Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “MAGNETOMETER”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 901 records · Page 50
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Optimization of processing temperature in the nitridation process for the synthesis of iron nitride nanoparticles

We have demonstrated an effective strategy on the nitridation process to synthesize ε-Fe{sub 3}N nanoparticles (NPs) from the zero valent iron NPs as a starting material. The transformation of iron into iron nitride phase was systematically studied by performing the nitridation process at different processing temperatures. The phase, crystal structure was analyzed by XRD. Morphology and size of the ZVINPs and ε-Fe{sub 3}N NPs were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope. Further, their room temperature magnetic properties were studied by using vibrating sample magnetometer and it revealed that the magnetic property of ε-Fe{sub 3}N is associated with ratio of Fe-N in the iron nitride system.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Observation of ferromagnetism in Mn doped KNbO{sub 3}

Pure and Mn doped KNbO{sub 3} have been prepared by ball milling assisted ceramic method. Mn ion had been doped at Nb site to induce ferromagnetism at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal the formation of orthorhombic phase. High resolution scanning electron micrograph (HR-SEM) of both pure and Mn doped samples show a mixture of spherical and plate like particles. Room temperature magnetic behavior of both the samples were analyzed using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). 5% Mn doped KNbO{sub 3} exhibits ferromagnetic behavior. Observed ferromagnetic feature has been explained by interactions between bound magnetic polarons which are created by Mn{sup 4+} ions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Investigation of spin reorientation in YMn{sub 1−x}Fe{sub x}O{sub 3} (x = 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0) by Mössbauer spectroscopy

YMn{sub 1−x}Fe{sub x}O{sub 3} (x = 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0) polycrystalline samples were prepared by the solid-state-reaction method. The crystal structure and magnetic properties of samples were investigated with x-ray diffractometer (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The XRD patterns at 295 K, analyzed by Rietveld refinement method, showed that all samples were single-phased orthorhombic of Pnma with both Bragg (R{sub B}) and structure (R{sub F}) factors less than 5%. Mössbauer spectra of all samples were obtained at various temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 500 K, and the spectra below T{sub C} were fitted by least-square method as a function of the Fe and Mn distribution. Isomer shift (δ) values of all samples indicated that the charge states were Fe{sup 3+}. In addition, temperature-dependent hyperfine field (H{sub hf}), averaged electric quadrupole shift 〈E{sub Q}〉, and averaged isomer shift 〈δ〉 have shown abrupt changes around T{sub SR} due to the change in the charge state of Mn ions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

A CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction coupled to an in-plane exchange-biased magnetic layer

We report a stack structure which utilizes an in-plane exchange-biased magnetic layer to influence the coercivity of the bottom CoFeB layer in a CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction. By employing a thickness wedge deposition technique, we were able to study various aspects of this stack using vibrating sample magnetometer including: (1) the coupling between two CoFeB layers as a function of MgO thickness; and (2) the coupling between the bottom CoFeB and the in-plane magnetic layer as a function of Ta spacer thickness. Furthermore, modification of the bottom CoFeB coercivity allows one to measure tunneling magnetoresistance and resistance-area product (RA) of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB in this pseudo-spin-valve format using current-in-plane-tunneling technique, without resorting to (Co/Pt){sub n} or (Co/Pd){sub n} multilayer pinning.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Mn and Fe-doped Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles

Mn and Fe-doped Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles were prepared by a simple precipitation method. The synthesized particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. XRD analysis showed the cubic structure of Co{sub 3}O{sub 4}. SEM and TEM images confirmed the formation of interconnected nanoparticles. Mn and Fe-doped Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} showed broad absorption in the visible region compared to undoped sample and the band gap values are red shifted. Five Raman active modes were observed from the Raman spectra. FTIR spectra confirmed the spinel structure of Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} and the doping of Mn and Fe shifts the vibrational modes to lower wave number region. The magnetic measurements confirmed that Fe-doped Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} shows a little ferromagnetic behavior compared to undoped and Mn-doped Co{sub 3}O{sub 4}, which could be related to the uncompensated surface spins and the finite size effects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Brillouin function characteristics for La-Co substituted barium hexaferrites

