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At least 91 records · Page 5

Observation of Charmonium Sequential Suppression in Heavy-Ion Collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

We report measurements of charmonium sequential suppression in Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The inclusive yield ratio of 𝜓⁡(2⁢S) to J/𝜓 as a function of transverse momentum is reported, along with the centrality dependence of the double ratio, defined as the 𝜓⁡(2⁢S) to J/𝜓 ratio in heavy-ion collisions relative to that in 𝑝 +𝑝 collisions. In the 0–80% centrality class, the double ratio is found to be 0.41±0.10 (stat)±0.03 (syst)±0.02 (ref), lower than unity with a significance of 5.6 standard deviations. This provides experimental evidence that 𝜓⁡(2⁢S) is significantly more suppressed than J/𝜓 in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. This sequential suppression pattern seems to increase from peripheral to central collisions, but with no significant dependence on the transverse momentum.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Modeling the sequential dissociative double ionization of O 2 by ultrashort intense infrared laser pulses

A density matrix approach for sequential double ionization (DM-SDI) of molecules has been developed recently and was applied to the N 2 molecule. In this article, we extended the DM-SDI model to O 2 , which is a more complicated system to model than N 2 , due to its electronic structures and spin-orbit and laser couplings in the manifold of doubly charged states. We obtained a good agreement on the kinetic energy release spectrum of O + + O + from previous experiments. Thanks to the low computational cost of the model, we explored the mechanism behind the ionization and dissociation dynamics as well as the effects of lasers on the spectrum. Furthermore, this work will pave the way to model sequential dissociative double ionization of larger molecules and to probe molecular dynamics by measuring kinetic energy release spectra from this process.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Probing vibronic coherence in charge migration in molecules using strong-field sequential double ionization

We propose a scheme for probing vibronic coherence in charge migration in molecules utilizing strong-field sequential double ionization. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we perform full simulations of a pump-probe scheme employing few-cycle intense infrared pulses for N 2 and O 2 . We predict that the vibronic coherence between the pumped states will be directly imprinted in experimental observables such as kinetic energy release spectra and branching ratios of the dissociative dications. Our simulations are based on the recently developed density matrix approach for sequential double ionization model, which is capable of efficiently accounting for molecular orientations and enabling direct comparison with experimental results. Lastly, our findings strongly encourage the use of this probing scheme in future charge migration experiments.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Labeling sequential data from noisy annotations

Crowdsourcing algorithms often work under the assumption that the data samples are independent. Recent work has shown that data dependence, such as temporal correlations in sequential data, can be leveraged to improve the label quality. Existing methods that exploit this special structure rely on third-order statistics of the annotator outputs to ensure the identifiability of key latent parameters, which are costly to acquire. This work proposes an approach for integrating crowdsourced annotations under the Dawid-Skene/Hidden Markov Model (DS-HMM) for sequential data based on second-order statistics, which naturally enjoys a lower sample complexity. An effective algorithm is proposed to tackle the challenging optimization problem associated with the proposed estimator. Numerical experiments showcase the effectiveness of the data labeling paradigm.

Marrinan, Timothy P.↗

Switching Device-Cognizant Sequential Distribution System Restoration

This paper presents an optimization framework for sequential reconfiguration using an assortment of switching devices and repair process in distribution system restoration. Compared to existing studies, this paper considers types, capabilities and operational limits of different switching devices, making it applicable in practice. We develop a novel multi-phase method to find the optimal sequential operation of various switching devices and repair faulted areas. We consider circuit breakers, reclosers, sectionalizers, load breaker switches, and fuses. The switching operation problem is decomposed into two mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) subproblems. The first subproblem determines the optimal network topology and estimates the number of steps to reach that topology, while the second subproblem generates a sequence of switching operations to coordinate the switches. For repairing the faults, we design an MILP model that dispatches repair crews to clear faults and replace melted fuses. After clearing a fault, we update the topology of the network by generating a new sequence of switching operations, and the process continues until all faults are cleared. To improve the computational efficiency, a network reduction algorithm is developed to group line sections, such that only switchable sections are present in the reduced network. The proposed method is validated on the IEEE 123-bus and 8500-bus systems.

distribution system↗

Sequential infiltration of two-photon polymerized 3D photonic crystals for mid-IR spectroscopic applications

