Physics-informed Machine Learning for Real-time Unconventional Reservoir Management
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Normalizing Resource Identifiers using Lexicons in the Global Change Information System: Linking Earth Science Identifiers, Concepts, and Communities
Earth Science informatics involves collaboration between multiple groups of people with diverse specializations and goals,often using variations in terminology to refer to common resources. The uniformity of the resource identifiers often does not cross organizational boundaries. Because of this, permanent, widely used, unambiguous identifiers for resources are elusive. We examine real world cases of changing and inconsistent identifiers which inherently work against persistence and uniformity. We also present a solution which mediates factors in these situations; namely the creation of lexicons:mappings of sets of terms to URIs which are curated within the Global Change Information System (GCIS). We discuss aspects of the GCIS which facilitate the use of lexicons: an information model which disambiguates resources, a RESTful API which provides metadata through content-negotiation, and a strategy for long term curation of URIs, including mechanisms for handling changes to URIs and variations in terms used by different communities while providing persistent URIs and preserving relationships between resources We provide working definitions of terms,contexts, and lexicons, and relate them to the practical challenges of disambiguation and curation. We also discuss the mechanisms employed and architecture of the GCIS, and how these choices facilitate representation of persistent identifiers and mappings of them to identifiers used colloquially within various earth science communities of practice.
Linkded Data↗
Pilot land data system
During the fall of 1983, the Information Systems Office of NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications assembled a Working Group to develop initial plans for a Pilot Land Data System (PLDS). Workshops coordinated planning and concept development activities between land-related and computer science disciplines, and examined land research requirements, information science technology requirements, PLDS architecture, and methodologies for system evaluation. The PLDS will be a limited-scale distributed information system to explore scientific, technical and management approaches to satisfy land science research needs. PLDS will pave the way for a Land Data System to improve data access, processing, transfer and analysis, fostering an environment in which land science information synthesis can occur on a scale not previously possible owing to limits to data assembly and access and efficiency of processing.
Cressy, P. J.↗
Making Dataset Quality Information FAIR: Supporting Open-Source Science and Enhancing (Re)Use and Trustworthiness of Scientific Data
- Quality information should be documented and readily shared within and across domains. - Sharing of dataset quality information supports open science and trustworthiness of scientific data. - Dataset quality is more than data quality. - Quality tends to be domain-specific and context-dependent. - Community guidelines provide practical steps towards FAIR dataset quality information.
Ge Peng↗
Eavesdropping on the Decohering Environment: Quantum Darwinism, Amplification, and the Origin of Objective Classical Reality
“How much information about a system S can one extract from a fragment F of the environment E that decohered it?” is the central question of Quantum Darwinism. To date, most answers relied on the quantum mutual information of SF, or on the Holevo bound on the channel capacity of F to communicate the classical information encoded in S. Furthermore, these are reasonable upper bounds on what is really needed but much harder to calculate—the accessible information in the fragment F about S. We consider a model based on imperfect c-not gates where all the above can be computed, and discuss its implications for the emergence of objective classical reality. We find that all relevant quantities, such as the quantum mutual information as well as various bounds on the accessible information exhibit similar behavior. In the regime relevant for the emergence of objective classical reality this includes scaling independent of the quality of the imperfect c-not gates or the size of E, and even nearly independent of the initial state of S.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
A Model Intercomparison Study to Investigate Mixing Characteristics in Non‐Precipitating Stratocumulus Clouds
Recent aircraft observations of marine stratocumulus clouds consistently showed that cloud microphysical relationships vary with altitude, indicating inhomogeneous mixing characteristics near cloud top and homogeneous mixing characteristics in mid-levels of clouds. Here, we conduct model intercomparison of an idealized, non-precipitating stratocumulus cloud to evaluate model consistency and examine whether simulations can reproduce the observed mixing characteristics. The results show that eleven large-eddy simulations with various dynamics and microphysics schemes show good agreement on the thermodynamical, microphysical, and dynamical properties of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer in a steady state. The inter-model spread in steady-state liquid water path is significantly reduced compared to previous model intercomparison studies. This