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DOE OSTI2024

Data Quality Objectives Supporting Radiological Air Emissions Monitoring for the PNNL-Richland Campus: North Campus Construction (Rev. 3)

Starting in fiscal year 2023, the north area of the PNNL-Richland Campus will undergo development. Initially, infrastructure (water, electrical) improvements will be installed. Later development includes the construction of several new office buildings. The area to be developed currently contains no buildings but does have two existing solar-powered ambient air sampling stations. Under the requirements of Washington State Department of Health Radioactive Air Emissions License -005, the PNNL-Richland Campus must operate and maintain a radiological air monitoring program. This revision documents and evaluates how the new North Campus construction impacts ambient air surveillance stations within the development region. This revision also considers current stack configurations and uses an updated environmental dispersion model and updated meteorological data. The DQO team concluded that one sampling station in the construction area will be relocated and the other remain in place. The evaluations conducted for this DQO also identified a third sampling station outside the development area that is recommended for relocation as a result of updated dispersion modeling. Recommended sites for the relocations are presented. Considerations for sampling in and around a construction zone are also addressed. Additionally, programmatic improvements to the ambient air sampling program were identified in the DQO process.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1979

Ensuring the relocatability of programs in the operational system DOS YeS

Specific modifications in the Disk Operational System Unified Series to insure the relocatability of programs stored permanently in the core image library is described. A self-relocating method for loading programs into the working memory with re-editing all the programs recorded in the core image library is presented. The modified linkage editor can be included in a relocation dictionary containing data about each address constant at the assembly stage at the request of the programmer. The relocation dictionary increases the dimension of the RL-phase in comparison with the dimension of this same phase when edited by the standard method, making possible the creation of multiphase program complexes. Generation and use of the modified system using Assembly language is described. An example of the use of the system is given, and limitations of the use of the relocatable programs in the modified system are outlined.

Novoseltsev, S. K.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Effect of body repositioning after venous air embolism. An echocardiographic study

BACKGROUND: Current therapy for massive venous air embolism (VAE) may include the use of the left lateral recumbent (LLR) position, although its effectiveness has been questioned. This study used transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate the effect of body repositioning on intracardiac air and acute cardiac dimension changes. METHODS: Eighteen anesthetized dogs in the supine position received a venous air injection of 2.5 ml/kg at a rate of 5 ml/ s. After 1 min the dogs were repositioned into either the LLR, LLR 10 degrees head down (LLR-10 degrees), right lateral recumbence, or remained in the supine position. RESULTS: Repositioning after VAE resulted in relocation of intracardiac air to nondependent areas of the right heart. Peak right ventricular (RV) diameter increase and mean arterial pressure decrease were greater in the repositioned animals compared with those in the supine position (P < 0.05). Right ventricular diameter and mean arterial pressure showed an inverse correlation (r = 0.81). Peak left atrial diameter decrease was greater in the LLR and LLR-10 degrees positions compared with the supine position (P < 0.05). Repositioning did not influence peak pulmonary artery pressure increase, and no correlation was found between RV diameter and pulmonary artery pressure. All animals showed electrocardiogram and echocardiographic changes reconcilable with myocardial ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: In dogs, body repositioning after VAE provided no benefit in hemodynamic performance or cardiac dimension changes, although relocation of intracardiac air was demonstrated. Right ventricular air did not appear to result in significant RV outflow obstruction, as pulmonary artery pressure increased uniformly in all groups and was not influenced by the relocation of intracardiac air. The combination of increased RV afterload and arterial hypotension, possibly with subsequent RV ischemia rather than RV outflow obstruction by an airlock appeared to be the primary mechanism for cardiac dysfunction after VAE.

