Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “spectral expansion”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1983

High-resolution submillimeter-wave radiometry of supersonic flow

The recent development of a high-resolution submillimeter-wave heterodyne radiometer has made possible the first measurements of H2O molecule rotational line excitation temperatures and detailed profiles in supersonic flow. Absorption signals were measured across the flow for the 2/11/ from 2//02/ (752 GHz) para-H2O rotational transition against a hot background. These signals decrease downstream owing to the volume expansion of the gas away from the sonic nozle exit in the high-vacuum chamber. Radiative transfer calculations based on the large-velocity-gradient approximation and multilevel statistical equilibrium agree with these results and with the measured spectral line shapes. The data reveal nearly isentropic gas expansion and cooling. These studies have shown that submillimeter-wave heterodyne radiometry can be useful for remote sensing of supersonic flow with low mass flux, provided the signal transmission is through a dry or thin atmosphere.

Dionne, G. F.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Exciton energy transfer reveals spectral signatures of excited states in clusters

Electronic excitation and concomitant energy transfer leading to Penning ionization in argon–acetylene clusters generated in a supersonic expansion are investigated with synchrotron-based photoionization mass spectrometry and electronic structure calculations. Spectral features in the photoionization efficiency of the mixed argon–acetylene clusters reveal a blue shift from the 2 P 1/2 and 2 P 3/2 excited states of atomic argon. Analysis of this feature suggests that excited states of argon clusters transfer energy to acetylene, resulting in its ionization and successive evaporation of argon. Theoretically calculated Ar n (n = 2–6) cluster spectra are in excellent agreement with experimental observations, and provide insight into the structure and ionization dynamics of the clusters. A comparison between argon–acetylene and argon–water clusters reveals that argon solvates water better, allowing for higher-order excitons and Rydberg states to be populated. Furthermore, these results are explained by theoretical calculations of respective binding energies and structures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Accuracy, transferability, and computational efficiency of interatomic potentials for simulations of carbon under extreme conditions

Large-scale atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide an exceptional opportunity to advance the fundamental understanding of carbon under extreme conditions of high pressures and temperatures. However, the fidelity of these simulations depends heavily on the accuracy of classical interatomic potentials governing the dynamics of many-atom systems. Here, this study critically assesses several popular empirical potentials for carbon, as well as machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs), in their ability to simulate a range of physical properties at high pressures and temperatures, including the diamond equation of state, its melting line, shock Hugoniot, uniaxial compressions, and the structure of liquid carbon. Empirical potentials fail to accurately predict the behavior of carbon under high pressure–temperature conditions. In contrast, MLIPs demonstrate quantum accuracy, with Spectral Neighbor Analysis Potential (SNAP) and atomic cluster expansion (ACE) being the most accurate in reproducing the density functional theory results. ACE displays remarkable transferability despite not being specifically trained for extreme conditions. Furthermore, ACE and SNAP exhibit superior computational performance on graphics processing unit-based systems in billion atom MD simulations, with SNAP emerging as the fastest. In addition to offering practical guidance in selecting an interatomic potential with a fine balance of accuracy, transferability, and computational efficiency, this work also highlights transformative opportunities for groundbreaking scientific discoveries facilitated by quantum-accurate MD simulations with MLIPs on emerging exascale supercomputers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1973

Descriptions of the polarization states of vector processes - Applications to ULF magnetic fields

In recent years a wide variety of methods has been used to describe the polarization characteristics of ULF (.001 to 1 Hz) magnetic fields. This paper gives a detailed outline of some of the descriptions derived from the spectral matrices of n-variate stochastic processes. The matrices are expanded in three different, standard sets of matrices in order to add some simplification to the interpretation of the polarizations. One set is composed of n-squared trace-orthogonal, hermitean matrices and leads directly to a generalization of the Stokes parameters and the degree of polarization for n-variate processes. The second set is developed from the dyad expansion, which in particular cases is analogous to the spectral decomposition of the matrix. The third set is composed of n commuting idempotent matrices and proves to be the most useful set when the stochastic process is not strictly polarized.

Samson, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Application of a Boundary Integral Equation Method to the Prediction of Ducted Fan Engine Noise

The prediction of ducted fan engine noise using a boundary integral equation method (BIEM) is considered. Governing equations for the BIEM are based on linearized acoustics and describe the scattering of incident sound by a thin, finite-length cylindrical duct in the presence of a uniform axial inflow. A classical boundary value problem (BVP) is derived that includes an axisymmetric, locally reacting liner on the duct interior. Using potential theory, the BVP is recast as a system of hypersingular boundary integral equations with subsidiary conditions. We describe the integral equation derivation and solution procedure in detail. The development of the computationally efficient ducted fan noise prediction program TBIEM3D, which implements the BIEM, and its utility in conducting parametric noise reduction studies are discussed. Unlike prediction methods based on spinning mode eigenfunction expansions, the BIEM does not require the decomposition of the interior acoustic field into its radial and axial components which, for the liner case, avoids the solution of a difficult complex eigenvalue problem. Numerical spectral studies are presented to illustrate the nexus between the eigenfunction expansion representation and BIEM results. We demonstrate BIEM liner capability by examining radiation patterns for several cases of practical interest.