improvement might be due to better models and more consistent initial conditions than those used decades ago. In addition, most simulations, including a low-dimensional simulation, capture inhomogeneous mixing characteristics near the cloud top and homogeneous mixing characteristics inside the cloud. Moreover, simulations using Lagrangian microphysics schemes agree better with the observed mixing characteristics compared with those using the bin microphysics schemes. Since most simulations do not fully resolve the entrainment process, the apparent mixing characteristics arise from the variations in the resolved cloud properties. Our results support the vertical circulation mixing hypothesis, which suggests that homogeneous mixing characteristics in mid-levels of clouds are due to the vertical circulation of entrainment-affected and diluted parcels from the cloud top moved to lower levels.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) Program: Earth Systems Digital Twins (ESDT) Standards for Interoperable Digital Twins Workshop Presentations
On September 18, 2023, NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) Program conducted a mini-workshop that brought together seven experts to survey and discuss "Standards for Interoperable Digital Twins". Since three years, the AIST Program has been developing technologies and prototypes for Earth System Digital Twins (ESDT). During those developments and after the ESDT Workshop held in October 2022, it became clear that standard for ESDT interoperability were needed and should be defined as soon as possible. To address this challenge, the AIST program will survey ongoing development for Digital Twins standards in various domains and the September 18, 2023 Workshop represented the first step towards this understanding. Speakers during this event included: Michael Grieves (Digital Twin Institute), Siri Jodha Singh Khalsa (IEEE GRSS Standards), Trent Tinker (OGC), Ryan Berkheimer (NOAA), John Stone (NVIDIA), Thomas Geenen (ECMWF-DestinE) and Arne Berre (SINTEF-Iliad DTO and EDITO). This presentation regroups all the speakers' presentations.
Earth Science Remote Sensing; Information Systems↗
Functional requirements document for NASA/MSFC Earth Science and Applications Division: Data and information system (ESAD-DIS). Interoperability, 1992
These Earth Science and Applications Division-Data and Information System (ESAD-DIS) interoperability requirements are designed to quantify the Earth Science and Application Division's hardware and software requirements in terms of communications between personal and visualization workstation, and mainframe computers. The electronic mail requirements and local area network (LAN) requirements are addressed. These interoperability requirements are top-level requirements framed around defining the existing ESAD-DIS interoperability and projecting known near-term requirements for both operational support and for management planning. Detailed requirements will be submitted on a case-by-case basis. This document is also intended as an overview of ESAD-DIs interoperability for new-comers and management not familiar with these activities. It is intended as background documentation to support requests for resources and support requirements.
Stephens, J. Briscoe↗
Physics-Informed Machine Learning Models for Predicting the Progress of Reactive-Mixing
This paper presents a physics-informed machine learning (ML) framework to construct reduced-order models (ROMs) for reactive-transport quantities of interest (QoIs) based on high-fidelity numerical simu-lations. QoIs include species decay, product yield, and degree of mixing. The ROMs for QoIs are applied to quantify and understand how the chemical species evolve over time. First, high-resolution datasets for constructing ROMs are generated by solving anisotropic reaction-di?usion equations using a non-negative finite element formulation for di?erent input parameters. The reactive-mixing model input parameters are: time-scale associated with flipping of velocity, spatial-scale controlling small/large vortex structures of velocity, perturbation parameter of the vortex-based velocity, anisotropic dispersion strength/contrast, and molecular diffusion. Second, random forests, F-test, and mutual information criterion are used to evaluate the importance of model inputs/features with respect to QoIs. We observed that anisotropic dispersion strength/contrast is the most important feature and time-scale associated with flipping of velocity is the least important feature. Third, Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) are used to construct ROMs based on the model inputs. The constructed SVR-ROMs are then used to predict scaling of QoIs. We also present estimates and inequalities on the QoIs, which inform that the species decay, mix, and produce in an exponential fashion. These inequalities also inform that a radial basis function is the most suitable kernel for the SVM/SVR models for QoIs. It is observed that R2-score for SVR-ROMs on unseen data is greater than 0.9, implying that the SVR-ROMs are able to predict the reaction-diffusion system state reasonably well. Finally, in terms of the computational cost, the proposed SVM-ROMs are O(107) times faster than running a high-fidelity finite element simulation for evaluating QoIs. This makes the proposed ML-based ROMs attractive for reactive-transport sensing and real-time monitoring applications as they are significantly faster yet reasonably accurate.
