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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1976

Results from the Crop Identification Technology Assessment for Remote Sensing (CITARS) project

The author has identified the following significant results. It was found that several factors had a significant effect on crop identification performance: (1) crop maturity and site characteristics, (2) which of several different single date automatic data processing procedures was used for local recognition, (3) nonlocal recognition, both with and without preprocessing for the extension of recognition signatures, and (4) use of multidate data. It also was found that classification accuracy for field center pixels was not a reliable indicator of proportion estimation performance for whole areas, that bias was present in proportion estimates, and that training data and procedures strongly influenced crop identification performance.

Bauer, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Crop identification technology assessment for remote sensing (CITARS). Volume 10: Interpretation of results

The CITARS was an experiment designed to quantitatively evaluate crop identification performance for corn and soybeans in various environments using a well-defined set of automatic data processing (ADP) techniques. Each technique was applied to data acquired to recognize and estimate proportions of corn and soybeans. The CITARS documentation summarizes, interprets, and discusses the crop identification performances obtained using (1) different ADP procedures; (2) a linear versus a quadratic classifier; (3) prior probability information derived from historic data; (4) local versus nonlocal recognition training statistics and the associated use of preprocessing; (5) multitemporal data; (6) classification bias and mixed pixels in proportion estimation; and (7) data with differnt site characteristics, including crop, soil, atmospheric effects, and stages of crop maturity.

Bizzell, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Low-energy electron scattering from CO

The scattering of electrons from carbon monoxide has been studied in the framework of a previously proposed pseudopotential method. It is found that the single-center expansion of the continuum electron orbital about the center of mass of the molecule is very well converged when the two noncoincident nuclear singularities and the nonlocal exchange interactions are properly taken into account in the scattering equations. An analytical proof has been given to show that unlike the total cross section, the momentum-transfer cross section in the fixed-nuclei approximation is finite even for polar molecules. The calculated results of the momentum-transfer cross section for e(-)-CO scattering in the energy range between 0.1 and 10.0 eV are in good accord with the experimental measurements.

Chandra, N.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Results from the crop identification technology assessment for remote sensing /CITARS/ project

The CITARS (Crop Identification Technology Assessment for Remote Sensing) task design, objectives, and results are reviewed along with relevant conclusions and recommendations. The principal assessment concern crop identification performance for corn and soybeans in six sites in Illinois and Indiana. Use of quantitative measures of classification performance and statistical evaluations of the results have been important parts of the technology assessment. Relation of crop and sensor characteristics is discussed. Factors affecting crop identification performance are identified as crop maturity and site characteristics, type of single-date automatic data processing procedure used for local recognition, nonlocal recognition with and without processing for extension of recognition signatures, and use of multidate or multitemporal data. In particular, the probability of correct classification of field center pixels is not well correlated and thus is not a reliable indicator of proportion estimation performance.

Bizzell, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Solar astrophysics - Ghettosis from, or symbiosis with, stellar and galactic astrophysics

The purpose of the paper is to show how the solar-stellar symbiotic approach has led to the modeling of a star as a concentration of matter and energy. By 'solar-stellar symbiosis' is meant the philosophy of investigation according to which one asks what change in our general understanding of stellar structure and of stellar spectroscopic diagnostics is required to satisfy both the sun and an unusual star when, for example, some feature of an unusual star is discovered. The evolution of stellar models is traced, from walled, thermodynamic-equilibrium models to de-isolated models featuring transition zones and nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium.

Pecker, J.-C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Adhesion of a bimetallic interface

The Hohenberg-Kohn and Kohn-Sham formalisms are used to examine binding (binding energy as a function of separation) for combinations of the simple metals Al(111), Zn(0001), Mg(0001), and Na(110) in contact. Similar metal contacts between Al, Zn, Mg, and Na are examined self-consistently in an ab initio calculation using the Kohn-Sham formalism. Crystallinity is included using the Aschroft pseudopotential via first order perturbation theory for the electron-ion interaction; and the ion-ion interaction is included exactly via a lattice sum. Binding energy was determined both in the local-density approximation and including gradient corrections to the exchange and correlation energy. Binding was found in all cases. In dissimilar metal contacts, interfacial bonding was greater than that in the weaker material predicting the possibility of metallic transfer. The nonzero position of the energy minimum in like metal contacts is explained in terms of consistency between the Ashcroft pseudopotential and the bulk charge density. Good agreement with experimental surface energies is obtained in the self-consistent calculation when nonlocal terms are included.