La-Co substituted barium hexaferrites with the chemical formula of Ba{sub 1−x}La{sub x}Fe{sub 12−x}Co{sub x}O{sub 19} (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5), prepared by a conventional ceramic method, were systematically investigated by Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The result manifests that all the compounds are crystallized in magnetoplumbite hexagonal structure. Trivalent cobalt ions prevailingly occupy the 2a, 4f{sub 1}, and 12k sites. According to Néel model of collinear-spin ferrimagnetism, the molecular-field coefficients ω{sub bf2}, ω{sub kf1}, ω{sub af1}, ω{sub kf2}, and ω{sub bk} of La-Co substituted barium hexaferrites have been calculated using the nonlinear fitting method, and the magnetic moment of five sublattices (2a, 2b, 4f{sub 1}, 4f{sub 2}, and 12k) versus temperature T has been also investigated. The fitting results are coincided well with the experimental data. Moreover, with the increase of La-Co substitution amount x, the molecular-field coefficients ω{sub bf2} and ω{sub af1} decrease constantly, while the molecular-field coefficients ω{sub kf1}, ω{sub kf2}, and ω{sub bk} show a slight change.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Shape control of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles under different chain length of reducing agents

We report on the effect of using reducing agents with different chain-length on the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate in 1-octadecene. This modification allows us to control the shape of nanoparticles into spherical and cubic iron oxide nanoparticles. The highly monodisperse 14 nm spherical nanoparticles are obtained under 1,2-dodecanediol and average 14 nm edge-length cubic iron oxide nanoparticles are obtained under 1,2-tetradecanediol. The structural characterization such as transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows similar properties between two particles with different shapes. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) shows no significant difference between spherical and cubic nanoparticles, which are 36 emu/g and 37 emu/g respectively and superparamagnetic in nature.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

The effect of gallium substitution on the microstructure and magnetic properties of yttrium iron garnet

Y{sub 3}Fe{sub (5-y)}Ga{sub y}O{sub 12} (y = 0, 0.4, 1.4 and 2,4) thin films were prepared by sol-gel method and annealed for 2h in oxygen. The thin film’s characteristic were studied by an X-ray diffraction (XRD), a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD show that all films have the garnet phase structure. The grain size particles measured using FESEM were between 45.08 nm to 51.58 nm, and the thickness were between 42 nm to 90 nm. The magnetic properties measured using VSM showed that result was shown with hysteresis loop. The magnetization saturation decreased from 144.26 to 2.76 emu/cm{sup 3} with the increasing substitution gallium. The substitution for y = 2.4 was shown the saturation magnetization was very low. The coercivity increased 35 to 75 Oe due the the increasing grain size.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Characterizations of maghemite thin films prepared by a sol-gel method

Iron is one of the abundant elements of Mother Nature and its compound, iron oxide is an interesting material to study since its discovery in the form of magnetite. It can exist in many phases such as hematite and maghemite, this unique nature has put it as a potential candidate in various applications. The aim of this work is to study the influence of different precursor concentrations on the microstructural and magnetic properties of iron oxide thin film. All samples were prepared via the sol-gel method followed by a spin coating technique on quartz substrates. Iron oxide films were confirmed as maghemite phase from X-ray diffraction patterns. The film morphology was examined by a field emission scanning electron microscope and it showed non-systematic value of average grain size and film thickness throughout the study. Hysteresis loop further confirmed that maghemite is a magnetic material when it was characterized by a vibrating sample magnetometer. The coercivity did not show any correlation with molarity. Nevertheless, it increased as the precursor concentration of the film increased due to the domain behaviour. In conclusion, maghemite thin films were successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method with different precursor concentrations in this work.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Structure, magnetic and complex impedance analysis of (1-x)BaTiO{sub 3}- xMgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} composite

MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} was synthesized by using sol-gel auto-combustion technique and coupled with BaTiO{sub 3} using the conventional solid state reaction method with different weight fraction of x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 to form (1-x)BaTiO{sub 3} - xMgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} composite. The structure, magnetic properties and complex impedance analysis of the composite samples were studied using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and High-frequency response analyzer (HFRA) respectively. XRD patterns showed a single phase tetragonal BaTiO{sub 3} for each composition due to the very small amount of MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}. The hysteresis loop confirmed that the composite has soft magnetic properties by addition of MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}. Small coercive field, HC has been recorded and it decreased with the increasing of MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} weight fraction. However, magnetization increased when the amount of MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} is increased. Impedance analysis conducted in range of 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz showed two depressed semicircle arcs for samples with MgFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} due to the resistive and capacitive behavior of the bulk and grain boundaries of the samples.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Characterization of magnetic material in the mound-building termite Macrotermes gilvus in Southeast Asia