NASA Discipline Environmental Health↗

NASA NTRS2012

Summer Final Report

The summer of 2012 has been filled with many memorable events and activities. As an intern, I had responsibilities that had to be fulfilled. My tour of duty was completed as an administrative student trainee in the Information Technology and Communications Services Business Office (IT-A). In accordance with the Business Objectives and Agreement of the Business Office and my performance plan, I was to provide business office support, improve business, project management, and technical work processes. With this being stated, I supported a project called "The Big Move Project" (TBMP), which will take course over the next several years. The Big Move Project is the planning of the Information Technology (IT) Directorate's relocation to various buildings in the course of upcoming years, when designs and the building of Central Campus have been completed. Working directly with my supervisor and the project manager, I was responsible for gathering both administrative and operational area requirements for the Information Technology (IT) Directorate, along with its outsourced support and contractors, such as IMCS, NICS, and ACES. My first action was to create rubrics that will serve as a guideline for the information that should be given by each branch of IT. After receiving that information via a few KAITS actions, I was able to start the consolidation process, and begin working on a presentation. A SharePoint was created shortly after for others to view the progression of the project, which I managed. During the consolidation ofthis information, I would occasionally present to the IT Deputy Director and IT Chiefs. The draft of this presentation was shown to employees of Center Operations (T A) and stakeholders-IT Chief Officers and contractor managers-in the relocation of IT to make them aware of what requirements must be met that will enable IT to be accommodated appropriately in the design of Central Campus Phase 11-the time in which IT and its contractors are scheduled to be relocated. Besides supporting TBMP, I also supported the Section 508 Policy Compliance Coordinator, R. Liang. Section 508 is a policy that requires employers to implement accessibility assurance of information and technology to disabled communities. On Thursday, July 19, 2012, I was able to go to Camp Boggy Creek-a camp for disabled children-for an education outreach, in collaboration with the Education Office. We shared with them information about how astronauts live and work in space, they were able to ride hovercrafts, build paper rockets, and then launch them outside. Although this outreach was quite fun with the kids at the camp, this was a learning opportunity to gain some insight to those with cognitive and physical disabilities, the problems they typically face, and in tum, how to accommodate those with disabilities in the work environment. In the process of implementing accessibility and Section 508 compliance, I attended various teleconferences, did field runs to supply closed-caption call phones to employees with limited hearing, and helped with the development of the charter ofthe Section 508 Compliance Working Group.

Makidi, Nitou↗

NASA NTRS2021

Visualization of Upcoming ISS Changes - Featuring MLM Install

The MAGIK Robotic analysis team provides kinematic feasibility assessments and robotic visualizations for the ISS. The latest visualization displays ISS planned operations in increments 65 and 66 as of the 7/6/21 flight plan. Featured events include the arrival of the Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) and surrounding visiting vehicle actions. The complete list of actions shown include: Repeated ISS attitude adjustment maneuvers from: starting position with positive X Velocity Vector (+XVV), yaw to -XVV, and pitch to final position with -ZVV. Then subsequent return to -XVV and nominal position +XVV. Crew-2 relocation from Node 2 Forward (N2F) to Node 2 Zenith (N2Z). 77 Progress with Docking Compartment 1 (DC1) undock and departure. MLM install. Boe-OFT2 arrival and departure at N2F. NG-16 arrival and berth at Node 1 Nadir (N1N). SpX-23 arrival at N2F. 64 Soyuz relocation and fly-around. SpX-23 departure from N2F. 65 Soyuz approach and dock to MRM-1. 64 Soyuz undock and departure. 78 Progress relocation.

ISS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Estimation of post-burst vibration-induced fuel dispersal thresholds following LOCA-simulant testing

The nuclear industry intends to increase burnup past the regulatory limit of 62 GWd/MTU, and to be successful, the dispersal behavior of fragmented high-burnup fuel during loss-of-coolant accidents must be better understood. Part of this behavior is fuel fragmentation, relocation, and dispersal. This work reports on testing concerning the dispersal of fuel from rods following burst and pressure blowdown through the burst. The Fuel Relocation Induced by Accident Recovery (FRIAR) system was used to examine surrogate material and pre-burst cladding specimens to evaluate the effects of vibrational loading, mixture composition, and burst size on post-burst dispersal. Vibrational loading resulted in maximum dispersal around 15 Hz when the loading was performed with peak-to-peak oscillation amplitudes at 0.5 and 1 mm. Here, under this aggressive vibrational loading, dispersal was found to become significant as burst widths increased to approximately 5 mm and larger. However, below 4 mm widths, little material dispersed out of the opening, even at 1 mm amplitudes and for more dispersive mixtures (smaller average fragments). At and above 7 mm widths, dispersal was rapid for all mixtures. Finally, dispersal in the threshold region (4–5 mm wide bursts) strongly depended on the mixture. For mixtures with large fragments, dispersal was minimized to a few fragments, as the large fragments proved to be effective at minimizing dispersal. Conversely, mixtures with smaller fragments showed increased dispersal in this region.

