIMS in conjunction with a TOF MS. The CIMS was made of 2 flexible printed circuit board materials folded into concentric cylinders separated by a gap of 2.8 mm. The device was about 50 mm diameter × 152 mm long and provided 1.846 m of serpentine path length. Three sets of mixtures (Agilent tune mixture, tetraalkylammonium salts, and 8 peptide mixture) and four traveling waveform profiles (square, sine, triangle, and sawtooth) were used. The sawtooth TW profile produced a slightly higher resolving power for the Agilent tuning mixture and tetraalkylammonium ions. The average resolving power for Agilent tune mixture ions ranged from 37 (using sawtooth TW) to 27 (using square TW). For tetraalkylammonium ions, the average resolving powers ranged from 45 (sawtooth TW) to 31 (square TW). For the peptide mixture ions, the resolving power was similar among the four TW profiles and ranged from 51 to 56. The average percent error in TW CCS for the peptide mixture ions ranged was about 0.4%. In conclusion, the new device showed promising results for a device made of a flexible printed circuit board material, but improvements are needed to further increase the resolving power.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Rapid Generation of Tandem Mass Spectrometry Reference Libraries Using Immediate Drop-on-Demand Liquid Handling Coupled to an Open Port Sampling Interface

In metabolomics, tandem MS (MS2) fragmentation libraries are important for the identification of unknown features, but generating these libraries takes many valuable hours of instrument and operator time. Here, an immediate droplet-on-demand/open port sampling interface was used to rapidly acquire tandem MS of standards arrayed in a 96-well plate format. A workflow was developed for automated, high-throughput control of MS2 library generation. Pure standard mass spectral libraries were collected on Orbitrap and Q-TOF mass spectrometers for 192 compounds using 6 different collision energies with a throughput of 4 and 7.8 s/spectrum, respectively. Libraries were acquired using different solvent additives, precursor adducts, and ion polarities.

Cahill, John [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000298664010)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mass Spectrometric Determination of Site-Specific O -Acetylation in Rhamnogalacturonan I Oligomers

O-acetylation, a common modification in rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), is critical for various biological processes, including plant growth, stress responses, and pathogen defense. Precise determination of the degree and specific positions of acetylation is therefore essential. To date, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and tandem mass spectrometry have been employed to identify O-acetyl positions in pectin oligosaccharides. Although NMR is effective, it requires pure, high-concentration samples. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), which uses smaller sample amounts, faces challenges due to O-acetyl migration between monosaccharide positions. The multiple steps in pectin sample analysis can further promote O-acetyl migration, especially near free hydroxyl groups. Moreover, during tandem MS, O-acetyl groups may detach, complicating the accurate tracking. This study presents an approach to lock O-acetyl groups by introducing trideuteroacetyl and propionyl substituents onto free hydroxyls of RG-I or partially acetylated RG-I. By combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS and electrospray ionization (ESI) MS with MS/MS or tandem mass spectrometry (MSn), we devised a way to determine the monosaccharide sequence in the oligomer and the precise positions of O-acetyl groups in partially acetylated RG-I. This method enables the study of the regiospecificity of recombinant pectin O-acetyltransferases and can be applied to other oligosaccharides to determine acyl positions.

O-acetylation↗
DOE OSTI2010

D-atom products in predissociation of CD{sub 2}CD{sub 2}OH from the 202-215 nm photodissociation of 2-bromoethanol.

Experimental observations of D fragments from the predissociation of rovibrationally excited partially deuterated 2-hydroxyethyl radicals, CD{sub 2}CD{sub 2}OH, are reported, and possible dissociation channels are analyzed by theory. The radicals are produced by photolysis of 2-bromoethanol at 202-215 nm, and some of them have sufficient internal energy to predissociate. D fragments are detected by 1 + 1{prime} REMPI and their TOF distributions are determined. They can be associated with vinyl alcohol and/or acetaldehyde cofragments. From analysis of the maximum velocities and kinetic energies of the observed D fragments it is concluded that they originate from the decomposition of CD2CD2OH, but the experimental resolution is insufficient to distinguish between the two possible channels leading to D products. Theoretical analysis and RRKM calculations of microcanonical dissociation rates and branching ratios for the range of available excess energies (up to 5000-8000 cm{sup -1} above the OH + C{sub 2}D{sub 4} threshold) indicate that the D-producing channels are minor (about 1%) compared to the predominant OH + C{sub 2}D{sub 4} channel, and the branching ratio for D production is more favorable when the reactant radicals have low rotational energy. The vinyl alcohol channel is strongly favored over the acetaldehyde channel at all excess energies, except near the threshold of these channels.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Coverage Dependent Charge Reduction of Cationic Gold Clusters on Surfaces Prepared Using Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

