SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “range degradation”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS2000

BOREAS HYD-9 Hourly and Daily Rainfall Maps for the Southern Study Area

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Hydrology (HYD)-9 team collected data on precipitation and streamflow over portions of the Northern Study Area (NSA) and Southern Study Area (SSA). This data set contains Cartesian maps of rain accumulation for one-hour and daily periods during the summer of 1994 over the SSA only (not the full view of the radar). A parallel set of one-hour maps for the whole radar view has been prepared and is available upon request from the HYD-09 personnel. An incidental benefit of the areal selection was the elimination of some of the less accurate data, because for various reasons the radar rain estimates degrade considerably outside a range of about 100 km. The data are available in tabular ASCII files. The HYD-09 hourly and daily radar rainfall maps for the SSA are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The data files are available on a CD-ROM (see document number 20010000884).

Eley, F. Joe↗

NASA NTRS2003

MAP Propulsion System Thermal Design

The propulsion system of the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) had stringent requirements that made the thermal design unique. To meet instrument stability requirements the system had to be designed to keep temperatures of all components within acceptable limits without heater cycling. Although the spacecraft remains at a fixed 22 sun angle at L2, the variations in solar constant, property degradation, and bus voltage range all significantly affect the temperature. Large portions of the fuel lines are external to the structure and all components are mounted to non-conductive composite structure. These two facts made the sensitivity to the MLI effective emissivity and bus temperature very high. Approximately two years prior to launch the propulsion system was redesigned to meet MAP requirements. The new design utilized hardware that was already installed in order to meet schedule constraints. The spacecraft design and the thermal requirements were changed to compensate for inadequacies of the existing hardware. The propulsion system consists of fuel lines, fill and drain lines/valve, eight thrusters, a HXCM, and a propulsion tank. A voltage regulator was added to keep critical components within limits. Software was developed to control the operational heaters. Trim resistors were put in series with each operational heater circuits and the tank survival heater. A highly sophisticated test program, which included real time model correlation, was developed to determine trim resistors sizes. These trim resistors were installed during a chamber break and verified during thermal balance testing.

Mosier, Carol L.↗

NASA NTRS2015

NASA,FAA,ONERA Swept-Wing Icing and Aerodynamics: Summary of Research and Current Status

NASA, FAA, ONERA, and other partner organizations have embarked on a significant, collaborative research effort to address the technical challenges associated with icing on large scale, three-dimensional swept wings. These are extremely complex phenomena important to the design, certification and safe operation of small and large transport aircraft. There is increasing demand to balance trade-offs in aircraft efficiency, cost and noise that tend to compete directly with allowable performance degradations over an increasing range of icing conditions. Computational fluid dynamics codes have reached a level of maturity that they are being proposed by manufacturers for use in certification of aircraft for flight in icing. However, sufficient high-quality data to evaluate their performance on iced swept wings are not currently available in the public domain and significant knowledge gaps remain.

Aircraft Icing↗

NASA NTRS2015

Initial Low-Reynolds Number Iced Aerodynamic Performance for CRM Wing

Ice Formation↗

NASA NTRS1991

Catalysis of hydrolysis and nucleophilic substitution at the P-N bond of phosphoimidazolide-activated nucleotides in phosphate buffers

Phosphoimidazolide-activated derivatives of guanosine and cytidine 5'-monophosphates, henceforth called ImpN's, exhibit enhanced rates of degradation in the presence of aqueous inorganic phosphate in the range 4.0 < or = pH < or = 8.6. This degradation is been attributed to (i) nucleophilic substitution of the imidazolide and (ii) catalysis of the P-N bond hydrolysis by phosphate. The first reaction results in the formation of nucleoside 5'-diphosphate and the second in nucleoside 5'-monophosphate. Analysis of the observed rates as well as the product ratios as a function of pH and phosphate concentration allow distinction between various mechanistic possibilities. The results show that both H2PO4- and HPO4(2-) participate in both hydrolysis and nucleophilic substitution. Statistically corrected biomolecular rate constants indicate that the dianion is 4 times more effective as a general base than the monoanion, and 8 times more effective as nucleophile. The low Bronsted value beta = 0.15 calculated for these phosphate species, presumed to act as general bases in facilitating water attack, is consistent with the fact that catalysis of the hydrolysis of the P-N bond in ImpN's has not been detected before. The beta nuc = 0.35 calculated for water, H2PO4-, HPO4(2-), and hydroxide acting as nucleophiles indicates a more associative transition state for nucleotidyl (O2POR- with R = nucleoside) transfers than that observed for phosphoryl (PO3(2-)) transfers (beta nuc = 0.25). With respect to the stability/reactivity of ImpN's under prebiotic conditions, our study shows that these materials would not suffer additional degradation due to inorganic phosphate, assuming the concentrations of phosphate, Pi, on prebiotic Earth were similar to those in the present oceans ([Pi] approximately 2.25 micromoles).