Burst geometry↗

DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying Movement Motivations, Demand, and Inflow-Outflow Dynamics in Four Cities (New York, Chicago, Austin, and San Diego) During COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted a wide range of human activities, from food delivery habits to major moving and travel decisions. Results indicate multiple pandemic-related factors have influenced millions of relocation decisions by Americans (e.g., health risk, financial pressures, more space, and employment), and there are various positive economic and social outcomes of this influence (e.g., remote work and education), enabling more affordable living and opportunity. This paper addresses COVID-19 impacts on mobility, especially involving permanent relocations. Survey design and data analysis with U-Haul targeted customers in Austin, New York, San Diego, and Chicago to understand mobility, new moving dynamics, and motivations.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENERGY PLANNING, POLIC↗

DOE OSTI2024

Utah FORGE Project 3-2417: DAS Microseismic Event Catalog from the 16A/16B Circulation Test, 2023

This preliminary data archive includes the relocated microseismic event catalog, 1D velocity model, and methods report from DAS acquisition conducted during the Well 16A and 16B circulation test (July 19th and 20th, 2023) at Utah FORGE. The methods report describes all processing steps, including real-time event detection, hierarchical clustering, joint velocity/hypocenter inversion, and relocation. The resulting work is accepted and will be presented at IMAGE 2024. This dataset was acquired by the FOGMORE R&D project (Fiber Optic MOnitoring for Reservoir Evolution), Utah FORGE R&D Project 3-2417.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Estuarine nutrient pollution impact reduction assessment through euphotic zone avoidance/bypass considerations

The feasibility of reducing nutrient pollution impact by redirecting the effluent to depths below the euphotic zone was investigated for the deep estuarine Puget Sound region of the Salish Sea in the Pacific Northwest of America. The hypothesis tested was that the thickness of the outflow layer in deep estuaries may be greater than the euphotic zone depth, allowing a fraction of nutrients to be exported out passively through the layers immediately below. The euphotic zone depth in Puget Sound varies from 8 to 25 m while the depth of the outflow layer can reach up to ≈ 60 m. Outfall relocation strategies were tested on 99% of the anthropogenic nutrient loads currently delivered to Puget Sound. The impact was quantified using the previously established biophysical Salish Sea Model, using gross primary production and exposure to low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels as the metric (< 2 mg/L for hypoxia and < 5 mg/L for impairment). Eliminating nutrient pollution (above natural) from rivers and wastewater reduced hypoxia exposure by 8.1% and 11.2%, respectively. Relocating the outfalls to deeper waters resulted in improvements, but only in the sill-less sub-basins such as Whidbey, where hypoxia and DO impairment exposure decreased (7.9% and 6.8%, respectively). The presence of multiple sills and circulation cells in Puget Sound resulted in increased exposure and rendered nutrient bypass goals unfeasible as originally envisioned. However, an alternate nutrient export pathway was identified through bottom exchange flow out of Puget Sound via Whidbey Basin and Deception Pass. An unexpected reduction in the exchange outflow magnitude (≈ 4%) due additional (22%) freshwater discharged to the estuary bottom was also noted. The potential loss in circulation strength due to rerouting of natural surface freshwater through submerged deep-water outfalls is identified as a new unforeseen anthropogenic impact.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying Movement Motivations, Demand, and Inflow-Outflow Dynamics in Four Cities (New York, Chicago, Austin, and San Diego) During COVID-19: Preprint