Photonic crystals (PhCs) are spatially organized structures with lattice parameters equivalent to the operational wavelength of light. PhCs have been subject to extensive research efforts in the last two decades and are known for controlling light propagation with applications in sensing and time-delayed communication due to the slow-light phenomenon. Despite their exceptional properties, PhCs are difficult to fabricate using planar micromachining techniques due to their periodic structures. Techniques like two-photon stereolithography have been discussed for PhC fabrication in the literature, but the inherent disadvantage of poor refractive index (RI) contrast results in limited application. In this work, we present sequential infiltration synthesis performed on two-photon stereolithographically printed 3D PhCs for infiltration with zinc oxide to increase the RI of 3D PhCs. Further, finite element analysis was performed over a range of RI contrast values to study the change in photonic bandgap (PBG) with RI contrast. The transmission spectra were recorded on 3D PhCs before and after infiltration to demonstrate the change experimentally. An increase in the PBG width and absorbance is seen postinfiltration due to enhanced RI. This work presents the first, to our knowledge, sequentially infiltrated enhanced 3D PhC fabricated with two-photon stereolithography.

3D printing↗

Sequential Training ToolKit - STTK

Sequential Training ToolKit, or STTK, is a software toolkit plugin for the Unity development platform that enables software developers to easily develop structured Sequential Training applications for gaming and extended reality (XR) environments. STTK is architected to easily import the toolkit as a plugin for the Unity platform and then interact with the graphical user interface (GUI) for drag-and-drop functionality. STTK also includes easy add-on plugins for Prefabs and auto-builds a State Machine. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2021-3059 O

Klein, BrandonThorin↗

Data and scripts associated with “Sequential Precipitation Input Tagging (SPIT) to Estimate Water Transit Times and Hydrologic Tracer Dynamics within Water-Tagging Enabled Hydrologic Models” (v3)

This data package is associated with the publication “Sequential Precipitation Input Tagging (SPIT) to Estimate Water Transit Times and Hydrologic Tracer Dynamics within Water-Tagging Enabled Hydrologic Models” submitted to Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (Butler et al. 2025). This study developed the Sequential Precipitation Input Tagging (SPIT) framework to tag input precipitation and estimate water transit times and hydrologic tracers. SPIT tags all precipitation events at regular intervals over an extended period (monthly tags over seven years) in a hydrologic model from 2016-2022. SPIT is applied at six National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites across the continental United States to calculate transit time distributions (TTD) and derive from these mean transit times (MTT), fractions of young water (Fyw), and hydrologic tracer concentrations in stream water (δ18O) within a water-tagging enabled version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WT-WRF-Hydro) model with national water model (NWM) configurations. We go on to validate WT-WRF-Hydro estimates against Butler et al. (2023), who analyzed the same NEON sites using stable water isotope data to estimate water transit times. This new tracking method provides a detailed picture of water movement and helps improve predictions about water availability in the future. This data package was originally published in January 2025. It was updated May 2025 (v2; new and modified files) and October 2025 (v3; new and modified files). File and folder names were not revised to indicate changes. See the change history section in the readme for more details. This data package contains the data and scripts used to develop the SPIT framework WT-WRF-Hydro (Water Tagging Weather Research and Forecasting Hydrologic) model and is associated with the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/zbutler33/SPIT-Framework. This data package contains five parent folders: (1) “Manipulated_outputs”, (2) “Metadata”, (3) “Observed”, (4) “Outputs”, and (5) “Scripts”. Each of these parent folders contains additional subfolders and files. Please see the FLMD (“v*_Butler_2024_WT_WRF_Hydro_flmd.csv”) for a list of all the files contained in this data package and descriptions for each. See the data dictionary (“v*_Butler_2024_WT_WRF_Hydro_dd.csv”) for definitions and units of all of the tabular (files ending in “.csv” and ".tsv") column headers.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Bayesian inference of Stochastic reaction networks using Multifidelity Sequential Tempered Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Stochastic reaction network models are often used to explain and predict the dynamics of gene regulation in single cells.These models usually involve several parameters, such as the kinetic rates of chemical reactions, that are not directly measurable and must be inferred from experimental data. Bayesian inference provides a rigorous probabilistic frame-work for identifying these parameters by finding a posterior parameter distribution that captures their uncertainty.Traditional computational methods for solving inference problems such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods based on classical Metropolis-Hastings algorithm involve numerous serial evaluations of the likelihood function, which in turn requires expensive forward solutions of the chemical master equation (CME). We propose an alternate approach based on a multifidelity extension of the Sequential Tempered Markov Chain Monte Carlo (ST-MCMC) sampler. This algorithm is built upon Sequential Monte Carlo and solves the Bayesian inference problem by decomposing it into a sequence of efficiently solved subproblems that gradually increase both model fidelity and the influence of the observed data. We reformulate the finite state projection (FSP) algorithm, a well-known method for solving the CME, to produce a hierarchy of surrogate master equations to be used in this multifidelity scheme. To determine the appropriate fidelity, we introduce a novel information-theoretic criteria that seeks to extract the most information about the ultimate Bayesian posterior from each model in the hierarchy without inducing significant bias. This novel sampling scheme is tested with high performance computing resources using biologically relevant problems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Application of Sequential Design of Experiments (SDoE) to Large Pilot-Scale Solvent-Based CO2 Capture Process at Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)