NASA Discipline Number 52-20↗

DOE OSTI2024

Protocols and methodologies for acquiring and analyzing critical-current versus longitudinal-strain data in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+x wires

Abstract In the literature on Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x (Bi-2212) superconducting wires, it is evident that measurement protocols for transport critical-current I c versus longitudinal strain ϵ and definitions of the so-called ‘strain limit’ are generally dissimilar. Yet, values obtained for the ‘strain limit’ are frequently assimilated to being those of the irreversible strain limit ϵ irr , regardless of the I c degradation-criterion used to define it. In effect, ϵ irr should correspond specifically to the I c ( ϵ ) irreversibility onset , where crack formation in Bi-2212 filaments presumably starts. Because I c ( ϵ ) degradation remains progressive over a fairly wide strain range beyond ϵ irr , the different I c degradation-criteria in use do not yield to the same result and, thus, are not equivalent from metrology perspective. Indeed, in studying densified samples of a modern Bi-2212 round wire, we found ϵ irr ≈ 0.4% and ϵ 5% ≈ 0.6% ( ϵ 5% being the strain where I c degrades by 5%). In this paper, we outline and suggest I c ( ϵ )-measurement protocols and data-analysis methodologies in the hope to converge the various approaches taken for studying Bi-2212 strain properties and, thus, remove related result discrepancies. A unified approach would enable more objective data comparisons among laboratories and among different Bi-2212 conductors. It would pave the way for more rigorous studies of effects potentially associated with wire design, powder, heat treatments, and other such parameters on the conductor’s strain properties.

protocols↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Comprehensive Understanding of the Aging Effects of Extreme Fast Charging on High Ni NMC Cathode

As the battery industry shifts toward high Ni content cathodes, such as LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 [NMC811], a complete understanding of the degradation mechanisms of NMC811 under extreme fast charging (XFC) (XFC, ≤10–15 min charging) conditions is needed. Such comprehensive understanding would identify the most critical materials gaps that need to be addressed for enabling XFC long-life cells for electric vehicles. This study maps out the key aging mechanisms for NMC811 cycled at different XFC conditions (between 1C and 9C) for up to 1000 cycles. To acquire a fundamental understanding of utilization and degradation, cells are evaluated using a range of electrochemical techniques, and multimodal and multiscale microscopy techniques to quantify chemical, structural, and crystallographic degradation as a function of cycling conditions for the NMC cathode. When comparing NMC811 to NMC532, it is observed that NMC811 has a greater subsurface crystallographic degradation and displays a similar magnitude of subparticle cracking. However, the NMC811 maintains superior performance despite those advanced degradations. Here, the superior cycle life performance is attributed to the NMC811 particles having radially oriented grains and improved transport properties. NMC811 shows between 4.6× and 3.15× reduction in capacity fade than NMC532 for charging rates between 4C (e.g., 15-min charging) and 6C (10-min charging).

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRS1986

Sequential ranging integration times in the presence of CW interference in the ranging channel

The Deep Space Network (DSN), managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA, is used primarily for communication with interplanetary spacecraft. The high sensitivity required to achieve planetary communications makes the DSN very susceptible to radio-frequency interference (RFI). In this paper, an analytical model is presented of the performance degradation of the DSN sequential ranging subsystem in the presence of downlink CW interference in the ranging channel. A trade-off between the ranging component integration times and the ranging signal-to-noise ratio to achieve a desired level of range measurement accuracy and the probability of error in the code components is also presented. Numerical results presented illustrate the required trade-offs under various interference conditions.