Ferrante, J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

On the localness of the spectral energy transfer in turbulence

Data for the energy transfer function are used to estimate the degree of localness of energy transfer in homogeneous turbulence. It is found that in regions where the energy which enters a wavenumber band is greater than the energy leaving, much of the energy entering the band is produced by wavenumbers an order of magnitude smaller. Thus for both low and high Reynolds numbers, spectral energy transfer is nonlocal. The tendency of the energy to jump between separated wavenumber regions agrees with the theory that turbulence forms concentrated regions of large velocity gradients. It is also felt that the universal equilibrium theory may be applicable if the Reynolds number of the turbulence is very high.

Deissler, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

General relationships between ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion

General relationships between the ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion are presented. The validity of these nonlocal relationships hinges only on the properties of causality and linearity, and does not depend upon details of the mechanism responsible for the attenuation and dispersion. Approximate, nearly local relationships are presented and are demonstrated to predict accurately the ultrasonic dispersion in solutions of hemoglobin from the results of attenuation measurements.

Odonnell, M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Far infrared maps of the ridge between OMC-1 and OMC-2

Dust continuum emission from a 6 ft x 20 ft region surrounding OMC-1 and OMC-2 were mapped at 55 and 125 microns with 4 ft resolution. The dominant features of the maps are a strong peak at OMC-1 and a ridge of lower surface brightness between OMC-1 and OMC-2. Along the ridge the infrared flux densities and the color temperature decreases smoothly from OMC-1 to OMC-2. OMC-1 is heated primarily by several optical and infrared stars situated within or just at the boundary of the cloud. At the region of minimum column density between OMC-1 and OMC-2 the nearby B0.5 V star NU Ori may contribute significantly to the dust heating. Near OMC-2 dust column densities are large enough so that, in addition to the OMC-2 infrared cluster, the nonlocal infrared sources associated with OMC-1 and NU Ori can contribute to the heating.

Keene, J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

An analysis of long and medium-haul air passenger demand, volume 1

A basic model was developed which is a two equation pair econometric system in which air passenger demand and airline level-of-service are the endogenous variables. The model aims to identify the relationship between each of these two variables and its determining factors, and to identify the interaction of demand and level-of-service with each other. The selected variable for the measure of air passenger traffic activity in a given pair market is defined as the number of passengers in a given time that originate in one region and fly to the other region for purposes other than to make a connection to a third region. For medium and long haul markets, the model seems to perform better for larger markets. This is due to a specification problem regarding the route structure variable. In larger markets, a greater percentage of nonlocal passengers are accounted for by this variable. Comparing the estimated fare elasticities of long and medium haul markets, it appears that air transportation demand is more price elastic in longer haul markets. Long haul markets demand will saturate with a fewer number of departures than will demand in medium haul markets.

Eriksen, S. E.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Monte Carlo solution of Boltzmann equation for a simple model of highly nonequilibrium diatomic gases - Translational rotational energy relaxation

Theoretical results pertaining to internally excited translational-rotational energy relaxation in a spatially uniform diatomic gas far removed from solid boundaries are obtained by solving the Boltzmann equation by means of the Monte Carlo direct simulation method. The analysis is based on calculations involving three different types of initial conditions: equilibrium, nonequilibrium-equipartition (i.e., equipartition is satisfied, but the distributions are perturbed), and nonequilibrium-nonequipartition (i.e., both equipartition and the distributions are perturbed). Results of monatomic-gas simulations are also included to facilitate comparisons with the coupled translational-rotational relaxation simulations, and some simulations for a normal shock-wave structure are briefly examined. The results show that: (1) single-step transitions are the significant mechanisms of intermodal energy transfer; (2) translational-rotational transitions are coupled most efficiently for low-lying states of rotationally excited molecules and least efficiently for highly rotationally excited molecules; and (3) relaxation occurs via a successive set of distributions that are not Maxwell-Boltzmann (nonlocal Maxwellian).

Yoshikawa, K. K.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Nonequilibrium radiative heating of a Jovian entry body

The influence of nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) radiative transfer on radiative and convective heating of a Jovian entry body is investigated. The flow in the shock layer is assumed to be axisymmetric, viscous, and in chemical equilibrium. The chemical species considered for the collisional deactivation processes are H2, H, H+. The NLTE radiative transfer equations are derived for multilevel energy transitions. The rotational and vibrational energy modes are assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The results indicate that higher-level energy transitions have little influence on the overall NLTE results. The NLTE results, however, are found to be greatly influenced by the temperature distributions in the shock layer. The convective and radiative heating to the entry body are reduced significantly because of the NLTE conditions; the reduction in convective heating, however, is relatively small. The influence of NLTE is found to be greater at higher entry altitudes.

Tiwari, S. N.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The discovery of an O subdwarf in the globular cluster NGC 6712

Spectral data for C49 in the globular cluster NGC 6712 are examined with reference to evolutionary models for low-mass stars that are contracting into white dwarfs. The spectrum of this star is found to be almost identical to that of the first sdO star found in a globular cluster, star A in NGC 6397. Analysis of the spectral data using nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium models gives surface parameters T not less than 50,000 K, log g = 5.5 plus or minus 0.5, and N(He)/N(H) approximately equal to 0.1. The results are consistent with the models considered.

