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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Inflationary features and shifts in cosmological parameters from Planck 2015 data

We explore the relationship between features in the Planck 2015 temperature and polarization data, shifts in the cosmological parameters, and features from inflation. Residuals in the temperature data at low multipole &ell;, which are responsible for the high H 0 ≈ 70 km s –1 Mpc –1 and low σ 8 $Ω^{1/2}_{m}$ values from &ell; < 1000 in power-law ΛCDM models, are better fit to inflationary features with a 1.9σ preference for running of the running of the tilt or a stronger 99% CL local significance preference for a sharp drop in power around k = 0.004 Mpc –1 in generalized slow roll and a lower H 0 ≈ 67km s –1 Mpc –1 . The same in-phase acoustic residuals at &ell; >1000 that drive the global H 0 constraints and appear as a lensing anomaly also favor running parameters which allow even lower H 0 , but not once lensing reconstruction is considered. Polarization spectra are intrinsically highly sensitive to these parameter shifts, and even more so in the Planck 2015 TE data due to an outlier at &ell; ≈ 165,which disfavors the best fit H 0 ΛCDM solution by more than 2σ, and high H 0 value at almost 3σ. Current polarization data also slightly enhance the significance of a sharp suppression of large-scale power but leave room for large improvements in the future with cosmic variance limited E-mode measurements.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Vacuum phase transition solves the H 0 tension

Taking the Planck cosmic microwave background data and the more direct Hubble constant measurement data as unaffected by systematic offsets, the values of the Hubble constant H 0 interpreted within the ΛCDM cosmological constant and cold dark matter cosmological model are in ~3.3σ tension. We show that the Parker vacuum metamorphosis (VM) model, physically motivated by quantum gravitational effects and with the same number of parameters as ΛCDM, can remove the H 0 tension and can give an improved fit to data (up to a mean Δχ 2 = -7.5). It also ameliorates tensions with weak lensing data and the high redshift Lyman alpha forest data. Considering Bayesian evidence, we found in the case of the Planck data set alone positive evidence for a VM model against a cosmological constant both in the six- and nine-parameter framework. When the R16 data set is also considered, we found a strong evidence for the VM model against a cosmological constant in nine-parameter space. Here we separately consider a scale-dependent scaling of the gravitational lensing amplitude, such as provided by modified gravity, neutrino mass, or cold dark energy, motivated by the somewhat different cosmological parameter estimates for low and high CMB multipoles. We find that no such scale dependence is preferred.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Tensions between direct measurements of the lens power spectrum from Planck data

We apply a recently developed method to directly measure the gravitational lensing power spectrum from CMB power spectra to the Planck satellite data. This method allows us to analyze the tension between the temperature power spectrum and lens reconstruction in a model independent way. Even when allowing for arbitrary variations in the lensing power spectrum, the tension remains at the 2.4σ level. By separating the lensing and unlensed high redshift information in the CMB power spectra, we also show that under ΛCDM the two are in tension at a similar level whereas the unlensed information is consistent with lensing reconstruction. These anomalies are driven by the smoother acoustic peaks relative to ΛCDM at ℓ ~1250-1500. Both tensions relax slightly when polarization data are considered. This technique also isolates the one combination of the lensing power spectrum multipoles that the Planck CMB power spectra currently constrain and can be straightforwardly generalized to future data when CMB power spectra constrain multiple aspects of lensing which are themselves correlated with lensing reconstruction

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

CMB lensing bispectrum: Assessing analytical predictions against full-sky lensing simulations

We report that cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing is an integrated effect whose kernel is greater than half the peak value in the range 1 < z < 5. Measuring this effect offers a powerful tool to probe the large-scale structure of the Universe at high redshifts. With the increasing precision of ongoing CMB surveys, other statistics than the lensing power spectrum, in particular the lensing bispectrum, will be measured at high statistical significance. This will provide ways to improve the constraints on cosmological models and lift degeneracies. Following up on an earlier paper, we test analytical predictions of the CMB lensing bispectrum against full-sky lensing simulations, and we discuss their validity and limitation in detail. The tree-level prediction of perturbation theory agrees with the simulation only up to ℓ ~ 200 , but the one-loop order allows capturing the simulation results up to ℓ ~ 600 . We also show that analytical predictions based on fitting formulas for the matter bispectrum agree reasonably well with simulation results, although the precision of the agreement depends on the configurations and scales considered. For instance, the agreement is at the 10% level for the equilateral configuration at multipoles up to ℓ ~ 2000 , but the difference in the squeezed limit increases to more than a factor of 2 at ℓ ~ 2000 . This discrepancy appears to come from limitations in the fitting formula of the matter bispectrum. We also find that the analytical prediction for the post-Born correction to the bispectrum is in good agreement with the simulation. Finally, we conclude by discussing the bispectrum prediction in some theories of modified gravity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Collective excitations of a spherically confined Yukawa plasma