Mathur, Ashok↗

NASA NTRS1995

Performance of Ga(0.47)In(0.53)As cells over a range of proton energies

Ga(0.47)In(0.53)As solar cells were processed by OMVPE and their characteristics determined at proton energies of 0.2, 0.5, and 3 MeV. Emphasis was on characteristics applicable to use of this cell as the low bandgap member of a monolithic, two terminal high efficiency InP/GaInAs cell. It was found that the radiation induced degradation in efficiency, I(sub SC), V(sub OC) and diffusion length increased with decreasing proton energy. When efficiency degradations were compared with InP it was observed that the present cells showed considerably more degradation over the entire energy range. Similar to InP, R(sub C), the carrier removal rate, decreased with increasing proton energy. However, numerical values for R(sub C) differed from those observed with InP. The difference is attributed to differing defect behavior between the two cell types. It was concluded that particular attention should be paid to the effects of low energy protons especially when the particle's track ends in one cell of the multibandgap device.

Weinberg, I.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Historic Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Mato Grosso, Brazil: 1. Source Data Uncertainties

Historic carbon emissions are an important foundation for proposed efforts to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and enhance forest carbon stocks through conservation and sustainable forest management (REDD+). The level of uncertainty in historic carbon emissions estimates is also critical for REDD+, since high uncertainties could limit climate benefits from mitigation actions. Here, we analyzed source data uncertainties based on the range of available deforestation, forest degradation, and forest carbon stock estimates for the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso during 1990-2008. Results: Deforestation estimates showed good agreement for multi-year trends of increasing and decreasing deforestation during the study period. However, annual deforestation rates differed by >20% in more than half of the years between 1997-2008, even for products based on similar input data. Tier 2 estimates of average forest carbon stocks varied between 99-192 Mg C/ha, with greatest differences in northwest Mato Grosso. Carbon stocks in deforested areas increased over the study period, yet this increasing trend in deforested biomass was smaller than the difference among carbon stock datasets for these areas. Conclusions: Patterns of spatial and temporal disagreement among available data products provide a roadmap for future efforts to reduce source data uncertainties for estimates of historic forest carbon emissions. Specifically, regions with large discrepancies in available estimates of both deforestation and forest carbon stocks are priority areas for evaluating and improving existing estimates. Full carbon accounting for REDD+ will also require filling data gaps, including forest degradation and secondary forest, with annual data on all forest transitions.

Morton, Douglas C.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Extension of the energy range accessible with a TES using bath temperature variations

The energy range of transition-edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters with a multiplexed readout depends upon the width and shape of the TES superconducting transition, and also on the dynamic range of the readout. In many detector systems, the multiplexed readout slew rate capability will be the limiting factor for the energy range. In these cases, if we are willing to accept some energy resolution degradation, we can significantly extend the energy range by increasing the bath temperature of operation, essentially creating a second â€œextended energy rangeâ€ mode of operation. For example, if we require the very highest energy resolution up to 7 keV, and wish to optimize the design up to this energy, for some measurements it could be very beneficial to have a mode where we can extend the energy range to 15â€“20 keV even if some energy resolution is sacrificed. In this paper, we explore the trade-off between dynamic range and energy resolution from changing the bath temperature of the TES. We present measurements of TES resolution and slew rate as a function of bath temperature and compare to numerical simulations.

S Beaumont↗

NASA NTRS2007

Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder middle atmosphere water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements

The quality of the version 2.2 (v2.2) middle atmosphere water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite is assessed. The impacts of the various sources of systematic error are estimated by a comprehensive set of retrieval simulations. Comparisons with correlative data sets from ground-based, balloon and satellite platforms operating in the UV/visible, infrared and microwave regions of the spectrum are performed. Precision estimates are also validated, and recommendations are given on the data usage. The v2.2 H2O data have been improved over v1.5 by providing higher vertical resolution in the lower stratosphere and better precision above the stratopause. The single-profile precision is ~0.2–0.3 ppmv (4–9%), and the vertical resolution is ~3–4 km in the stratosphere. The precision and vertical resolution become worse with increasing height above the stratopause. Over the pressure range 0.1–0.01 hPa the precision degrades from 0.4 to 1.1 ppmv (6–34%), and the vertical resolution degrades to ~12–16 km. The accuracy is estimated to be 0.2–0.5 ppmv (4–11%) for the pressure range 68–0.01 hPa. The scientifically useful range of the H2O data is from 316 to 0.002 hPa, although only the 82–0.002 hPa pressure range is validated here. Substantial improvement has been achieved in the v2.2 N2O data over v1.5 by reducing a significant low bias in the stratosphere and eliminating unrealistically high biased mixing ratios in the polar regions. The single-profile precision is ~13–25 ppbv (7–38%), the vertical resolution is ~4–6 km and the accuracy is estimated to be 3–70 ppbv (9–25%) for the pressure range 100–4.6 hPa. The scientifically useful range of the N2O data is from 100 to 1 hPa.

Atlas, E.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Developing Materials and Coating Technologies for Mitigation of Lunar Dust Adhesion and Abrasion

Lunar regolith was first identified as a major issue during the Apollo missions. There are three characteristics of lunar regolith that cause issues: small size, rough surface topology, and particle charge. The lack of a magnetosphere allows solar wind to bombard the lunar surface which results in the regolith becoming charged. These charged particles will adhere to most surfaces and degrade thermal control systems. The lack of atmosphere and surface liquids on the lunar surface results in the regolith’s small particle size, abrasive topology, and chemical reactivity. When the dust adheres to a surface, or the lunar lander exhaust kicks up dust regolith, it can impair instrument or thermal control system function, abrade optical surfaces, diminish range of motion, and mechanically degrade soft-goods such as gloves and astronaut suits. All of these examples were experienced during the Apollo missions. The objective of this study was to select and evaluate abrasion-resistant ceramic materials for application on the lunar landing equipment.

materials↗

DOE OSTI2022

Radial Compressors with Advanced Secondary Flow Paths for Extended Operating Range

Adequate range is a critical criterion in determining the proper compressor for a given application. In industries centering on turbochargers, range is often the dominant concern. Many times, significant sacrifices in performance are made at the design point in order to obtain enough range of the machine for the duty required. Active controls, the most common being inlet guide vanes (IGVs), can provide sufficient range extension while generating minimal degradation of performance at the design point. Such devices, however, add significant cost and complexity to the machine as they require an active control mechanism. Other devices, such as recirculating casing treatment (RCT), have the advantage of both cost and simplicity by virtue of their passive nature. They’ve seen widespread adoption in the turbocharger industry, though they are generally less effective than IGVs in extending range. A novel approach to extend compressor range through a passive method is proposed here. The method takes some inspiration from classical RCT applications in that it prompts recirculation at low flow rates and corresponding higher back pressures. This recirculation then occupies a portion of the primary cross-sectional passage area and confines the rest of the non-recirculating flow to a smaller area. This restriction forces a higher meridional velocity and a more favorable incidence angle at the impeller blade leading edge. The recirculation is accomplished by laying out an expanded secondary flow path at the rear of the impeller leading back to the inlet hub region. Vanes on the rear of the impeller disk provide just enough pressure rise to counter the induced pressure from the primary flow at the design point. This yields very low mass flow in the secondary path, a condition known as “shutoff” in the pump industry. At lower primary flow levels, and higher back pressures, the secondary flow is induced back to the impeller inlet setting up the recirculation region and pinching the primary flow. Various vane configurations and layouts in the secondary region are explained, and advantages and disadvantages of each are covered. The range extensions made possible by this method and the corresponding impact on performance is discussed.

compressors, extended operating range↗

NASA NTRS1987

Solar cell design for avoiding LILT degradation

Growing concerns about radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) performance potential, cost, safety, and availability have renewed interest in utilizing photovoltaic energy conversion for future JPL interplanetary missions such as the Mariner Mark II set. Although lightweight solar array technology has advanced to the point where it would appear to provide an alternative power source, anomalous silicon cell curve shape degradation at conditions of low intensity and low temperature (LILT) severely restricts photovoltaic applications for missions beyond 3 AU solar distance. In order to extend photovoltaic applications to distances of 5 AU, ways to minimize the deleterious impact of LILT cell degradation were investigated. These investigations have ranged from consideration of individual cell selection for LILT behavior to the examination of methods for reducing or eliminating cell LILT degradation by modifying the cell processing. Use of a partial oxide barrier between the cell n+ contacts and the silicon has been shown to reduce significantly both the occurrence and magnitude of the LILT degradation.