COVID-19 has impacted human activities ranging from food delivery habits to major moving and travel decisions. It’s clear that multiple pandemic-related factors have influenced millions of relocation decisions by Americans (e.g. health risk, financial pressures, more space, employment). There are positive economic and social outcomes of this influence (e.g. remote work and education) enabling more affordable living and opportunity. This paper addresses COVID-19 impacts on mobility, especially the mobility that involves permanent relocation from place to place. Survey design and data analysis with U-Haul targeted customers in Austin, New York, San Diego, and Chicago to understand mobility, new moving dynamics, and motivations.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Vacuum Neutral Transport Model in UEDGE for Tokamak Far Scrape‐Off Layer

A model for neutral transport in the far scrape-off layer (SOL) vacuum region (vacuum neutral model) has been developed and implemented in UEDGE. Free-streaming neutral trajectories between the outermost UEDGE boundary and the vessel wall are preprocessed using DEGAS2 to construct a tele-transport matrix that captures non-local neutral relocation through the vacuum. Here, this matrix is then used in UEDGE as a non-local boundary condition for the neutral equations, preserving the robustness and convergence of the implicit solver without introducing statistical noise. Simulations of a DIII-D lower single-null configuration show that the vacuum neutral model relocates neutrals from the divertor to the upstream region, increasing the outer midplane separatrix density required for detachment onset by about 30%. However, the characteristic target temperature at detachment (T e, osp ~ 3 - 4eV) and the radiation front behavior remain unchanged.

DEGAS2↗

DOE OSTI2023

Caspian Tern Management to Increase Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in the Columbia River Basin: Progress and Adaptive Management Considerations

Abstract Predation by Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia is a factor limiting the recovery of some Endangered Species Act-listed populations of salmonids from the Columbia River basin, especially steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. This prompted the development and implementation of two separate management plans, one in the Columbia River estuary and the other in the Columbia Plateau region, to reduce the impact of Caspian tern predation on smolt survival. Caspian terns nesting at managed breeding colonies within the basin were relocated to alternative nesting islands created for terns outside the basin. Both plans were successful in significantly reducing smolt losses to Caspian terns nesting at managed sites; however, new developments have led to regression in smolt survival gains associated with tern management. Adaptive management to prevent terns at managed colonies from relocating to nest elsewhere in the basin and to improve nesting opportunities for Caspian terns outside the basin are needed to maximize the survival benefits to Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids from management. Adaptive management is also necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the Pacific Flyway population of Caspian terns, whose breeding population has declined by more than 50% since the two management plans were implemented.

Collis, Ken↗

DOE OSTI2024

Impact of LWR assembly structural features on cladding burst behavior under LOCA conditions

This provides an initial scoping study on clad balloon and burst behavior for burnup extension of reactor fuel. The associated issues with burnup extension are fuel fragmentation, relocation, and dispersal in the event of cladding failure. The general finding of this work is that the structural features, spacer grids and mixing vanes, locally suppress cladding deformation but have little impact on the overall clad performance during loss-of-coolant accidents. The work detailed in a previous report by Capps et al. focused on core optimization via neutronics, thermal hydraulics and thermomechanical analysis for burnups beyond 62 GWD/tU and enrichments above 5%. Uncertainty of fuel fragmentation relocation and dispersal in high-burnup rods during accident conditions was also investigated. The dispersal aspect of fuel fragmentation depends on cladding rupture. Thus, assessing uncertainties in the rupture behavior is helpful in estimating the dispersal of high-burnup fuel. This study builds on the previous work by assessing the impact of assembly structural features on cladding balloon and burst behavior in a full-length fuel rod. In this work, the BISON fuel performance code was used to generate 2D radial and height meshes containing structural features commonly used in nuclear fuel assemblies. First, meshes were generated with spacer grids. Results were then compared to the cladding burst temperature and balloon strain results from the previous work. A mesh sensitivity study was performed to ensure that mixing vanes and spacer grid effects were appropriately considered, resulting in a more refined mesh than the previous study. The balloon deformation and burst times of the cladding were compared to the original case. Consideration was also given to the effect of rod initial pressure. In conclusion, 3D quarter rod simulations were also performed and found good agreement with the 2D simulations in clad deformation and reasonable agreement in burst times.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Hydraulic performance and wave transmission through nature-inspired perforated hollow-base piles breakwater

