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(Pb)3S is Uranium Silicide structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one hydrogen sulfide molecule and one Pb framework. In the Pb framework, Pb is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Pb atoms. All Pb–Pb bond lengths are 3.42 Å.
MgPb2 is Cotunnite structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Pb atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.05–3.47 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five equivalent Mg atoms. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded to four equivalent Mg atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing PbMg4 tetrahedra.
YbPdPb crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Yb is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to five Pd and six equivalent Pb atoms. There are four shorter (3.11 Å) and one longer (3.17 Å) Yb–Pd bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.27 Å) and four longer (3.43 Å) Yb–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Yb and three equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.91 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Yb and six equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.87 Å. Pb is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Yb and four Pd atoms.
Pd6PbAs crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to ten Pd, one Pb, and three equivalent As atoms. There are a spread of Pd–Pd bond distances ranging from 2.72–3.19 Å. The Pd–Pb bond length is 2.94 Å. All Pd–As bond lengths are 2.73 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven Pd, three equivalent Pb, and one As atom. There are three shorter (2.69 Å) and one longer (2.84 Å) Pd–Pd bond lengths. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.86 Å. The Pd–As bond length is 2.56 Å. In the third Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eight Pd and three equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 3.14 Å. Pb is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to fourteen Pd atoms. As is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight Pd atoms.
ErPdPb crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to five Pd and six equivalent Pb atoms. There are four shorter (3.07 Å) and one longer (3.14 Å) Er–Pd bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.25 Å) and four longer (3.37 Å) Er–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Er and three equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.91 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er and six equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.84 Å. Pb is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to six equivalent Er and four Pd atoms.
DyPdPb crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to five Pd and six equivalent Pb atoms. There are four shorter (3.09 Å) and one longer (3.15 Å) Dy–Pd bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.27 Å) and four longer (3.39 Å) Dy–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy and three equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.92 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Dy and six equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.85 Å. Pb is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to six equivalent Dy and four Pd atoms.
Al3Si3(PbO8)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ccc2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded to four O atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.74 Å) and two longer (1.78 Å) Al–O bond length. In the second Al site, Al is bonded to four O atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.72–1.80 Å. Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.63 Å. There are two inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.62 Å) and two longer (1.66 Å) Si–O bond length. In the second Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.68 Å. There are eight inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Pb atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Pb atoms. In the third O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Al, one Pb, and one Si atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al, one Pb, and one Si atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Al, one Pb, and one Si atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al and one Si atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al and one Si atom. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al and one Si atom.
Cr2Pb4H2O10ClF crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmn2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cr6+ sites. In the first Cr6+ site, Cr6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.65–1.71 Å. In the second Cr6+ site, Cr6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.65–1.71 Å. There are three inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to seven O2-, one Cl1-, and one F1- atom. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.48–3.24 Å. The Pb–Cl bond length is 3.09 Å. The Pb–F bond length is 2.80 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and one F1- atom. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.95 Å. The Pb–F bond length is 2.51 Å. In the third Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and one F1- atom. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.44–2.94 Å. The Pb–F bond length is 2.53 Å. H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. There are seven inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cr6+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cr6+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr6+ and three Pb2+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr6+ and three Pb2+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cr6+ and three Pb2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cr6+ and three Pb2+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one H1+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pb2+ atoms. F1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Pb2+ atoms.
LaPdPb crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. La is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to five Pd and six equivalent Pb atoms. There are four shorter (3.19 Å) and one longer (3.25 Å) La–Pd bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.40 Å) and four longer (3.54 Å) La–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent La and three equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 3.01 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent La and six equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.91 Å. Pb is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six equivalent La and four Pd atoms.
CrPb2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two CrPb2 sheets oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. Cr is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Pb atoms. There are a spread of Cr–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.08–3.23 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded to four equivalent Cr atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing PbCr4 tetrahedra. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Cr atoms.
PrPb2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Pb atoms. There are a spread of Pr–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.36–3.70 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Pr atoms. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Pr atoms.