The ionic charge state of monodisperse cationic gold clusters on surfaces may be controlled by selecting the coverage of mass-selected ions soft landed onto a substrate. Polydisperse diphosphine-capped gold clusters were synthesized in solution by reduction of chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) with borane tert-butylamine in the presence of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane. The polydisperse gold clusters were introduced into the gas phase by electrospray ionization and mass selection was employed to select a multiply charged cationic cluster species (Au11L53+, m/z = 1409, L = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) which was delivered to the surfaces of four different self-assembled monolayers on gold (SAMs) at coverages of 1011 and 1012 clusters/mm2. Employing the spatial profiling capabilities of in-situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) it is shown that, in addition to the chemical functionality of the monolayer (as demonstrated previously: ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 573) the coverage of cationic gold clusters on the surface may be used to control the distribution of ionic charge states of the soft-landed multiply charged clusters. In the case of a 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol SAM (FSAM) almost complete retention of charge by the deposited Au11L53+ clusters was observed at a lower coverage of 1011 clusters/mm2. In contrast, at a higher coverage of 1012 clusters/mm2, pronounced reduction of charge to Au11L52+ and Au11L5+ was observed on the FSAM. When soft landed onto 16- and 11-mercaptohexadecanoic acid surfaces on gold (16,11-COOH-SAMs), the mass-selected Au11L53+ clusters exhibited partial reduction of charge to Au11L52+ at lower coverage and additional reduction of charge to both Au11L52+ and Au11L5+ at higher coverage. The reduction of charge was found to be more pronounced on the surface of the shorter (thinner) C11 than the longer (thicker) C16-COOH-SAM. On the surface of the 1-dodecanethiol (HSAM) monolayer, the most abundant charge state was found to be Au11L52+ at lower coverage and Au11L5+ at higher coverage, respectively. A coverage-dependent electron tunneling mechanism is proposed to account for the observed reduction of charge of mass-selected multiply charged gold clusters soft landed on SAMs. The results demonstrate that one of the critical parameters that influence the chemical and physical properties of supported metal clusters, ionic charge state, may be controlled by selecting the coverage of charged species soft landed onto surfaces.

charge reductionkk↗
DOE OSTI2013

Reversible Hydrogen Storage in a LiBH 4 –C 60 Nanocomposite

Reversible hydrogen storage in a LiBH 4 :C 60 nanocomposite (70:30 wt. %) synthesized by solvent-assisted mixing has been demonstrated. During the solvent-assisted mixing and nanocomposite formation, a chemical reaction occurs in which the C 60 cages are significantly modified by polymerization as well as by hydrogenation (fullerane formation) in the presence of LiBH{sub 4}. We have determined that two distinct hydrogen desorption events are observed upon rehydrogenation of the material, which are attributed to the reversible formation of a fullerane (C 60 H x ) as well as a LiBH4 species. This system is unique in that the carbon species (C 60 ) actively participates in the hydrogen storage process which differs from the common practice of melt infiltration of high surface area carbon materials with LiBH 4 (nanoconfinment effect). This nanocomposite demonstrated good reversible hydrogen storage properties as well as the ability to absorb hydrogen under mild conditions (pressures as low as 10 bar H 2 or temperatures as low as 150°C). The nanocomposite was characterized by TGA-RGA, DSC, XRD, LDI-TOF-MS, FTIR, 1H NMR, and APPI MS.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effects of Chemical Complexity on the Autoxidation Mechanisms of Endocyclic Alkene Ozonolysis Products: From Methylcyclohexenes toward Understanding α-Pinene

Formation of highly oxidized, multifunctional products in the ozonolysis of three endocyclic alkenes, 1- methylcyclohexene, 4- methylcyclohexene, and α-pinene, was investigated using a chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer with a nitrate ion (NO 3 - ) based ionization scheme. Also, the experiments were performed in borosilicate glass flow tube reactors at room temperature (T = 293 ± 3 K) and at ambient pressure. An ensemble of oxidized monomer and dimer products was detected, with elemental compositions obtained from the high-resolution mass spectra. The monomer product distributions have O/C ratios from 0.8 to 1.6 and can be explained with an autocatalytic oxidation mechanism (=autoxidation) where the oxygen-centered peroxy radical (RO 2 ) intermediates internally rearrange by intramolecular hydrogen shift reactions, enabling more oxygen molecules to attach to the carbon backbone. Dimer distributions are proposed to form by homogeneous peroxy radical recombination and cross combination reactions. Our conclusions were supported by experiments where H atoms were exchanged to D atoms by addition of D 2 O to the carrier gas flow. Methylcyclohexenes were observed to autoxidize in accordance with our previous work on cyclohexene, whereas in α-pinene ozonolysis different mechanistic steps are needed to explain the products observed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Charge Retention by Gold Clusters on Surfaces Prepared Using Soft Landing of Mass Selected Ions