Magnetic material such as magnetite are known as particles that respond to external magnetic field with their ferromagnetic properties as they are believed contribute to in responding to the geomagnetic field. These particles are used by terrestrial animals such as termites for navigation and orientation. Since our earth react as giant magnetic bar, the magnitude of this magnetic field present by intensity and direction (inclination and direction). The magnetic properties and presence of magnetite in termites Macrotermes gilvus, common mound-building termite were tested. M. gilvus termites was tested with a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer VSM to determine the magnetic properties of specimen. The crushed body sample was characterized with X-Ray Diffraction XRD to show the existent of magnetic material (magnetite) in the specimens. Results from VSM indicate that M. gilvus has diamagnetism properties. The characterization by XRD shows the existent of magnetic material in our specimen in low concentration.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Spherical fused silica cells filled with pure helium for nuclear magnetic resonance-magnetometry

High magnetic fields (>1 T) are measured by NMR magnetometers with unrivaled precision if the precessing spin sample provides long coherence times. The longest coherence times are found in diluted {sup 3}He samples, which can be hyperpolarized for sufficient signal strength. In order to have minimal influence on the homogeneity and value of the measured magnetic field, the optimal container for the {sup 3}He should be a perfect sphere. A fused silica sphere with an inner diameter of 8 mm and an outer diameter of 12 mm was made from two hemispheres by diffusion bonding leaving only a small hole for cleaning and evacuation. This hole was closed in vacuum by a CO{sub 2} laser and the inner volume was filled with a few mbars of {sup 3}He via wall permeation. NMR-measurements on such a sample had coherence times of 5 min. While the hemispheres were produced with <1 μm deviation from sphericity, the bonding left a step of ca. 50 μm at maximum. The influence of such a mismatch, its orientation, and the immediate environment of the sample is analyzed by FEM-simulations and discussed in view of coherence times and absolute field measurements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Ultra-soft magnetic properties and correlated phase analysis by {sup 57}Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy of Fe{sub 74}Cu{sub 0.8}Nb{sub 2.7}Si{sub 15.5}B{sub 7} alloy

A detailed study of magnetic softness has been performed on FINEMENT type of ribbons by investigating the BH loop with maximum applied field of 960 A/m. The ribbon with the composition of Fe{sub 74}Cu{sub 0.8}Nb{sub 2.7}Si{sub 15.5}B{sub 7} was synthesized by rapid solidification technique and the compositions volume fraction was controlled by changing the annealing condition. Detail phase analysis was performed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Mössbauer spectroscopy in order to correlate the ultrasoft magnetic properties with the volume fraction of amorphous and α-Fe(Si) soft nano composites. Bright (BF) and dark field (DF) image with selective area diffraction (SAD) patterns by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the sample annealed for the optimized annealed condition at 853 K for 3 min reveals nanocrystals with an average size between 10-15 nm possessing the bcc structure which matches with the grain size revealed by the X-ray diffraction. Kinetics of crystallization of α-Fe(Si) phases has been determined by DSC curves. Extremely small coercivity of 30.9 A/m and core loss of 2.5 W/Kg for the sample annealed at 853 K for 3 min was found. Similar values for other crystalline conditions were determined by using BH loop tracer with a maximum applied field of around 960 A/m. Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine chemical shift, hyperfine field distribution (HFD), and peak width of different phases. The volume fractions of the relative amount of amorphous and crystalline phases are also determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. High saturation magnetization along with ultrasoft magnetic properties exhibits very high potentials technological applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Exchange-coupling behavior in nanostructured FePt/Fe bilayer films

Different thicknesses of FePt/Fe bilayer films are deposited on (001) MgO substrates by sputtering Fe and Pt targets with in-situ heating at 830{sup O}C. X-ray diffraction indicates a complete alignment of the FePt [001] axis with MgO [001] axis. The nucleation field H{sub n} is estimated from hysteresis loops measured using a SQUID magnetometer. A FePt/Fe bilayer model is proposed to calculate the nucleation field H{sub n} and compared with the experimental data. The model can explain experimental trends and gives useful predictions for nanostructure synthesis and further experiment.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of carbonyl iron particles composition on the physical characteristics of MR grease

