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75 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Perspective on Technical Lignin Fractionation

Technical lignin extracted from pulping and biorefining processes provides a class of complex and polydisperse phenolic polymers. Preparation of lignin with lower structural complexity and polydispersity through lignin fractionation is one of the primary solutions to engineer lignin into a value-added material. Sequential lignin fraction by pH controlled precipitation from 12 to 1 is one of the primary developed methods. Partial solubility of lignin in organic solvents is another promising method for lignin fractionation. Organic solvents with different polarity and solubility factors are able to fractionate lignin, yielding a more homogeneous chemical structure. As a modification of the lignin fractionation process using solvents, water/organic solvents mixture, such as propan-2-one, alcohols, and acetic acid, from room to high temperature has been proposed as a greener method for lignin fractionation. Using membrane technology is another promising method and current results indicate a good potential for lignin recovery and fractionation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

U.S. Indirect and Direct Potable Water Reuse Systems (2020)

Collection of proposed, operating, demonstration, and pilot study potable reuse systems across the U.S. as of 2020. Information includes project name, location, augmentation type, capacity, year operational, treatment train, and source water type. References are included in this submission. As potable reuse facilities undergo expansions or upgrades, treatment trains and capacities are subject to change. Operational status may also change. Treatment trains listed are reported to the detail that the source provides. Type and doses of chemical post-treatment or chlorination is often not specified. Please see README section in spreadsheet for definitions of acronyms used.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS2002

Design parameters for rotating cylindrical filtration

Rotating cylindrical filtration displays significantly reduced plugging of filter pores and build-up of a cake layer, but the number and range of parameters that can be adjusted complicates the design of these devices. Twelve individual parameters were investigated experimentally by measuring the build-up of particles on the rotating cylindrical filter after a fixed time of operation. The build-up of particles on the filter depends on the rotational speed, the radial filtrate flow, the particle size and the gap width. Other parameters, such as suspension concentration and total flow rate are less important. Of the four mechanisms present in rotating filters to reduce pore plugging and cake build-up, axial shear, rotational shear, centrifugal sedimentation and vortical motion, the evidence suggests rotational shear is the dominant mechanism, although the other mechanisms still play minor roles. The ratio of the shear force acting parallel to the filter surface on a particle to the Stokes drag acting normal to the filter surface on the particle due to the difference between particle motion and filtrate flow can be used as a non-dimensional parameter that predicts the degree of particle build-up on the filter surface for a wide variety of filtration conditions. c2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Non-NASA Center↗