Dunn, M. H.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Analysis of Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernovae From the (Intermediate) Palomar Transient Factory

We study 34 Type Ic supernovae that have broad spectral features (SNe Ic-BL). This is the only SN type found in association with long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).We obtained our photometric data with the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and its continuation, the intermediate PTF (iPTF). This is the first large, homogeneous sample of SNe Ic-BL from an untargeted survey. Furthermore, given the high observational cadence of iPTF, most of these SNe Ic-BL were discovered soon after explosion. We present K-corrected Bgriz light curves of these SNe, obtained through photometry on template-subtracted images. We analyzed the shape of the r-band light curves, finding a correlation between the decline parameter delta m15 and the rise parameter delta m-10. We studied the SN colors and, based on g - r, we estimated the host-galaxy extinction for each event. Peak r-band absolute magnitudes have an average of -18:6 +- 0:5 mag. We fit each r-band light curve with that of SN 1998bw (scaled and stretched) to derive the explosion epochs. We computed the bolometric light curves using bolometric corrections, r-band data, and g - r colors. Expansion velocities from Fe ii were obtained by fitting spectral templates of SNe Ic. Bolometric light curves and velocities at peak were fitted using the semianalytic Arnett model to estimate ejecta mass Mej, explosion energy EK and 56Ni mass M(56Ni) for each SN. We find average values of Mej = 4 +- 3 M sun, EK = (7 +- 6) x 1051 erg, and M(56Ni) = 0:31 +- 0:16 M . The parameter distributions were compared to those presented in the literature and are overall in agreement with them. We also estimated the degree of 56Ni mixing using scaling relations derived from hydrodynamical models and we find that all the SNe are strongly mixed. The derived explosion parameters imply that at least 21% of the progenitors of SNe Ic-BL are compatible with massive (>28 M ), possibly single stars, whereas at least 64% might come from less massive stars in close binary systems.

Supernovae↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ligand-Dependent Tuning of Interband and Intersubband Transitions of Colloidal CdSe Nanoplatelets

Although surface ligands of colloidal nanocrystals are known to adjust the absolute energy levels of valence and conduction bands of semiconductor nanocrystals, they typically have only minor influence on the band gap or effective masses. This changes in nanoplatelets. Ligand exchange of CdSe colloidal nanoplatelets induces large (up to 300 meV) bathochromic shifts of both interband and intersubband transitions. Here, three families of ligands-halides, thiolates, and phosphonates-are used to tune interband transitions, reflecting electron and hole confinement, across visible wavelengths and intersubband transitions, reflecting electron confinement, across the near-infrared spectral window. Furthermore, careful examination shows that delocalization from expansion of the nanoplatelet short axis, which was reported previously, cannot alone explain observed red shifts. Instead, comparison of intersubband, interband, and hole energy levels shows that ligand head group chemistry confers specific, idiosyncratic adjustments of the contribution of conduction and valence bands to the observed bathochromic shifts. Phosphonate ligands show the largest band gap reductions but the smallest red shift of intersubband transition energies; halide-exchanged samples displayed smaller reductions in band gap but large red shifts of intersubband transitions; thiolates fall in between. A related specificity is observed in hole states, which implicates ligand-responsive valence band curvature as an additional contribution driving optical changes. For nanoplatelets, surface ligand chemistry offers not only a tool to adjust the absolute energy level of conduction and valence bands but also an alternative route to preferential electron or hole band engineering that is normally achieved with inorganic shells.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1982

A crops and soils data base for scene radiation research

Management and planning activities with respect to food production require accurate and timely information on crops and soils on a global basis. The needed information can be obtained with the aid of satellite-borne sensors, if the relations between the spectral properties and the important biological-physical parameters of crops and soils are known. In order to obtain this knowledge, the development of a crops and soils scene radiation research data base was initiated. Work related to the development of this data base is discussed, taking into account details regarding the conducted experiments, the performed measurements, the calibration of spectral data, questions of data base access, and the expansion of the crops and soils scene radiation data base for 1982.