Monodisperse gold clusters have been prepared on surfaces in different charge states through soft landing of mass-selected ions. Ligand-stabilized gold clusters were prepared in methanol solution by reduction of chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) with borane tert-butylamine complex in the presence of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane. Electrospray ionization was used to introduce the clusters into the gas-phase and mass-selection was employed to isolate a single ionic cluster species (Au11L53+, L = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) which was delivered to surfaces at well controlled kinetic energies. Using in-situ time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) it is demonstrated that the Au11L53+ cluster retains its 3+ charge state when soft landed onto the surface of a 1H,1H,2H,2H-

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

The curious case of the structural phase transition in SnSe insights from neutron total scattering

Abstract At elevated temperatures SnSe is reported to undergo a structural transition from the low symmetry orthorhombic GeS-type to a higher symmetry orthorhombic TlI-type. Although increasing symmetry should likewise increase lattice thermal conductivity, many experiments on single crystals and polycrystalline materials indicate that this is not the case. Here we present temperature dependent analysis of time-of-flight (TOF) neutron total scattering data in combination with theoretical modeling to probe the local to long-range evolution of the structure. We report that while SnSe is well characterized on average within the high symmetry space group above the transition, over length scales of a few unit cells SnSe remains better characterized in the low symmetry GeS-type space group. Our finding from robust modeling provides further insight into the curious case of a dynamic order-disorder phase transition in SnSe, a model consistent with the soft-phonon picture of the high thermoelectric power above the phase transition.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Plasma-assisted manipulation of vanadia nanoclusters for efficient selective catalytic reduction of NO x

Supported nanoclusters (SNCs) with distinct geometric and electronic structures have garnered significant attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. However, their directed synthesis remains a challenge due to limited efficient approaches. This study presents a plasma-assisted treatment strategy to achieve supported metal oxide nanoclusters from a rapid transformation of monomeric dispersed metal oxides. As a case study, oligomeric vanadia-dominated surface sites were derived from the classic supported V 2 O 5 -WO 3 /TiO 2 (VWT) catalyst and showed nearly an order of magnitude increase in turnover frequency (TOF) value via an H 2 -plasma treatment for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH 3 . Such oligomeric surface VO x sites were not only successfully observed and firstly distinguished from WO x and TiO 2 by advanced electron microscopy, but also facilitated the generation of surface amide and nitrates intermediates that enable barrier-less steps in the SCR reaction as observed by modulation excitation spectroscopy technologies and predicted DFT calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Carbon Contamination During Ion Irradiation - Accurate Detection and Characterization of its Effect on Microstructure of Ferritic/Martensitic Steels

Accelerator-based ion beam irradiation techniques have been used to study radiation effects in materials for decades. Although carbon contamination induced by ion beams in target materials is a well-known issue in some material systems, it has not been fully characterized nor quantified for studies in ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steels that are candidate materials for applications such as core structural components in advanced nuclear reactors. It is an especially important issue for this class of material because of the strong effect of carbon level on precipitate formation. In this paper, the ability to quantify carbon contamination using three common techniques, namely time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), atom probe tomography (APT), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is compared. Their effectiveness and shortcomings in determining carbon contamination are presented and discussed. The corresponding microstructural changes related to carbon contamination in ion irradiated F/M steels are also presented and briefly discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Lysine Possesses the Optimal Chain Length for Histone Lysine Methyltransferase Catalysis

Histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) represent an important class of epigenetic enzymes that play essential roles in regulation of gene expression in humans. Members of the KMT family catalyze the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to lysine residues in histone tails and core histones. Here we report combined MALDI-TOF MS experiments, NMR analyses and quantum mechanical/molecular dynamics studies on human KMT-catalyzed methylation of the most related shorter and longer lysine analogues, namely ornithine and homolysine, in model histone peptides. Our experimental work demonstrates that while lysine is an excellent natural substrate for KMTs, ornithine and homolysine are not. This study reveals that ornithine does not undergo KMT-catalyzed methylation reactions, whereas homolysine can be methylated by representative examples of human KMTs. The results demonstrate that the specificity of KMTs is highly sensitive to the side chain length of the residue to be methylated. The origin for the degree of the observed activities of KMTs on ornithine and homolysine is discussed.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2019

High-throughput investigation of crystal-to-glass transformation of Ti–Ni–Cu ternary alloy