The complete spectrum of eigenmodes of a spherically confined Yukawa plasma is presented, based on first-principle molecular dynamics simulations. These results are compared with a recent fluid theory for the multipole modes of this system [H. Kaehlert and M. Bonitz, Phys. Rev. E 82, 036407 (2010)] and with the exact N-particle eigenmodes in the crystalline phase. Simulations confirm the existence of high-order modes found in cold fluid theory. We investigate the influence of screening, coupling, and friction on the mode spectra in detail. Good agreement between theory and simulation is found for weak to moderate screening and low-order modes. In addition, a number of new modes are observed which are missing in the fluid theory. The relations between the breathing mode in the fluid theory, simulation, and the crystal eigenmode are investigated in further detail.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mitigation of turbophoresis in particle-laden turbulent channel flows by using incident electric fields

It is known that the dynamics of particles dispersed in turbulent flows can be significantly altered by electric charges and external electric fields. The next step therefore involves the investigation of whether these electric interactions can be exploited in engineering applications to control processes involving the transport of particles in turbulence. In this study, direct numerical simulations of incompressible turbulent channel flows laden with a positively isocharged suspension of monodisperse small inertial particles are employed to investigate the effect of electric charges carried by the particles on their dispersion, and to illustrate the intentional abatement of turbophoretic effects using incident electric fields. An Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation is employed along with a fast multipole method for the electric potential conveniently corrected with wall boundary conditions. Finally, operating conditions are identified in terms of characteristic dimensionless parameters where an AC electric field applied across the channel walls decreases the time-averaged concentration of particles near the walls by up to two orders of magnitude.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Precision Measurement of the p ( e , e ' p ) π 0 Reaction at Threshold

New results are reported from a measurement of $\pi^0$ electroproduction near threshold using the p(e, e´p) π⁰ reaction. The experiment was designed to determine precisely the energy dependence of $s-$ and $p-$wave electromagnetic multipoles as a stringent test of the predictions of Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT). The data were taken with an electron beam energy of 1192 MeV using a two-spectrometer setup in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. For the first time, complete coverage of the $\phi^*_{\pi}$ and $\theta^*_{\pi}$ angles in the $p \pi^0$ center-of-mass was obtained for invariant energies above threshold from 0.5 MeV up to 15 MeV. The 4-momentum transfer $Q^2$ coverage ranges from 0.05 to 0.155 (GeV/c)$^2$ in fine steps. A simple phenomenological analysis of our data shows strong disagreement with $p-$wave predictions from ChPT for $Q^2>0.07$ (GeV/c)$^2$, while the $s-$wave predictions are in reasonable agreement.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fracton Hydrodynamics without Time-Reversal Symmetry

Here, we present an effective field theory for the nonlinear fluctuating hydrodynamics of a single conserved charge with or without time-reversal symmetry, based on the Martin-Siggia-Rose formalism. Applying this formalism to fluids with only charge and multipole conservation, and with broken time-reversal symmetry, we predict infinitely many new dynamical universality classes, including some with arbitrarily large upper critical dimensions. Using large scale simulations of classical Markov chains, we find numerical evidence for a breakdown of hydrodynamics in quadrupole-conserving models with broken time-reversal symmetry in one spatial dimension. Our framework can be applied to the hydrodynamics around stationary states of open systems, broadening the applicability of previously developed ideas and methods to a wide range of systems in driven and active matter.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multiscale Imaging of Nuclear Deformation at the Electron-Ion Collider

We show within the Color Glass Condensate framework that exclusive vector meson production at high energy is sensitive to the geometric deformation of the target nucleus at multiple length scales. Studying e+U collisions and varying the deformation of the uranium target, we demonstrate that larger deformations result in enhanced incoherent vector meson production cross sections. Further, different multipole deformation parameters affect different regions of transverse momentum transfer. Employing JIMWLK evolution to study the Bjorken-x dependence of our results, we find that the ratio of incoherent to coherent cross sections decreases with decreasing x, largely independently of the quadrupole deformation of the target. Comparing results for the same process using 20 Ne targets with 16 O targets, we find that differences in deformation are clearly visible in the incoherent cross section. These findings show that certain observables at the Electron-Ion Collider are very sensitive to nuclear structure. Consequently, deformations need to be taken into account when interpreting experimental results. More importantly, this also means that |t|-differential diffractive vector meson production could become a powerful tool, enabling the most direct measurements of nuclear structure at different length scales, ranging from nuclear deformation at low |t| to nucleon and subnucleon-size scales at higher |t|.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Observation of Skewed Electromagnetic Wakefields in an Asymmetric Structure Driven by Flat Electron Bunches