Mudunuru, Maruti K.↗
Multi-dimensional resilience: A quantitative exploration of disease outcomes and economic, political, and social resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic in six countries
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a need for better understanding of countries’ vulnerability and resilience to not only pandemics but also disasters, climate change, and other systemic shocks. A comprehensive characterization of vulnerability can inform efforts to improve infrastructure and guide disaster response in the future. In this paper, we propose a data-driven framework for studying countries’ vulnerability and resilience to incident disasters across multiple dimensions of society. To illustrate this methodology, we leverage the rich data landscape surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic to characterize observed resilience for several countries (USA, Brazil, India, Sweden, New Zealand, and Israel) as measured by pandemic impacts across a variety of social, economic, and political domains. We also assess how observed responses and outcomes (i.e., resilience) of the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with pre-pandemic characteristics or vulnerabilities, including (1) prior risk for adverse pandemic outcomes due to population density and age and (2) the systems in place prior to the pandemic that may impact the ability to respond to the crisis, including health infrastructure and economic capacity. Our work demonstrates the importance of viewing vulnerability and resilience in a multi-dimensional way, where a country’s resources and outcomes related to vulnerability and resilience can differ dramatically across economic, political, and social domains. This work also highlights key gaps in our current understanding about vulnerability and resilience and a need for data-driven, context-specific assessments of disaster vulnerability in the future.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Exploring the Solar System Activities Outline: Hands-On Planetary Science for Formal Education K-14 and Informal Settings
Activities by NASA scientists and teachers focus on integrating Planetary Science activities with existing Earth science, math, and language arts curriculum. The wealth of activities that highlight missions and research pertaining to the exploring the solar system allows educators to choose activities that fit a particular concept or theme within their curriculum. Most of the activities use simple, inexpensive techniques that help students understand the how and why of what scientists are learning about comets, asteroids, meteorites, moons and planets. With these NASA developed activities students experience recent mission information about our solar system such as Mars geology and the search for life using Mars meteorites and robotic data. The Johnson Space Center ARES Education team has compiled a variety of NASA solar system activities to produce an annotated thematic outline useful to classroom educators and informal educators as they teach space science. An important aspect of the outline annotation is that it highlights appropriate science content information and key science and math concepts so educators can easily identify activities that will enhance curriculum development. The outline contains URLs for the activities and NASA educator guides as well as links to NASA mission science and technology. In the informal setting educators can use solar system exploration activities to reinforce learning in association with thematic displays, planetarium programs, youth group gatherings, or community events. Within formal education at the primary level some of the activities are appropriately designed to excite interest and arouse curiosity. Middle school educators will find activities that enhance thematic science and encourage students to think about the scientific process of investigation. Some of the activities offered are appropriate for the upper levels of high school and early college in that they require students to use and analyze data.
Allen, J. S.↗
The contributions of microclimatic information in advancing ecosystem science
Drawing upon over 100 years of scholarly work on microclimate, we first present an overview of the history, key references, and critical issues surrounding the collection and utilization of microclimate records in ecosystem studies. We place particular emphasis on addressing specific and pressing issues related to the applications of microclimate at the community-ecosystem-landscape level, excluding those of controlled experiment such as growth chambers and greenhouses. Specifically, we: (1) highlight some key issues concerning the collection, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), and utilization of microclimatic data in ecosystem studies; (2) revisit microclimatic responses to the structural changes of ecosystems and landscapes; and (3) emphasize the significance of microclimate in understanding major ecosystem/landscape processes and functions. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is particularly emphasized for its calculation and use because of its burgeoning applications in the literature. Case studies for each of the three thematic topics are provided with selected references to demonstrate challenges and solutions. As the scientific community gears up to enhance microclimatic stations, we envision significant increases in the use of smart sensors, wireless access, networking, open databases, and computational capabilities. Understanding and addressing some of the issues raised in this synthesis paper may help advance microclimate research and foster collaboration with other relevant disciplines, such as ecosystem science.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Uncovering novel mutational signatures by de novo extraction with SigProfilerExtractor