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are critical to achieving long-term sustainable coastlines in deltaic coastlines, particularly susceptible to severe impacts under climate change. In recent years, coastal erosion has accelerated in the Vietnam Mekong Delta (VMD), particularly in the West Sea (from Ca Mau to Kien Giang). Due to the characteristics of muddy coastlines and eroded mangrove forests in this region, only a few engineering solutions have effectively reduced waves and promoted sediment accumulation to facilitate beach accretion. However, these solutions require significant investment and cannot be relocated or reused. Therefore, this study introduces a coastal mangrove-inspired perforated hollow-base piles breakwater (PHBPB), which uses the principle of biomimicry by studying the ability of mangrove groups to protect the coastline, stimulate sediment deposition, and over time, restore mangrove forests in the VMD. The hydraulic parameters of PHBPB were tested in 260 scenarios using a physical model, which included varying parameters such as crest width (B), pile row numbers (n c ), crest freeboard (R c ), and wave parameters (H s , T p ) in determining the capabilities of wave transmission, reflection, and wave dissipation. The results showed that the process of wave energy dissipation through perforated hollow-base breakwaters without piles (PHBBWP) is governed by three main parameters, including the relative water depth of the crest (R c /H m0,i ), the relative width of the crest (B/H m0,i ), and the wave slope at the structure location (s m = H m0,i /L m ). In contrast, for PHBPB, the primary influencing factors are the relative submergence depth or the length of the submerged pile portion (R c /H m0,i ) and the relative width of the pile system (X b /L m ). Finally, the hollow structure is suitable for the soft, weak mud geology in this region with poor load-bearing capacity, allows for rapid installation, is reasonably cost-effective, and can be relocated and reused once regeneration has been completed in each stretch of coastline.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Adaptive Grid Redistribution for a 1D Model of Turbulence and Clouds

In global atmospheric models, resolving stratocumulus (Sc) in the vertical is computationally expensive. However, Sc appear only under special meteorological conditions. Therefore, there is motivation to refine the vertical grid levels adaptively. In order to facilitate the possibility of parallelization on graphical processing units, our grid adaptation method prescribes the number of vertical levels a priori. Then grid levels are relocated toward altitude ranges in need of refinement. Because the method relocates existing grid levels, rather than adding extra levels, there is a risk of creating regions with overly coarse grid spacing, that is, voids in the grid mesh. To prevent such voids from forming, a simple method is developed to impose a maximum grid spacing. To decide where to place enhanced resolution, the authors develop an empirical mesh refinement criterion. It refines grid spacing near the ground, near strong temperature gradients, and within clouds. Our grid adaptation method is implemented in a single-column model and evaluated on four test cases: decaying stratocumulus, developing shallow cumulus, a quasi-stationary stratocumulus deck, and the diurnal cycle of a dry boundary layer. In the stratocumulus cases, mesh refinement leads to improvements in both the time evolution of fields and their time averages. The other two cases show smaller differences.

Carstensen, Steffen [Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee↗

DOE OSTI2020

Seismotectonic evidence for subduction beneath the Eastern Greater Caucasus

SUMMARY We generated high-resolution 3-D seismic velocity models as well as a relocated earthquake catalogue across the eastern Greater Caucasus and Kura basins. This work was done using data from the recently upgraded Republic Seismological Survey Center's (RSSC) seismic network. We generated our tomographic images of crustal velocity structure in Azerbaijan using double-difference inversions (i.e. tomoDD and hypoDD). Earthquake catalogues from the RSSC between 2011 and 2016 were used; these catalogues include absolute arrival times of 103 288 P- and 120 952 S-wave traveltime picks for 7574 events recorded at 35 stations in Azerbaijan. Beginning with a layered, 1-D velocity model that was estimated using VELEST, we inverted simultaneously for relative location, Vp and Vs on a 3-D grid with dimensions 670 × 445 × 45 km, with a uniform grid spacing of 55 × 55 × 5 km for all of Azerbaijan. We observe that the relocated hypocentres cluster into two depth ranges, at the surface and at depth, that appear to correspond to major fault zones and the top of a subducting plate. Additionally, we note intermediate depth seismicity (∼50–60 km) beneath the Kura Basin, and a northward deepening of earthquake depths. Seismic velocities vary significantly throughout the study region; we observe very slow velocities throughout the Kura Basin between 5 and 15 km, and elevated velocities at 20–35 km. The wholesale velocity structure and seismic structure of Kura Basin strongly mirrors that of the Caspian Sea, which suggests that the geodynamics of the Caspian continue westwards into Azerbaijan. The key results of this study suggest that the northward subduction observed in the Caspian Sea continues beneath the Eastern Greater Caucasus, as well as provides evidence for active faulting along the southern margin of the mountain range.