Biehl, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

X-ray and gamma-ray emissions expected from supernova 1987A

The X-ray and gamma-ray spectra expected from SN 1987A have been calculated. Results for the TWOBF7 model are inconsistent with Ginga observation, but the X-ray flux and its spectral shape strongly depend on the chemical composition and expansion velocity of the ejecta. The distributions of density and chemical compositions for SN 1987A are described. For the TWOBF7 model, the X-ray flux between 10 and 20 keV reaches a peak of 6.7 photons/s/sq m about 1 yr after the explosion. For the 15B5 model, the peak flux is larger by a factor of five. The implications of the Ginga satellite's detection of an excess X-ray flux from the direction of the supernova for the models of SN 1987A are considered. How observations of gamma-ray lines can determine the optical thickness of the expanding shell is discussed.

Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu↗
NASA NTRS1992

A unified perturbation expansion for surface scattering

Starting with the extinction theorem, a perturbation expansion which, to first and second orders, converges over a wider domain than the small perturbation expansion and the momentum transfer expansion is presented. It is shown that, in the appropriate limits, both of these theories, as well as the two-scale expansion, are recovered. There is no adjustable parameter, such as a spectral split, in the theory. This theory is applied to random rough surfaces and derive analytic expressions for the coherent field and the bistatic cross section. Finally, a numerical test of the theory against method of moments results for Gaussian random rough surfaces with a power law spectrum is given. These results show that the expansion is ramarkably accurate over a large range of surface heights and slopes for both horizontal and vertical polarization.

Rodriguez, Ernesto↗
NASA NTRS1988

Sampling inhomogeneous turbulent fields

The reconstruction of an inhomogeneous random process from a finite number of discrete samples can be performed in terms of the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion for that process. The n(th) eigenfunction has n - 1 zero crossings which are the sampling points for the inhomogeneous process. The rapid variation of the KL eigenfunctions makes it unnecessary to have a high density of sampling (or grid points) near the wall. However, this result should not be construed to indicate that with spectral simulations significantly fewer grid points are required with the KL expansion as compared to other orthogonal expansions. Moin and Moser (1989) have shown that the advantage of the KL expansion over Chebychev expansion rapidly diminishes when high percentage (say 90 percent) energy recovery is demanded.

Adrian, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Time-resolved imaging and spectral studies of an X-ray burst from the globular cluster Terzan

The first image of an X-ray burst was recorded with the HRI detector at the Einstein Observatory while observing the globular cluster Terzan 2. The burst was coincident with a persistent X-ray source located near the center of the cluster (thus confirming an earlier suggested identification) and reached a peak luminosity exceeding 5 x 10 to the 38th (d/10 kpc) squared. After a rapid rise to peak luminosity, a double-peaked spectral variation was observed over the next approximately 20 s with anticorrelated changes in the apparent emission region radius and temperature derived from blackbody (and modified blackbody) spectral fits. A shell or disk geometry, which undergoes adiabatic expansion and contraction, may be implied for the burst emission region. Alternatively, Comptonization is required. It is also shown that the peak burst luminosity must exceed the Eddington limit.

Grindlay, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1997

An Optical Study of the Circumstellar Environment Around the Crab Nebula

Long-slit spectra of two peripheral regions around the Crab Nebula show no H(alpha) emission down to a flux level of 1.5 x 10(exp -7)erg/sq cm s sr (0.63 Rayleigh), corresponding to an emission measure limit of 4.2 cm(sup - 6) pc (3(sigma)) assuming A(sub V)= 1.6(sup m) and T(sub e)=7000 K. This is below the flux levels reported by Murdin & Clark (Nature, 294, 543 (198 1)) for an H(alpha) halo around the Crab. Narrow H(beta) emission as described by Murdin (MNRAS, 269, 89 (1994)) is detected but appears to be Galactic emission unassociated with the remnant. A review of prior searches indicates no convincing observational evidence to support either a high- or low-velocity envelope around the remnant. Spectral scans confirm a well-organized, N-S expansion asymmetry of the filaments with a approx. 500 km/s central velocity constriction as described by MacAlpine et al. (ApJ, 342, 364 (1989)) and Lawrence et (it. (AJ, 109, 2635 (1995)] but questioned by Hester et al. (ApJ, 448, 240 (1995)). The velocity pinching appears to coincide with an cast-west chain of bright [O III] and helium-rich filaments. This expansion asymmetry might be the result of ejecta interaction with a disk of circumstellar matter, but such a model may be inconsistent with H and He filament abundances in the velocity constriction zone. A re-analysis of the remnant's total mass suggests that the filaments contain 4.6 +/- 1.8 M(solar) in ionized and neutral cas, about twice that of earlier estimates. For a 10M(solar) progenitor, this suggests that approx.equals 4M(solar) remains to be detected in an extended halo or wind.