A high-throughput investigation of metallic glass formation via solid-state reaction was reported in this paper. Combinatorial multilayered thin-film chips covering the entire Ti-Ni-Cu ternary system were prepared using ion beam sputtering technique. Microbeam synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements were conducted, with 1,325 data points collected from each chip, to map out the composition and the phase constitution before and after annealing at 373 K for 110 hours. The composition dependence of the crystal-to-glass transition by solid-state reaction was surveyed using this approach. The resulting composition-phase map is consistent with previously reported results. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) was performed on the representative compositions to determine the inter-diffusion between layers, the result shows that the diffusion of Ti is the key factor for the crystal-to-glass transition. In addition, both layer thickness and layer sequence play important roles as well. This work demonstrates that combinatorial chip technique is an efficient way for systematic and rapid study of crystal-to-glass transition for multi-component alloy systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ultrafast Photofragmentation of Ln(hfac)3 with a Proposed Mechanism for forming High Mass Fluorinated Products

Abstract The photo-induced dissociative-ionization of lanthanide complexes Ln(hfac) 3 (Ln = Pr, Er, Yb) is studied using intense ultrafast transform limited (TL) and linearly chirped laser pulses in a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry setup. Various fluorine and Ln-containing high-mass fragments were observed in this experiment, including the molecular parent ion, which have not been seen with previous studies relying on relatively long-duration laser pulses (i.e., ns or longer). These new high-mass observations provide important formerly missing information for deducing a set of photo-fragmentation mechanistic pathways for Ln(hfac) 3 . An overall ultrafast control mechanism is proposed by combining insights from earlier studies and the fragments observed in this research to result in three main distinct photo-fragmentation processes: (a) ligand-metal charge transfer, (b) CF 3 elimination, and (c) C-C bond rotation processes. We conclude that ultrafast dissociative-ionization could be a promising technique for generating high-mass fragments for potential use in material science applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Understanding the structure and composition of recalcitrant oligosaccharides in hydrolysate using high-throughput biotin-based glycome profiling and mass spectrometry

Novel Immunological and Mass Spectrometry Methods for Comprehensive Analysis of Recalcitrant Oligosaccharides in AFEX Pretreated Corn Stover. Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel and is extensively used for developing bio-based technologies to produce products such as food, feed, fuel, and chemicals. The key to these technologies is to develop cost competitive processes to convert complex carbohydrates present in plant cell wall to simple sugars such as glucose, xylose, and arabinose. Since lignocellulosic biomass is highly recalcitrant, it must undergo a combination of thermochemical treatment such as Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX), dilute acid (DA), Ionic Liquid (IL) and biological treatment such as enzyme hydrolysis and microbial fermentation to produce desired products. However, when using commercial fungal enzymes during hydrolysis, only 75–85% of the soluble sugars generated are monomeric sugars, while the remaining 15–25% are soluble recalcitrant oligosaccharides that cannot be easily utilized by microorganisms. Previously, we successfully separated and purified the soluble recalcitrant oligosaccharides using a combination of charcoal and celite-based separation followed by size exclusion chromatography and studies their inhibitory properties on enzymes. We discovered that the oligosaccharides with higher degree of polymerization (DP) containing methylated uronic acid substitutions were more recalcitrant towards commercial enzyme mixtures than lower DP and neutral oligosaccharides. Here, we report the use of several complementary techniques that include glycome profiling using plant biomass glycan specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to characterize sugar linkages in plant cell walls and enzymatic hydrolysate, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) using structurally-informative diagnostic peaks offered by negative ion post-secondary decay spectra, gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to characterize oligosaccharide sugar linkages with and without derivatization. Since oligosaccharides (DP 4–20) are small, it is challenging to mobilize these molecules for mAbs binding and characterization. To overcome this problem, we have applied a new biotin-coupling based oligosaccharide immobilization method that successfully tagged most of the low DP soluble oligosaccharides on to a micro-plate surface followed by specific linkage analysis using mAbs in a high-throughput system. This new approach will help develop more advanced versions of future high throughput glycome profiling methods that can be used to separate and characterize oligosaccharides present in biomarkers for diagnostic applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Dark air–liquid interfacial chemistry of glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide

The air-liquid (a-l) interfacial chemistry of glyoxal is of great interest in atmospheric chemistry. We present molecular imaging of glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) dark aging using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). More organic peroxides and cluster ions are observed at the a-l interface in dark aging compared to UV aging. Cluster ions formed with more water molecules in dark aging indicate that aqueous secondary organic aerosols (aqSOA) could form hydrogen bond with water molecules, suggesting that aqSOA at the aqueous phase are more hydrophilic. Thus the interfacial aqSOA in dark aging could increase hygroscopic growth. Strong contribution of cluster ions and large water clusters in dark aging indicates change of solvation shells at the a-l interface. The observation of organic peroxides and cluster ions indicates that the aqueous surface could be a reservoir of organic peroxides and odd hydrogen radicals at night. Our findings provide new understandings of glyoxal a-l interfacial chemistry and fill in the gap between field measurements and the climate model simulation of SOA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