Relativistic charged -particle beams that generate intense longitudinal fields in accelerating structures also inherently couple to transverse modes. The effects of this coupling may lead to beam breakup instability and thus must be countered to preserve beam quality in applications such as linear colliders. Beams with highly asymmetric transverse sizes (flat beams) have been shown to suppress the initial instability in slab -symmetric structures. However, as the coupling to transverse modes remains, this solution serves only to delay instability. In order to understand the hazards of transverse coupling in such a case, we describe here an experiment characterizing the transverse effects on a flat beam, traversing near a planar dielectric lined structure. Further, the measurements reveal the emergence of a previously unobserved skew-quadrupolelike interaction when the beam is canted transversely, which is not present when the flat beam travels parallel to the dielectric surface. We deploy a multipole field fitting algorithm to reconstruct the projected transverse wakefields from the data. We generate the effective kick vector map using a simple two -particle theoretical model, with particle -in -cell simulations used to provide further insight for realistic particle distributions.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Promise of Future Searches for Cosmic Topology

The shortest distance around the Universe through us is unlikely to be much larger than the horizon diameter if microwave background anomalies are due to cosmic topology. We show that observational constraints from the lack of matched temperature circles in the microwave background leave many possibilities for such topologies. We evaluate the detectability of microwave background multipole correlations for sample cases. Searches for topology signatures in observational data over the large space of possible topologies pose a formidable computational challenge. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Conservative Spin-Magnitude Change in Orbital Evolution in General Relativity

We show that physical scattering observables for compact spinning objects in general relativity can depend on additional degrees of freedom in the spin tensor beyond those described by the spin vector alone. The impulse, spin kick, and leading-order waveforms exhibit such a nontrivial dependence. A signal of this additional structure is the change in the magnitude of the spin vector under conservative Hamiltonian evolution, similar to our previous studies in electrodynamics. These additional degrees of freedom describe dynamical mass multipoles of compact objects and decouple for black holes. We also show that the conservative impulse, spin kick, and change of the additional degrees of freedom are encoded in the eikonal phase.

Classical black holes↗
DOE OSTI2025

Lattice QCD Study of Pion Electroproduction and Weak Production from a Nucleon

Quantum fluctuations in QCD influence nucleon structure and interactions, with pion production serving as a key probe of chiral dynamics. In this Letter, we present a lattice QCD calculation of multipole amplitudes at threshold, related to both pion electroproduction and weak production from a nucleon, using two gauge ensembles near the physical pion mass. We develop a technique for spin projection and construct multiple operators for analyzing the generalized eigenvalue problem in both the nucleon-pion system in the center-of-mass frame and the nucleon system with nonzero momentum. The numerical lattice results are then compared with those extracted from experimental data and predicted by low-energy theorems incorporating one-loop corrections. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Gao, Yu-Sheng (ORCID:0009000406829247)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Charge Conservation beyond Uniformity: Spatially Inhomogeneous Electromagnetic Response in Periodic Solids

Nonlinear electromagnetic response functions have reemerged as a crucial tool for studying quantum materials, due to recently appreciated connections between optical response functions, quantum geometry, and band topology. Most attention has been paid to responses to spatially uniform electric fields, relevant to low-energy optical experiments in conventional solid state materials. However, magnetic and magnetoelectric phenomena are naturally connected by responses to spatially varying electric fields due to Maxwell’s equations. Furthermore, in the emerging field of moiré materials, characteristic lattice scales are much longer, allowing spatial variation of optical electric fields to potentially have a measurable effect in experiments. In order to address these issues, we develop a formalism for computing linear and nonlinear responses to spatially inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields. Starting with the continuity equation, we derive an expression for the second-quantized current operator that is manifestly conserved and model independent. Crucially, our formalism makes no assumptions on the form of the microscopic Hamiltonian and so is applicable to model Hamiltonians derived from tight-binding or calculations. We then develop a diagrammatic Kubo formalism for computing the wave vector dependence of linear and nonlinear conductivities, using Ward identities to fix the value of the diamagnetic current order by order in the vector potential. We apply our formula to compute the magnitude of the Kerr effect at oblique incidence for a model of a moiré-Chern insulator and demonstrate the experimental relevance of spatially inhomogeneous fields in these systems. We further show how our formalism allows us to compute the (orbital) magnetic multipole moments and magnetic susceptibilities in insulators. Turning to nonlinear response, we use our formalism to compute the second-order transverse response to spatially varying transverse electric fields in our moiré-Chern insulator model, with an eye toward the next generation of experiments in these systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2026