The United States Department of Energy’s Carbon Capture Simulation for Industry Impact (CCSI2) program has developed a framework for sequential design of experiments (SDoE) that aims to maximize knowledge gained from budget- and schedule-limited pilot scale testing. SDoE was applied to the planning and execution of campaigns for testing CO2 capture systems at pilot-scale in order to optimally allocate resources available for the testing. In this methodology, a stochastic process model is developed by quantifying the parametric uncertainty in submodels of interest; for a solvent-based CO2 capture system, these may include physical properties and equipment performance submodels (e.g., mass transfer, interfacial area). This uncertainty is propagated through the full process model, over variable operating conditions, for estimating the resulting uncertainty in key model outputs (e.g., percentage of CO2 capture, solvent regeneration energy requirement). In developing a data collection plan, the predicted output uncertainty is incorporated into an algorithm that seeks simultaneously to select process operating conditions for which the predicted uncertainty is relatively high and to ensure that the entire space of operation is well represented. This test plan is then used to guide operation of the pilot plant at varying steady-state conditions, with resulting process data incorporated into the existing model using Bayesian inference to refine parameter distributions. The updated stochastic model, with reduced parametric uncertainty from data collected, is then used to guide additional data collection, thus the sequential nature of the experimental design. The SDoE process was implemented at the pilot test unit (12 MWe in scale) at Norway’s Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM) in a summer 2018 test campaign with aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA). During the test campaign, the varied operating conditions included the flowrates of circulated solvent, flue gas, and reboiler steam and the CO2 concentration in the flue gas. The process data were used to update probability distributions of mass transfer and interfacial area parameters of a stochastic process model developed by the CCSI2 team. Two iterations of the SDoE process were executed, resulting in the uncertainty in model predicted CO2 capture percentage decreasing by an average of 58.0 ± 4.7% over the full input space of interest. This work demonstrates the potential of the SDoE process for model refinement through reduction in process model parametric uncertainty, and ultimately risk in scale-up, in CO2 capture technology performance.

carbon capture↗

Surface properties and RF performance of Vapor Diffused Nb3Sn on Nb after sequential anneals below 1000 °C

Nb3Sn is a next-generation superconducting material that can be used for future superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) accelerator cavities, promising better performance, cost reduction, and higher operating temperature than Nb. The Sn vapor diffusion method is currently the most preferred and successful technique to coat niobium cavi-ties with Nb3Sn. Among post-coating treatments to opti-mize the coating quality, higher temperature annealing without Sn is known to degrade Nb3Sn because of Sn loss. We have investigated Nb3Sn/Nb samples briefly annealed at 800-1000 °C for 10 and 20 minutes to poten-tially improve the surface to enhance the performance of Nb3Sn-coated cavities. Following the sample studies, a coated single-cell cavity was sequentially annealed at 900 °C and tested its performance each time, improving the cavity's quality factor relatively. This paper summarizes the sample studies and discusses the RF test results from sequentially annealed SRF Nb3Sn/Nb cavity.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Sequential Bayesian Methods for Analyzing Computer Models