Mutational signature analysis is commonly performed in cancer genomic studies. Here, we present SigProfilerExtractor, an automated tool for de novo extraction of mutational signatures, and benchmark it against another 13 bioinformatics tools by using 34 scenarios encompassing 2,500 simulated signatures found in 60,000 synthetic genomes and 20,000 synthetic exomes. For simulations with 5% noise, reflecting high-quality datasets, SigProfilerExtractor outperforms other approaches by elucidating between 20% and 50% more true-positive signatures while yielding 5-fold less false-positive signatures. Applying SigProfilerExtractor to 4,643 whole-genome- and 19,184 whole-exome-sequenced cancers reveals four novel signatures. Two of the signatures are confirmed in independent cohorts, and one of these signatures is associated with tobacco smoking. In summary, this report provides a reference tool for analysis of mutational signatures, a comprehensive benchmarking of bioinformatics tools for extracting signatures, and several novel mutational signatures, including one putatively attributed to direct tobacco smoking mutagenesis in bladder tissues.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Neuromorphic spintronics
Neuromorphic computing uses brain-inspired principles to design circuits that can perform computational tasks with superior power efficiency to conventional computers. Approaches that use traditional electronic devices to create artificial neurons and synapses are, however, currently limited by the energy and area requirements of these components. Spintronic nanodevices, which exploit both the magnetic and electrical properties of electrons, can increase the energy efficiency and decrease the area of these circuits, and magnetic tunnel junctions are of particular interest as neuromorphic computing elements because they are compatible with standard integrated circuits and can support multiple functionalities. Here, we review the development of spintronic devices for neuromorphic computing. We examine how magnetic tunnel junctions can serve as synapses and neurons, and how magnetic textures, such as domain walls and skyrmions, can function as neurons. We also explore spintronics-based implementations of neuromorphic computing tasks, such as pattern recognition in an associative memory, and discuss the challenges that exist in scaling up these systems.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Out-of-plane magnetic phase diagram of the Kitaev quantum magnet Na 2 Co 2 TeO 6
We have investigated the magnetic properties and mapped out the phase diagram of the honeycomb magnet Na 2 Co 2 TeO 6 with Co 3d 7 in out-of-plane magnetic fields. This material has previously been proposed to show nearest-neighbor Kitaev interactions between Co spins and maybe even Kitaev quantum spin liquid behavior in high fields. At 0.01 T, we observe a thermal phase transition at T N = 27K, transitioning from a paramagnetic state to a canonical ferrimagnetic state. Upon increasing the magnetic field, a spin-floplike phase transition occurred before saturation of J = 1/2 between 10 K and T N . Below 10 K, a peak-dip-peak structure emerges between 10 and 17 T in the magnetic susceptibility (dM/dH) before the magnetic saturation, reminiscent of magnetization plateau behavior. The measurement of the magnetocaloric effect also shows dip-peak-dip behavior in this field range. Our data can be explained by an XXZ model with a single ion anisotropy and possibly small Kitaev and Γ exchange interactions. Finally, we also determined the magnetization saturation field that helps constrain the energy scale of the exchange interactions.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Planar Hall Driven Torque in a Ferromagnet/Nonmagnet/Ferromagnet System
An important goal of spintronics is to covert a charge current into a spin current with a controlled spin polarization that can exert torques on an adjacent magnetic layer. Here we demonstrate such torques in a two ferromagnet system. A CoNi multilayer is used as a spin current source in a sample with structure CoNi/Au/CoFeB. Spin torque ferromagnetic resonance is used to measure the torque on the CoFeB layer. The response as a function of the applied field angle and current is consistent with the symmetry expected for a torque produced by the planar Hall effect originating in CoNi. We find the strength of this effect to be comparable to that of the spin Hall effect in platinum, indicating that the planar Hall effect holds potential as a spin current source with a controllable polarization direction.
ferromagnetic resonance↗
Nonadiabatic Phase Transition with Broken Chiral Symmetry
We explore nonadiabatic quantum phase transitions in an Ising spin chain with a linearly time-dependent transverse field and two different spins per unit cell. Such a spin system passes through critical points with gapless excitations, which support nonadiabatic transitions. Nevertheless, we find that the excitations on one of the chain sublattices are suppressed in the nearly adiabatic regime exponentially. Furthermore, we reveal a coherent mechanism to induce exponentially large density separation for different quasiparticles.
1-dimensional spin chains↗
Quantum Information for Fusion Energy Sciences (Final Technical Report)
The simulation of plasma dynamics is a critical area of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) due to it’s usefulness in predicting, controlling, and confining plasmas in the context of potential fusion reactors. The simulation of plasmas is a computationally difficult problem in both classical and quantum physics, motivating investigation into the potential of quantum computers to simulate these systems. This project took several concrete steps towards this goal by developing tools for improving the control, characterization, and calibration of quantum gates on a superconducting quantum computer, developing error suppression and mitigation tools to reduce errors on the quantum computer, and utilizing these advancements to simulate reduced models of plasma dynamics on the quantum computer.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