Magnetorheological (MR) grease is an extension of the study of magnetorheological materials. The MR grease can help to reduce the particles sedimentation problem occurred in the MR fluids. Within this study, an effort has been taken to investigate the effect of different weight compositions of carbonyl iron particles on the physical and chemical characteristics of the MR grease under off-state condition (no magnetic field). The MR grease is prepared by mixing carbonyl iron particles having a size range of 1 to 10 µm with commercial NPC Highrex HD-3 grease. Characterizations of MR grease are investigated using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and rheometer. The dependency of carbonyl iron particles weight towards the magnetic properties of MR grease and other characterizations are investigated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

The effect of B{sub 2}O{sub 3} flux on growth NLBCO superconductor by solid state reaction and wet-mixing methods

The synthesis of B{sub 2}O{sub 3} flux substituted NLBCO superconductor NdBa{sub 1.75}La{sub 0.25}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-∂} has been done using solid state reaction and wet-mixing methods in order to obtain homogeneous crystals and single phase. From DTA/TGA characteritations showed the synthesis process by wet-mixing requires a lower temperature than the solid state reaction in growing the superconductor NdBa{sub 1.75}La{sub 0.25}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-∂}. Therefore, in this research NdBa{sub 1.75}La{sub 0.25}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-∂} sample calcinated at 650°C for wet-mixing method and 820°C for solid state reaction methods. The all samples was sintered at 950°C for ten hours. Crystallinity of the sample was confirmed using X-ray techniques and generally obtained sharp peaks that indicates the sample already well crystallized. Search match analyses for diffraction data gave weight fractions of impurity phase of the solid state reaction method higher than wet-mixing method. In this research showed decreasing the price of the lattice parameter about 1% with the addition of B{sub 2}O{sub 3} flux for the both synthesis process and 2% of wet mixing process for all samples. Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the distribution of crystal zise for wet-mixing method more homogeneous than solid state reaction method, with he grain size of samples is around 150–250 nm. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) showed the paramagnetic properties for all samples.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Observations of the He{sup +} pickup ion torus velocity distribution function with SOHO/CELIAS/CTOF

Interstellar PickUp Ions (PUIs) are created from neutrals coming from the interstellar medium that get ionized inside the heliosphere. Once ionized, the freshly created ions are injected into the magnetized solar wind plasma with a highly anisotropic torus-shaped Velocity Distribution Function (VDF). It has been commonly assumed that wave-particle interactions rapidly destroy this torus by isotropizing the distribution in one hemisphere of velocity space. However, recent observations of a He{sup +} torus distribution using PLASTIC on STEREO showed that the assumption of a rapid isotropization is oversimplified. The aim of this work is to complement these studies. Using He{sup +} data from the Charge Time-Of-Flight (CTOF) sensor of the Charge, ELement, and Isotope Analysis System (CELIAS) on-board the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and magnetic field data from the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) magnetometer of the WIND spacecraft, we derive the projected 1-D VDF of He{sup +} for different magnetic field configurations. Depending on the magnetic field direction, the initial torus VDF lies inside CTOF’s aperture or not. By comparing the VDFs derived under different magnetic field directions with each other we reveal an anisotropic signature of the He{sup +} VDF.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Tailoring Curie temperature and magnetic anisotropy in ultrathin Pt/Co/Pt films

The dependence of perpendicular magnetization and Curie temperature (T{sub c}) of Pt/Co/Pt thin films on the thicknesses of Pt seed (Pt{sub s}) and presence of Ta buffer layer has been investigated in this work. Pt and Co thicknesses were varied between 2 to 8 nm and 0.35 to 1.31 nm (across the spin reorientation transition thickness) respectively and the T{sub c} was measured using SQUID magnetometer. We have observed a systematic dependence of T{sub c} on the thickness of Pt{sub s}. For 8 nm thickness of Pt{sub s} the Co layer of 0.35 nm showed ferromagnetism with perpendicular anisotropy at room temperature. As the thickness of the Pt{sub s} was decreased to 2 nm, the T{sub c} went down below 250 K. XRD data indicated polycrystalline growth of Pt{sub s} on SiO{sub 2}. On the contrary Ta buffer layer promoted the growth of Pt(111). As a consequence Ta(5 nm)/Pt(3 nm)/Co(0.35 nm)/Pt(2 nm) had much higher T{sub c} (above 300 K) with perpendicular anisotropy when compared to the same stack without the Ta layer. Thus we could tune the ferromagnetic T{sub c} and anisotropy by varying the Pt{sub s} thickness and also by introducing Ta buffer layer. We attribute these observations to the micro-structural evolution of Pt{sub s} layer which hosts the Co layer.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