Fesen, Robert A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Computational study of three dimensional viscous flow through a turbine cascade using a multi-domain spectral technique

The three dimensional viscous flow through a planar turbine cascade is numerically simulated by direct solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Flow dependence in the spanwise direction is represented by direct expansion in Chebyshev polynomials, while the discretization on planes parallel to the endwalls is accomplished using the spectral element method. Elemental mapping from the physical to the computational space uses an algebraic mapping technique. A fractional time stepping method that consists of an explicit nonlinear convective step, an implicit pressure correction step, and an implicit viscous step is used to advance the Navier-Stokes equations forward in time. Results computed at moderate Reynolds numbers show a three dimensional endwall flow separation, a midspan separation of the blade suction surface boundary layer, and other three-dimensional features such as the presence of a saddle point flow in the endwall region. In addition, the computed skin friction lines are shown to be orthogonal to the surface vorticity lines, demonstrating the accuracy achievable in the present method.

Renaud, Earl W.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Numerically exact generalized Green's function cluster expansions for electron-phonon problems

We generalize the family of approximate momentum average methods to formulate a numerically exact, convergent hierarchy of equations whose solution provides an efficient algorithm to compute the Green's function of a particle dressed by bosons suitable in the entire parameter regime. We use this approach to extract ground-state properties and spectral functions. Our approximation-free framework, dubbed the generalized Green's function cluster expansion (GGCE), allows access to exact numerical results in the extreme adiabatic limit, where many standard methods struggle or completely fail. We showcase the performance of the method, specializing three important models of charge-boson coupling in solids and molecular complexes: the molecular Holstein model, which describes coupling between charge density and local distortions, the Peierls model, which describes modulation of charge hopping due to intersite distortions, and a more complex Holstein + Peierls system with couplings to two different phonon modes, paradigmatic of charge-lattice interactions in organic crystals. Furthermore, the GGCE serves as an efficient approach that can be systematically extended to different physical scenarios, thus providing a tool to model the frequency dependence of dressed particles in realistic settings.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1992

Hardness/intensity correlations among BATSE bursts

Conclusions about the nature of gamma-ray bursts derived from the size-frequency distribution may be altered if a significant correlation exists between burst intensity and spectral shape. Moreover, if gamma-ray bursts have a cosmological origin, such a correlation may be expected to result from the expansion of the universe. We have performed a rudimentary search of the BATSE bursts for hardness/intensity correlations. The range of spectral shapes was determined for each burst by computing the ratio of the intensity in the range 100-300 keV to that in 55-300 keV. We find weak evidence for the existence of a correlation, the strongest effect being present when comparing the maximum hardness ratio for each burst with its maximum rate.

Paciesas, William S.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The magnifying glass - A feature space local expansion for visual analysis

The Magnifying Glass Transformation (MGT) technique is proposed, as a multichannel spectral operation yielding visual imagery which is enhanced in a specified spectral vicinity, guided by the statistics of training samples. An application example is that in which the discrimination among spectral neighbors within an interactive display may be increased without altering distant object appearances or overall interpretation. A direct histogram specification technique is applied to the channels within the multispectral image so that a subset of the spectral domain occupies an increased fraction of the domain. The transformation is carried out by obtaining the training information, establishing the condition of the covariance matrix, determining the influenced solid, and initializing the lookup table. Finally, the image is transformed.

Juday, R. D.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Influence of Markovianity and self-consistency on time-resolved spectral functions of driven quantum systems

We present a systematic comparison of the real-time Dyson expansion (RTDE) with established nonequilibrium Green's function (GF) approaches for simulating driven, interacting quantum systems. Focusing on density matrix dynamics, time-off-diagonal GFs, and time-resolved photoemission spectra, we benchmark RTDE against fully self-consistent Kadanoff-Baym equation (KBE) calculations, the generalized Kadanoff-Baym ansatz, and exact diagonalization for small systems using second-order many-body perturbation theory. Using a driven two-band Hubbard model, we show that mean-field single-particle density matrix trajectories provide a reliable baseline for RTDE across a broad range of interaction strengths and excited-carrier populations. Further, RTDE accurately captures correlation effects in the GFs, including long-lived oscillations and revivals that are strongly suppressed by the overdamping inherent to self-consistent KBE schemes. As a consequence, RTDE resolves rich nonequilibrium spectral structure in time-resolved photoemission, such as interaction- and population-dependent quasiparticle splittings and band gap renormalization, which are largely washed out in self-consistent approaches yet are present in exact solutions. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that RTDE bridges the gap between mean-field propagation and full two-time KBE simulations, retaining favorable linear scaling while capturing essential dynamical correlations relevant for ultrafast spectroscopy.

Electronic structure↗