Stella, P. M.↗

NASA NTRS2016

On-Orbit Calibration and Performance of S-NPP VIIRS DNB

The S-NPP VIIRS instrument has successfully operated since its launch in October 2011. The VIIRS Day-Night Band (DNB) is a panchromatic channel covering wavelengths from 0.5 to 0.9 m that is capable of observing Earth scenes during both day and nighttime orbits at a spatial resolution of 750 m. To cover the large dynamic range, the DNB operates at low, mid, or high gain stages, and it uses an onboard solar diffuser (SD) for its low gain stage calibration. The SD observations also provide a means to compute gain ratios of low-to-mid and mid-to-high gain stages. This paper describes the DNB on-orbit calibration methodologies used by the VIIRS Characterization Support Team (VCST) in supporting the NASA earth science community with consistent VIIRS sensor data records (SDRs) made available by the Land Science Investigator-led Processing Systems (SIPS). It provides an assessment and update of DNB on-orbit performance, including the SD degradation in the DNB spectral range, detector gain and gain ratio trending, stray light contamination and its correction. Also presented in this paper are performance validations based on earth scenes and lunar observations.

Chen, H.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Antifoam Development for Eliminating Flammability Hazards and Decreasing Cycle Time in the Defense Waste Processing Facility

Foam, due to the high gas generation rates of boiling and chemical reaction offgasing, requires control measures to prevent the foam from contaminating the condensate and to facilitate efficient plant operation. Antifoam was utilized to minimize foam production during chemical processing in the DWPF and during High-Level Waste (HLW) evaporation at SRS and Hanford. However, the current antifoam used in the SRS DWPF increases flammability risk during chemical processing (generates three flammable degradation products) and while feeding the melter (can decompose to CO/hydrogen). It is also the likely source of methyl functional groups for the organo-mercury present in the tank farm and excessive mercury in Saltstone. Additionally, the planned startup of Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF), with much higher throughput, will challenge DWPF to process at higher gas generation rates. DWPF employs Antifoam 747, a superspreader produced by Momentive Performance Materials, as an antifoaming agent during waste processing. During DWPF chemical processing, antifoam must be effective up to boiling (i.e., up to 103°C) and between a pH of 3-13. Antifoam 747 is most effective at a pH range of 6-8 and degrades as pH deviates. In addition, SRNL identified three flammable antifoam degradation products using mass spectrometer (MS) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) offgas analyzers during simulations. A new antifoam or a new method to control foam is needed to minimize DWPF processing time and reduce the risk of contamination. In addition, testing should be completed to ensure that other antifoams used in HLW processing do not have similar flammability hazards or cause unintended impacts in downstream processing.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

NASA NTRS2017

Suomi-NPP VIIRS Day-Night Band On-Orbit Calibration and Performance

The Suomi national polar-orbiting partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument has successfully operated since its launch in October 2011. The VIIRS day-night band (DNB) is a panchromatic channel covering wavelengths from 0.5 to 0.9 microns that is capable of observing Earth scenes during both daytime and nighttime at a spatial resolution of 750 m. To cover the large dynamic range, the DNB operates at low-, middle-, and high-gain stages, and it uses an on-board solar diffuser (SD) for its low-gain stage calibration. The SD observations also provide a means to compute the gain ratios of low-to-middle and middle-to-high gain stages. This paper describes the DNB on-orbit calibration methodology used by the VIIRS characterization support team in supporting the NASA Earth science community with consistent VIIRS sensor data records made available by the land science investigator-led processing systems. It provides an assessment and update of the DNB on-orbit performance, including the SD degradation in the DNB spectral range, detector gain and gain ratio trending, and stray-light contamination and its correction. Also presented in this paper are performance validations based on Earth scenes and lunar observations, and comparisons to the calibration methodology used by the operational interface data processing segment.

Chen, Hongda↗