Gunnels, Michael↗

DOE OSTI2021

Solving the sample size problem for resource selection functions

Abstract Sample size sufficiency is a critical consideration for estimating resource selection functions (RSFs) from GPS‐based animal telemetry. Cited thresholds for sufficiency include a number of captured animals and as many relocations per animal N as possible. These thresholds render many RSF‐based studies misleading if large sample sizes were truly insufficient, or unpublishable if small sample sizes were sufficient but failed to meet reviewer expectations. We provide the first comprehensive solution for RSF sample size by deriving closed‐form mathematical expressions for the number of animals M and the number of relocations per animal N required for model outputs to a given degree of precision. The sample sizes needed depend on just 3 biologically meaningful quantities: habitat selection strength, variation in individual selection and a novel measure of landscape complexity, which we define rigorously. The mathematical expressions are calculable for any environmental dataset at any spatial scale and are applicable to any study involving resource selection (including sessile organisms). We validate our analytical solutions using globally relevant empirical data including 5,678,623 GPS locations from 511 animals from 10 species (omnivores, carnivores and herbivores living in boreal, temperate and tropical forests, montane woodlands, swamps and Arctic tundra). Our analytic expressions show that the required M and N must decline with increasing selection strength and increasing landscape complexity, and this decline is insensitive to the definition of availability used in the analysis. Our results demonstrate that the most biologically relevant effects on the utilization distribution (i.e. those landscape conditions with the greatest absolute magnitude of resource selection) can often be estimated with much fewer than animals. We identify several critical steps in implementing these equations, including (a) a priori selection of expected model coefficients and (b) regular sampling of background (pseudoabsence) data within a given definition of availability. We discuss possible methods to identify a priori expectations for habitat selection coefficients, effects of scale on RSF estimation and caveats for rare species applications. We argue that these equations should be a mandatory component for all future RSF studies.

Street, Garrett M.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Wasatch Fault Structure from Machine Learning Arrival Times and High-Precision Earthquake Locations

Abstract On 18 March 2020, a magnitude 5.7 earthquake hit the Salt Lake valley in the state of Utah, United States. Using a dense geophone deployment and machine learning (ML), an additional several thousand events were detected and located. Currently, both the mainshock and the majority of the aftershocks are suspected to have occurred on or near a deeper portion of the Salt Lake segment of the Wasatch fault—part of a large range-bounding fault system thought to be capable of generating an Mw 7.2 earthquake. However, a small subset of aftershocks may have occurred on a portion of the more steeply, eastward dipping, and poorly understood West Valley fault. Unfortunately, the catalog locations and lack of focal mechanisms for this subset of aftershocks provide only a crude constraint on the true fault structure. To better illuminate fault structure, we relocate the ML-generated catalog with a range of magnitudes from −2 to 4.6, using: (1) NonLinLoc, a nonlinear location algorithm, (2) source-specific station terms, and (3) waveform coherence. We further compute first-motion focal mechanisms for 68 events. Results of the relocation suggest a simpler, minimally listric Wasatch fault geometry, contrary to what has been previously proposed. We also find that analysis of the focal mechanisms and waveform similarity indicates minimal event similarity throughout the Magna sequence, suggesting a highly complex and heterogeneous rupture zone, as opposed to rupture on a single plane. These findings suggest an increased seismic hazard due to the overall shallowness of the earthquake sequence and highly varied rupture mechanisms.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