PrPdPb crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to five Pd and six equivalent Pb atoms. There are four shorter (3.17 Å) and one longer (3.24 Å) Pr–Pd bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.36 Å) and four longer (3.52 Å) Pr–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Pr and three equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.99 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Pr and six equivalent Pb atoms. All Pd–Pb bond lengths are 2.90 Å. Pb is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Pr and four Pd atoms.
PuPb2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pu is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Pb atoms. There are a spread of Pu–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.37–3.48 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four equivalent Pu atoms. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Pu atoms.
U5(PbO11)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent U sites. In the first U site, U is bonded to seven O atoms to form distorted UO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with three UO6 octahedra, edges with two UO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one UO7 pentagonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 17–56°. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–2.47 Å. In the second U site, U is bonded to six O atoms to form distorted UO6 octahedra that share corners with three UO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent UO7 pentagonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one UO7 pentagonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 42–58°. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.25 Å. In the third U site, U is bonded to six O atoms to form UO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent UO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent UO7 pentagonal bipyramids, and edges with two equivalent UO7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 42°. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.14 Å. Pb is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five O atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.39 Å. There are eleven inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three U atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three U atoms. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two U atoms. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one Pb atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three U atoms. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Pb atom. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Pb atom. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one Pb atom. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one Pb atom.
Li2MgPb crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Li, four equivalent Mg, and six equivalent Pb atoms. All Li–Li bond lengths are 2.99 Å. All Li–Mg bond lengths are 2.99 Å. All Li–Pb bond lengths are 3.45 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded to four equivalent Li and four equivalent Pb atoms to form distorted edge-sharing LiLi4Pb4 tetrahedra. All Li–Pb bond lengths are 2.99 Å. Mg is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Li and four equivalent Pb atoms. All Mg–Pb bond lengths are 2.99 Å. Pb is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to ten Li and four equivalent Mg atoms.
MgPb2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two MgPb2 sheets oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. Mg is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Pb atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.24–3.38 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Mg atoms. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Mg atoms.
Abstract Historical use of lead arsenate as a pesticide in former orchards of eastern Washington State (USA) has resulted in legacy lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) soil contamination. However, the impacts on plant growth in soils with residual Pb and As contamination have not yet been quantified. To this end, a comparative study of plant growth impacts was performed for native bluegrass ( Poa secunda ), invasive cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), and buttercrunch lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ). Using standard plant growth protocols, germination frequency and biomass growth were measured over a wide range of Pb and arsenate concentrations, with maximum concentrations of 3400 and 790 mg kg −1 for Pb and As, respectively. Results indicated that only the biomass growth for all species decreased in soils with the highest concentrations of Pb and As in the soil, with no impacts on soils with lower residual Pb and arsenate concentrations. No impact on percentage of germination was observed at any soil concentration. These results can be used to determine site‐specific soil screening levels for use in ecological risk assessments for Pb and arsenate in soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1459–1465. © 2022 Battelle Memorial Institute. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are effective solvents for biomass conversion and have been proposed as alternatives to ionic liquids (ILs). In this paper, we first report an effective pretreatment of woody biomass using a novel hardwood lignin-based DES prepared from p -hydroxybenzoic acid (PB) and choline chloride (ChCl), which are used as the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, respectively. The impacts of the ChCl-PB DES on structural properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar wood were comprehensively evaluated. The performance of ChCl-PB DES was also compared with two other DESs with p -coumaric acid (PCA) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHA) as the hydrogen bond donors, which have been successfully applied to herbaceous biomass conversion in previous studies. The results showed that hemicellulose and lignin were effectively fractionated during the proposed ChCl-PB DES pretreatment under a relatively mild temperature. The ChCl-PB DES pretreatment resulted in up to 69% of delignification, and the pretreated poplar residues had over 90% of glucose yield by a 72 h-enzymatic hydrolysis. Transformation of poplar biomass during the DES pretreatment was evaluated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D-HSQC), and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The recovered lignin showed relatively high purity, narrow molecular weight distribution (PDI < 1.6), and relatively low molecular weight (~1400 g/mol for M w ). A sustainable process was achieved by recycling DES as well as the utilization of PB, which is a producible aromatic compound from hardwood lignin, for the proposed DES formation in the system. This study indicates that the proposed novel DES with a hardwood lignin-based PB compound is a promising pretreatment solvent to achieve an economically feasible biomass conversion process.