Remillard, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Magnetic field diffusion and dissipation in reversed-field plasmas

A diffusion equation is derived which describes the evolution of a magnetic field in a plasma of arbitrary beta and resistivity. The equation is valid for a one-dimensional slab geometry, assumes the plasma remains in quasi-equilibrium throughout its evolution and does not include thermal transport. Scaling laws governing the rate of change of the magnetic energy, particle drift energy, and magnetic flux are calculated. It is found that the magnetic free energy can be substantially larger than the particle drift energy and can be an important energy reservoir in driving plasma instabilities (e.g., the lower-hybrid-drift instability). In addition, the effect of a spatially varying resistivity on the evolution of a reversed-field plasma is studied. The resistivity model used is based upon the anomalous transport properties associated with the nonlocal mode structure of the lower-hybrid-drift instability. The relevance of this research to laboratory plasmas (e.g., theta pinches, reversed-field theta pinches) and space plasmas (e.g., the earth's magnetotail) is discussed.

Drake, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The aluminum I autoionization doublet in the quiet solar spectrum

Observations are presented of the Al I autoionization doublet 1932 A and 1936 A in the quiet solar spectrum, obtained from the NRL slit spectrograph aboard Skylab and from the University of Hawaii Echelle Rocket Spectrograph. The observed profiles are compared with theoretical spectra computed for the Harvard Smithsonian Reference Atmosphere and the Vernazza, Avrett and Loeser (1976) solar models. It is found that nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects are important in the line-formation problem and the synthetic spectra are in good agreeement with the data.

Heasley, J. N.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Harmonic and Anharmonic Properties of Diamond Structure Crystals with Application to the Calculation of the Thermal Expansion of Silicon

Silicon has interesting harmonic and anharmonic properties such as the low lying transverse acoustic modes at the X and L points of the Brillouin zone, negative Gruneisen parameters, negative thermal expansion and anomalous acoustic attenuation. In an attempt to understand these properties, a lattice dynamical model employing long range, nonlocal, dipole-dipole interactions was developed. Analytic expression for the Gruneisen parameters of several modes are presented. These expressions explain how the negative Gruneisen parameters arise. This model is applied to the calculation of the thermal expansion of silicon from 5K to 1700K. The thermoelastic contribution to the acoustic attenuation of silicon is computed from 1 to 300 K. Strong attenuation anomalies associated with negative thermal expansion are found in the vicinity of 17K and 125K.

Wanser, K. H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

The role of metastable species in the thermosphere

Metastable excited states of various ions and neutrals in the thermosphere provide reservoirs for the temporary storage of a large portion of solar EUV energy, and permit the conversion of this photon energy by kinetic or vibrational heating, ion formation metastable species formation and nonlocal energy deposition. The present paper reviews current understandings of the chemistry of O(1D), O(1S), O(+)(2D), O(+)(2P), N(2D), N(2P), N(+)(1S), N(+)(1D), NO(+)(a), O2(+)(a), N2(A) and the vibrationally excited states of O2, N2, O2(+) and N2(+). The role of these species in the overall thermospheric energy budget and ionization balance is also quantified. It is noted that of the species considered, O(1D), O(1S), O(+)(1S), O(+)(2D), N(2D), N2(A) and the vibrationally excited states of the oxygen and nitrogen molecules are most significant, with a major fraction of the kinetic heating of the thermosphere taking place through O(1D).

Torr, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1982

DE-2 cusp observations - Role of plasma instabilities in topside ionospheric heating and density fluctuations

Observations by the low altitude Dynamics Explorer satellite (DE-2) in the polar cusp show the ionospheric plasma electron temperature and the ratio of electron to ion temperature to be increased, and the electron density fluctuations to be enhanced. Also, downward fluxes of energetic eletrons and ions increase in the cusp, and the magnetic field structure are consistent with the existence of a field-aligned current. Simultaneously, there is characteristic broadband electrostatic noise (BEN) with amplitudes of 1-10 mV/m, peaking in the cusp but extending into the polar cap. These emissions range from far below the local 0(+) gyrofrequency F sub O(+) to the vicinity of the proton gyrofrequency, but below the oxygen lower hybrid frequency. The BEN observations are compared to the predictions of several theories. The amplitude of these waves is shown to be far too small to contribute significantly to the observed ionospheric heating or density fluctuations by local wave-particle interactions. Rather, the observed spatial variations are attributed to nonlocal field aligned heating processes and reflect the nonuniformity of the magnetosheath plasma's penetration into the ionosphere.

Curtis, S. A.↗