Efficient analysis of computer models is essential for the validation and uncertainty quantification of those models. Surrogate models, and Gaussian processes in particular, are a common and powerful approach to analyzing computer models that treat computer models as a black-box function. Gaussian processes form a Bayesian model over a space of functions that gives a measure of uncertainty about the computer model output at unobserved locations and a framework for sequential sampling. This tutorial will show how to fit Gaussian processes on a series of test functions and apply sequential design techniques to estimate extrema, level sets, and reliabilities of those test functions.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Applying colloidal silica suspensions injection and sequential gelation to block vertical water flow in well annulus: laboratory testing on rheology, gelation, and injection

We evaluated the application of silica suspension injection and sequential gelation to block vertical water flow in the annuli of long-screened wells. First, we studied the viscosity, rheological behavior, and gelation performance of colloidal silica suspensions in batch tests. Then, we tested the injection of silica suspensions and the water flow blocking efficiency of the later formed silica gel in column and bench-scale sandbox experiments. Micron-sized fumed powder silica suspensions and nanosized silica suspensions recovered from geothermal fluids were tested in this work. Fumed silica suspensions showed shear thinning, while nanosized silica suspensions exhibited Newtonian flow behavior. During the gelation process, the nanosized silica suspension changed from a Newtonian fluid to a shear thinning fluid while increasing its overall viscosity. At comparable concentrations, the nanosized silica suspensions have much lower viscosity than that of the fumed silica suspensions. Increases in the Na + concentration and silica particle concentration in these suspensions shortened the gelation time. Silica suspension gelation in sand columns completely blocked the water flow and sustained the injection pressure up to 50 psig (344.7 kPa). A silica suspension was successfully injected into the target zone in the annulus of a bench-scale sandbox mimicking long-screened wells in the field. The silica gel formed in the annulus effectively blocked chemical transport through the gelled zone. Our research reveals that a process using silica suspension injection and sequential gelation technology is promising for blocking the vertical water flow and chemical transport through the filter pack in targeted zones within the annulus of long-screened well systems.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Relativistic Hybrid Stars with Sequential First-order Phase Transitions in Light of Multimessenger Constraints

In this work, we consider the properties of compact stars in which quark matter has low- and high-density phases that are separated by a first-order phase transition. Thus, unlike the commonly considered case of a single phase transition from hadronic to quark matter, our models of hybrid stars contain sequential phase transitions from hadronic matter to low- and then to high-density quark matter phases. We extend our previous study of the parameter space of hybrid stars with a single phase transition to those with sequential phase transitions, taking into account the constraints on the mass and radius of neutron stars from the NICER experiment, the experimental inferences of the neutron skin thickness of the lead nucleus by the PREX-II experiment, and constraints on the tidal deformability from the gravitational-wave event GW170817. We determine the range of the masses for which both twin and triplet configurations, i.e., identical-mass stars with two and three different values of radii, arise.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

A Computer Program for Simplifying Incompletely Specified Sequential Machines Using the Paull and Unger Technique

This report presents a description of a computer program mechanized to perform the Paull and Unger process of simplifying incompletely specified sequential machines. An understanding of the process, as given in Ref. 3, is a prerequisite to the use of the techniques presented in this report. This process has specific application in the design of asynchronous digital machines and was used in the design of operational support equipment for the Mariner 1966 central computer and sequencer. A typical sequential machine design problem is presented to show where the Paull and Unger process has application. A description of the Paull and Unger process together with a description of the computer algorithms used to develop the program mechanization are presented. Several examples are used to clarify the Paull and Unger process and the computer algorithms. Program flow diagrams, program listings, and a program user operating procedures are included as appendixes.

Ebersole, M. M.↗

Sequential control chart methodology

A modification of the V mask sequential control chart is proposed. In this modified scheme, a parabolic section is included in the mask to provide better performance when the process undergoes a large change in the mean from goal conditions. It is shown that the modified V mask can be implemented either in conventional graphic form, or in an algorithmic form suitable for a digital computer. Average run lengths are given for a typical range of circumstances. It also is shown that the conventional Shewhart chart is better than a sequential chart for the specific purpose of promptly detecting very large shifts of the mean from goal conditions.

Source record↗

The JPL Data Decoder Assembly for mission independent sequential decoding.

Implementation of the Fano sequential decoding algorithm as one of the functions of the Data Decoder Assembly. Installation of these systems at all stations in the Deep Space tracking network has been completed, and the systems will be used to support future deep space missions which will be using long constraint length convolutional codes at medium rates (less than 2048 bits/sec). The design philosophy and the performance of the sequential decoder are discussed.

Grauling, C. R.↗