Conditional diffusion machine-learning framework for mapping valence electron distribution from convergent beam electron diffraction

Quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) enables determination of aspherical valence electron distributions through refinement of low-order structure factors, which are highly sensitive to chemical bonding and charge density variations. However, conventional quantitative CBED (QCBED) requires solving a highly nonlinear inverse problem with many coupled parameters, and computationally intensive dynamical diffraction calculations, making it time-consuming and difficult to apply to complex systems. More broadly, reconstructing charge density and orbital electron distribution from diffraction data has long been a central challenge in both x-ray and electron crystallography. Here, in this study, we introduce an artificial-intelligence (AI)-based framework that replaces traditional refinement with a data-driven inverse solver. Using a large synthetic CBED dataset generated by Bloch-wave simulations, we train a conditional diffusion model to directly infer crystal structural parameters and multipole density formalism parameters, and hence valence electron distributions, from CBED patterns alone. By learning from forward simulations across realistic parameter space, the model effectively solves the inverse problem. Compared with direct regression approaches, the diffusion-based framework provides posterior parameter distributions for rigorous uncertainty quantification while preserving quantitative fidelity and reducing analysis time by orders of magnitude. By eliminating the need for external single-crystal x-ray diffraction data and complex nonlinear refinement, this approach enables practical, high-throughput, and in situ quantitative CBED, enabling real-time mapping of valence electron distributions and their correlation with functional responses in quantum and energy materials.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quadrupole forces between quark and gluon subsystems inside higher-spin particles

We generalize the mechanical interpretation of the forces between quark and gluon subsystems, previously studied for the nucleon, to arbitrary higher-spin particles. For spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles, this force is characterized by the nonconserved $\overline{𝑐}$⁡(𝑡) form factor. However, such an interpretation has not yet been established for higher-spin particles due to the intricate structure of the nonconserved energy-momentum tensor (EMT) form factors. By performing a multipole expansion, we identify the physically meaningful combinations of the nonconserved covariant EMT form factors and provide them with a clear mechanical interpretation.

Baryons↗
DOE OSTI2026

Universal CMB 𝐵-mode spectrum from early causal tensor sources

Many early Universe scenarios predict postinflationary tensor perturbations from causality-limited, subhorizon sources. While the microphysical details may be different, as long as these sources are bounded in duration and correlation length, their tensor power spectra exhibit a universal scaling behavior at small wave number: 𝒫 ℎ ⁡(𝑘)∝𝑘 3 , corresponding to white noise on superhorizon scales at the time of production. If these early causal tensor sources (ECTs) exclusively produce gravitational waves before redshift 𝑧 ∼10 5 , this scaling is realized on all of the scales observed in the CMB, and thus yields a universal multipole distribution for the 𝐵-mode angular power spectrum. Unlike the scale-invariant distributions of inflationary 𝐵 modes, ECTs generically predict enhanced power on small scales and suppressed power on large scales, which allows these source classes to be distinguished given measurements over a sufficient range of angular scales. In this paper, we introduce a unified framework for characterizing ECTs and demonstrate how their universal infrared scaling manifests in low-frequency observables, including CMB 𝐵 modes and stochastic gravitational wave spectral densities. We illustrate this mapping with representative case studies of this universality class involving first-order phase transitions, topological defects, and enhanced scalar perturbations, which source tensor modes at second order in perturbation theory.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Atacama Cosmology Telescope: B-mode delensing with DR6 data and external tracers of large-scale structure

Large-scale -mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a prime target for current and future experiments in search of primordial gravitational waves. With increasingly sensitive instruments being deployed, secondary -modes induced by the weak gravitational lensing of CMB photons are becoming an important limitation and need to be removed, a process known as delensing. In this work, we combine internally reconstructed CMB lensing maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) data release 6 (DR6) with galaxy samples from unWISE and a map of the cosmic infrared background (CIB) fluctuations from Planck to produce a well-correlated tracer of the CMB lensing field. Our coadded tracer, shown to be 55%–85% correlated with the true lensing convergence at multipoles , is then convolved with ACT DR6 -mode polarization to yield a template of the lensing -modes. We assess its performance on a wide range of scales by using it to delens ACT DR6 and Planck -modes over 23% of the sky, removing around 39% of the lensing power at and 47% at , respectively. Our template achieves the highest delensing efficiency to date and will be useful for the analysis of early polarization maps from the Simons Observatory. We finally outline prospects for further improvements by including additional large-scale structure tracers from upcoming cosmological surveys.

Hertig, Emilie↗